Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Published in:
Study of a Concept of Energetic Materials Consisting of a Solid Fuel Matrix Containing Liquid Oxidizer Read chapter Read first chapter

2020 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

16. Effects of Innovative Insensitive Energetic Materials: 1,1-Diamino-2,2-Dinitroethylene (FOX-7) on the Performance of Solid Rocket Propellants

Authors : WeiQiang Pang, Luigi T. DeLuca, HuiXiang Xu, Ke Wang, XueZhong Fan, FengQi Zhao

Published in: Innovative Energetic Materials: Properties, Combustion Performance and Application

Publisher: Springer Singapore

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The microstructure physico-chemical properties of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) and the probable formation of FOX-7/CL-20 and FOX-7/HMX co-crystals were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, respectively. Several industrial- and research-type of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), nitrate ester plasticized polyether (NEPE) solid propellants and composite modified double-base (CMDB) propellants containing different mass fraction of FOX-7 with the same nominal composition were prepared and experimentally analyzed. The effects of FOX-7 on the combustion properties (strand burning rate and pressure exponent) and hazardous properties as well as the associated thermal decomposition were investigated, and compared with those of the propellant without FOX-7. The results indicate that the energetic properties (theoretical specific impulse and density) of NEPE and CMDB solid propellants decrease with an increase in mass fraction of FOX-7 in the formulations with a partial replacement of HMX or RDX by FOX-7, while their mechanical sensitivities decrease significantly. The friction sensitivity and impact sensitivity of NEPE propellant decrease from 100% to 88% and from 27.5 cm to 38.0 cm, respectively. The burning rate and pressure exponent of NEPE solid propellant increase with a partial replacement of HMX by FOX-7 in the formulation; the burning rates of the CMDB propellants as well increase with increasing mass fraction of FOX-7 in the formulations, while the pressure exponent of CMDB propellant decreases from 0.88 to 0.75 in the pressure range of 2–22 MPa when 20% of RDX is replaced by FOX-7 in the formulation. The maximum tensile strength of NEPE solid propellant increases from 0.84 MPa to 1.06 MPa at +20 °C and from 0.68 MPa to 0.75 MPa at +50 °C, respectively, while the elongation of propellant decreases from 83.2% to 33.9% and from 86.1% to 32.5%, respectively. The maximum tensile strength and elongation of CMDB propellants containing FOX-7 are higher than those of propellant without FOX-7 at 20 °C. When RDX is substituted completely by FOX-7, σm is increased by 2.32% and εm is increased by 12.73%.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
previous chapter Deagglomeration and Encapsulation of Metal and Bimetal Nanoparticles for Energetic Applications
next chapter Simulation of Condensed Products Formation at the Surface of a Metalized Solid Propellant
Literature
1.
Xiao-long FU, Xue-zhong FAN (2014) Research and development trends of insensitive solid propellant formulation. Chinese J Explos Propell 10(5):1–8
2.
Cullis IG, Townsley R (2011) The potential of FOX-7 explosive in insensitive munition design. J Appl Mech 78:051012CrossRef
3.
Boschi Goncalves RF, Rocco JAFF, Koshun I (2017) Energetic materials research, applications, and new technologies. IGI Global, ISBN: 9781522529040
