ELECTRIMACS 2022

Table of Contents

1. Frontmatter

2. Control and Power Management of Electrical Systems

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Performance Analysis of a Hardware in the Loop Based Emulation of a Naval Propulsion System Associated with Supercapacitor Energy Storage

      Nabil Benyahia, Jean-Frederic Charpentier, Franck Scuiller, Florent Becker

      Abstract

      Electric autonomy, environment respect, compactness, lifespan and low maintenance costs, are real technological challenges to be taken up on the future ship propulsion system. In this paper, an experimental study of a Hardware In the Loop (HIL) based Emulation of a Naval Propulsion System associated with Supercapacitor Energy Storage System is proposed. For these purpose two electrical machines are associated in the same shaft (DC machine and PMS machine) to reproduce the behavior of the association of the electrical motor and the propeller of a ship at laboratory scale. The whole system is constituted by three subsystems. The first one is represented by a PM synchronous machine associated with a controled VSI which plays the role of the electrical propulsion motor following a realistic mission profile. The second one is constituted by a DC machine associated with a DC/DC converter which is controled in order to reproduce the hydrodynamic behavior of the propeller and the ship, and the third one is constituted by a buck-boost DC/DC converter and an ultracapacitor bank, the ultracapacitor gives to the emulated mechanical shaft the ability to reinject kinetic power into the grid in case of transients. This experimental tool can be associated to innovative hybrid energy system to test and validate hybrid system configuration and can be exploited for many kinds of propellers. In addition, it gives the designer a feedback to optimise ship design. The effectiveness of the proposed HIL platform in terms of DC grid stability and 4 hydrodynamic operation of propeller is verified by experimental results.

   3. Real-Time Simulation of an Electric Ship in Normal and Faulty Conditions

      Fran¸cois Roux, Florian Dupriez-Robin, Guénaël Le Solliec, Fran¸cois Auger

   4. Neural Network Model for Aggregated Photovoltaic Generation Forecasting

      E. Belenguer, J. Segarra-Tamarit, J. Redondo, E. Pérez

      Abstract

      This paper presents a forecasting model from 1 to 10 days for the aggregated photovoltaic energy production in Spain. The model uses a convolutional neural network which inputs are meteorological forecasts, historical generation data and the location and installed power of existing plants. The model output is the hourly production of the photovoltaic energy production for the whole system for the following ten days. The results of the model can be used for generation scheduling and system operation on one side and for energy trading in the day-ahead market or in derivative markets on the other side.

   5. Electrification of River Freight: Current Status and Future Trends in Europe

      F. Amoros, J. F. Charpentier, W. Lhomme, J. Y. Billard, B. Nottellet

      Abstract

      As the needs for sustainable freight transport solutions grow, river freight cargo is considered to be a very promising track. Large carriage boats allow up to three times less fuel consumption than trucks per ton.km. However, the use of traditional river freight ships leads to a high level of NOx and PM (particulate matter) emissions. Late evolution in regulation, large lifetime, 60 years for hull and 20 years for engine, as well as economical tightness have slowed down technological improvements. European solutions, such as the use of alternative fuels, electric or hybrid propulsions are studied. Projects with zero emissions are favoured as well as projects with easy potential adaptation into zero emission boat: full-electric vessels and hydrogen powered hybrid ships are the main solutions to be considered. Some new generations of vessels are already launched or planned. This paper aims to expose the challenge and to present the current status and trends for improving the impact of river freight.

   6. Average Model-Based Sliding Mode Control Schemes of Bidirectional Boost DC-DC Converters

      Hai-Nam Nguyen, Bảo-Huy Nguyê~n, Thanh Vo-Duy, Minh C. Ta, João Pedro F. Trovão

      Abstract

      The nonlinearity of boost DC/DC converters is well-known in the field of power electronics control. Traditionally, the converter model can be linearized at an operating point which is the small-signal linearization. On the other hand, the converter can be regulated by using nonlinear controllers in which sliding mode control (SMC) method is commonly applied. The previous works of SMC were often based on the switching model of converter which suffer from non-uniform switching frequency and/or chattering. This paper proposes two novel average model-based SMC schemes for bidirectional boost DC/DC converters; one is a single-stage controller and the other one is a cascade control loop. The new controllers outperform the traditional ones in terms of response time and accuracy that is validated by critical simulation scenarios. The proposed approach can be extended to other complex power electronics converters.