4.
Trzciń ski WA, Belaada A (2016) 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (DADNE, FOX-7)-properties and formulations (Review). Cent Eur J Energ Mater, 13:527–544
5.
Jin P-Ga, Chang H, Chen Z-Q (2006) Studies on kinetics and mechanism of thermal decomposition of 1,1-diaminoo-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7). J Explos Shock Waves 6:528–531
6.
Zhou C, Huang X-P, Zhou Y-S, Wang X-J, Fu X-Y (2007) Crystal structure and thermal decomposition of FOX-7. Chinese J Explos Propellants 30(1):60–63
7.
Belaada A, Trzcinski WA, Chylek Z, Paszula J (2017) A low-sensitivity composite based on FOX-7. Propellants Explos Pyrotechn 42:1439–1445
8.
Chen Z-E, Li Z-Y, Yao N, Lei Q, Wang D (2010) Safety property of FOX-7 and HTPB propellants with FOX-7. Chinese J Energet Mater 18(3):316–319
9.
Belaada A, Trzciń ski WA, Chyłek Z, Szala M, Paszula J (2017) A melt-cast composition based on NTO and FOX-7. Cent Eur J Energ Mater 13:882–902
10.
Trzciń ski WA, Lasota J, Chyłek Z, Szala M, Paszula J (2016) NTO-based melt cast insensitive compositions. Cent Eur J Energ Mater 13:592-611
11.
Mishra VS, Vadali SR, Bhagat AL, Garg RK, Kugaonkar VM, Raman S, Sinha RK, Asthana S (2017) Studies on NTO-, FOX-7- and DNAN-based melt cast formulations. Cent Eur J Energ Mater 14:403–417CrossRef
12.
Mishra VS, Vadali SR, Garg RG, Joshi VS, Wasnik RD, Asthana S (2013) Studies on FOX-7 based melt cast high explosive formulations. Cent Eur J Energ Mater 10:569–580
13.
Xiong S, Chen S, Jin S, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Li L (2017) Molecular dynamic simulations on TKX-50/HMX cocrystal. RSC Adv 7:6795–6799CrossRef
14.
zhao J, Feng X-J, Xu H-T, Tian X, Feng B, (2016) Shock initiation characteristics of FOX-7 and RDX based aluminized explosive. Chinese J Explos Propellants 39(4):42-46
15.
Lin H, Zhang L, Zhu S-G et al (2012) Molecular dynamic simulation of cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine/1,1- diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene co-crystal explosive. Acta Armamentarii 33(9):1026-1030
16.
Vo TT, Zhang J, Parrish DA et al (2013) New Roles for 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7). halogenated FOX-7 and azo-bis (diahaloFOX) as energetic materials and oxidizers. J Am Chem Soc 135(32):11787–11790CrossRef
17.
Pang WQ, DeLuca LT, Xu HX, Fan XZ, Xie WX, Shi XB, Li Y, (2017) Effects of dual oxidizers on the properties of composite solid rocket propellants. In: DeLuca L, Shimada T, Sinditskii V, Calabro M (eds) Chemical rocket propulsion, 1st ed., Springer International Publishing, ISBN 978-3-319-27746-2
18.
Zhang H-Y (2002) Modified NEPE propellant and its insensitivity characteristics. Winged Missile 8:53–55
19.
Kubota N (2007) Propellants and explosives: thermochemical aspects of combustion. Wiley-VCG Verlag, Weinheim. ISBN 978-3-527-31424-9
20.
Xu S-Y, Zhao F-Q, Li S-W et al (2006) Energy characteristics of several propellants with insensitive and minimum signature properties. Chinese J Energ Mater 14(6):416–420
21.
Zhao F-Q, Gao H-X, Xu S-Y, Yi J-H, Pei Q, Hao H-X, Xiong X-L (2010) Energy parameters and combustion characteristics of the insensitive and minimum smoke propellants containing FOX-7. Chinese J Explos Propellants 4:1–4
22.
Mallory DH (1960) Development of sensitivity tests at the explosive research laboratory. Bruceton Pennsylvania, NAVORD, Report No. 4236
23.