   7. Voltage Unbalance Compensation of Flying Capacitor Based on a Dynamic Pulse Width Modulation Applied to a Flying Capacitor Leg Inverter

      Mariem Jday, Paul-Etienne Vidal

      Abstract

      This paper introduces a dynamic Pulse Width Modulation scheme, apply to N-level Flying Capacitor inverter. A mathematical approach is detailed to solve the expression of a linear system that model the inverter leg considered. Some degrees of freedom, that have to be set, are exhibited. The proposed technique relies on the relationship made between the degrees of freedom and the voltage unbalance of the floating capacitors. Simulation results are provided to illustrate the performance of such a modulation scheme.

   8. Control Strategy for Orbital O2 Tidal System Based on EMR Model

      Ahmed Al Ameri, Alireza Payman, Brayima Dakyo, Mamadou Baïlo Camara

      Abstract

      Recently, electric power production using the tidal turbine system has increased in many countries. Changes in the speed of the marine current pose one of the main challenges in the planning and operation of the electrical network. This paper focuses on the analysis and simulation of Orbital O2 Tidal energy conversion (TEC) system based on Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR). The profile of 10 years marine current from the Pentland Firth – Orkney has been used in the EMR model system and the proposed control strategy. The simulation results show the ability of EMR model to adopt the proposed control strategy to maintain the voltage at grid side and to follow the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) at the rotor side of the O2 tidal system.

   9. A Hybrid Fourier and Wavelet-Based Method for the Online Detection and Characterization of Subsynchronous Oscillations

      Keijo Jacobs, Reza Pourramezan, Younes Seyedi, Houshang Karimi, Jean Mahseredjian

      Abstract

      Modern electric power systems are becoming more complex due to the proliferation of distributed energy resources (DERs) and power electronic converters. The increased penetration of power electronic-based DERs gives rise to new instability issues, particularly subsynchronous oscillations (SSO) caused by control system interactions, the induction generator effect, or resonance with torsional modes of wind turbines. If poorly damped, such oscillations can compromise the stability of the power grid, resulting in damage or disconnection of equipment and grid sections. Therefore, detecting such frequency components during both planning and operation phases is of paramount importance. This paper proposes a straightforward hybrid method combining Fourier and wavelet analysis (WA) for the online detection of the subsynchronous frequency components in power system measurements. The method leverages the speed of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) and the accuracy of the WA to determine the frequency, amplitude, and damping of SSO events.

   10. Optimal Sizing for Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Sources Under Reliability and Energy Performance Indexes

       Toufik Azib, Olivier Bethoux, Adriano Ceschia, Francisco Alves

       Abstract

       This paper presents the development of a sizing approach under reliability and energy performance indexes applied to fuel cell/battery (FC/BAT) hybrid power system. It deals with the interdependence between the components sizing process and the control strategy. The proposed approach is based on imbricated optimization loops and considers two important criteria, fuel consumption and reliability. This proposed approach involves multi-objectives optimisation to study the trade-off between reliability and energy saving to improve the optimal design relevance. Also, the implementation was performed using a low complexity process to offer compromise between computation time and results accuracy. This constitutes a very effective support tools to help design engineers in the early design stages.

   11. Compliance Evaluation of WTG and WPP Controllers for Self and Black Start Operation

       J. Martínez-Turégano, S. Anó~-Villalba, S. Bernal-Perez, R. Blasco-Gimenez

       Abstract

       Adding grid forming capability to the Wind Power Plant (WPP) allows it to carry out some functionalities that are usually performed by conventional power generation. Black start operation is one of these functions. It is necessary to assure good performance and observance of all operational and stability requirements to allow WPP to take over this role. This paper presents a compliance evaluation procedure based on a set of defined test cases. Massive simulations have been performed using a computational cluster. Among defined test cases, substations and long cable energisation entail the most challenging steps in the black start operation procedure. Results of the system performance of these cases are presented. All validation has been made through detailed PSCAD/EMTDC simulations.

   12. Experimental Study of the Cold Start Capabilities of a Closed Cathode PEM Fuel Cell

       J. Villaume, E. Pahon, A. Ravey, S. Jemeï

       Abstract

       Starting a fuel cell system under subfreezing temperature remains a technological challenge for a large-scale distribution of this kind of power generator, especially in embedded applications. In this paper, investigations on the cold start capabilities of a 700 W proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) are performed. The study is based on a potentiostatic control of the load during the start-up procedure. Thanks to the proposed methodology, the fuel cell was able to start without assistance from a temperature of −10 °C in 105 s.