Peters JKG (1921) Production program of julius peter company for members of M. B. B.”, Course-81, Berlin, p. 14
24.
Pang WQ, Li JQ, DeLuca LT, Ke W, Xiao Long F, Zhong FX, Li H, Ji YP (2018) Effect of coated ammonium dinitramide on the properties of nitrate-ester plasticized polyether solid rocket propellants. Cent Eur J Energ Mater 15(4):590–609CrossRef
25.
Pang WQ, Luigi T, DeLuca HX, Xu XZ, Fan YH, Xi LW, Xie YL (2016) Effects of CL-20 on the properties of glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) solid rocket propellant. Int J Energetic Mater Chem Propuls 15(1):49–64CrossRef
26.
Wang F, Liu G-T, Zhang Y-B, Zheng S, Liu S-W, Yao Y-J, Zhao Y (2013) Combustion and mechanical performance of gun propellant containing FOX-7 at low pressure. Chinese J Energet Mater 21(4) 522–526
27.
Liu J-R (2013) Calculation investigation on energy characteristic parameters of propellant containing 1,1-diamino-2,2- dinitroethylene. Chemical Propellants Polym Mater 11(1):79–85
28.
Pang W, Fan X, Xue Y, Huixiang X, Zhang W, Zhang X, Li Y, Li Y, Shi X (2013) Study on the compatibility of tetraethylammonium Decahydrodecaborate (BHN) with some energetic components and inert materials. Propellants Explos Pytotechn 38:278–285CrossRef
29.
Cai H-Q, Shu Y-J, Yu W-F, et a1 (2004) Research development of 1,1-diamino-2,2- dinitroethylene. Chinese J Energetic Mater 12(2):124–128
30.
Yan Q-L, Li X-J, Zhang L-Y, Li J-Z, Li H-L, Liu Z-R (2008) Compatibility Study of trans-1,4,5,8-Tetranitro- 1,4,5,8- Tetraazadecalin (TNAD) with some Energetic Components and Inert Materials. J Hazard Mater 34:529–534CrossRef
31.
Wu Z-K, Shu Y-J, Liu N, Ding X-Y, Wu M-J, Wang K, Wang B, Lu Y-Y (2016) Molecular dynamics simulation of CL-20/FOX-7 Co-crystal. Chinese J Explos Propellants39(3):37–42
32.
Feng R-Z, Zhang S-H, Ren F-D, Wang C, (2016) Theoretical study on the sensitivity of HMX/FOX-7 co-crystal explosive with different molecular molar ratios in external electric fields. Chemical Res Appl 28(4):479–486
33.
Liu ZiR (2008) Thermal analyses of energetic materials. National Defense Industry Press, BeiJing. ISBN 978-7-118-05972-4
34.
Kuo Z, Yajun L, Xiaoming C, Renrang Y, Jianxing Y, Jiangbo Z, Jie Z (2013) Study on combustion performance of gun propellant containing FOX-7. Ordnance Ind Autom 32(11):60–62
35.
Fan X-Z, Fu X-L, Shao C-B, Liu X-G, Li J-Z (2016) Effect of 1,1-diamino-2,2- dinitroethylene (FOX-7) on properties of CMDB propellants. J Solid Rocket Technol 39(2):201–206
36.
Wang G-Q,Lu H-I,Dang Y-Z, Wang H,Kang B (2016) Thermal decomposition of HTPE/FOX-7 and HTPE/FOX-12 mixed systems. Chinese J Energetic Mater 24(4):336–342
37.
Zhang Y-B, Xuan C-L, Liu B, Liu J-Y, Liu G-T, Wang Q-L (2015) Low Temperature impact strength of nitrocellulose based high energy-low vulnerability gun propellant. Chinese J Explos Propellants 38(1):78–81
38.
Kishore K (1979) Comprehensive view of the combustion model of composite solid propellants. AIAA J 71(11):1216–1224CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Effects of Innovative Insensitive Energetic Materials: 1,1-Diamino-2,2-Dinitroethylene (FOX-7) on the Performance of Solid Rocket Propellants
Authors
WeiQiang Pang
Luigi T. DeLuca
HuiXiang Xu
Ke Wang
XueZhong Fan
FengQi Zhao
Copyright Year
2020
Publisher
Springer Singapore
Book
Innovative Energetic Materials: Properties, Combustion Performance and Application

Print ISBN: 978-981-15-4830-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-15-4831-4

Copyright Year: 2020

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4831-4_16