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2023 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

3. Electronic Transportation Marketplaces

Author : Philipp Sylla

Published in: Electronic Procurement of Transportation Services

Publisher: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden

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Zusammenfassung

Besides fundamentals for the procurement of transportation services, the remaining chapters of this thesis require a solid knowledge of ETMs which will be provided within this chapter. First, the basic terminology will be introduced and the historical development of ETMs will be reviewed. Based on different options for the classification of ETMs, the term ETM will be clearly defined for this work.

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previous chapter Fundamentals for the Procurement of Transportation Services

next chapter Conceptual Research Framework

Cp. Bichler et al. (2010), p. 68; Hartmann (2002b), p. 102; Held (2003), p. 99; Kleineicken (2004), p. 90.

Cp. Held (2003), pp. 105–114.

E-business consists of e-procurement and e-commerce (cp. Deinlein (2003), p. 48; Wang and Archer (2007b), p. 91).

Meier and Stormer (2009), p. 2.

Cp. Deinlein (2003), p. 48; Wang and Archer (2007b), p. 91.

Source: own representation.

Cp. Choudhury et al. (1998), pp. 473–475.

Cp. Gebauer (1996), 15–18; Grieger et al. (2003), p. 289; Scharl (2000), pp. 49–51; Schmid (2002), pp. 216–217.

Other authors have more specific requirements, e.g. that an EM must support at least the negotiation phase (cp. Müller (2004), p. 29) or even all phases of market transactions (cp. Baldi and Borgman (2001), p. 543).

Source: own representation adapted from Müller (2004), p. 46 and Deinlein (2003), p. 65.

Cp. Choudhury et al. (1998), p. 475; Georg (2006), p. 176; Grewal et al. (2001), p. 18; Müller (2004), p. 31; Skjøtt-Larsen et al. (2003), p. 200; Stockdale and Standing (2004), p. 302. This restriction is useful because different types of IOS entail different relationships between buyers and sellers as well as different benefits (cp. Choudhury (1997), pp. 2–4).

IT comprises information processing technologies (e.g. hardware, software, telecommunications, database management) used in computer-based information systems (cp. Marakas and O'Brien (2013), p. 691).

Cp. Bakos (1991), p. 296; Choudhury et al. (1998), p. 471; Grewal et al. (2001), p. 18; Stockdale and Standing (2004), p. 302; Baldi and Borgman (2001), p. 543.

Cp. ATIS (2021).

Cp. Johnston and Vitale (1988), p. 154.

For example, Gomber et al. (1997) investigate how a market-based coordination mechanism could be used within the company of a transportation service provider with different subsidiaries which are organized as profit centers.

If something is characterized as virtual, this implies that it does not have a physical substance (cp. Boysen (2001), pp. 16–17).

Cp. Held (2003), pp. 116–117; Schneider and Schnetkamp (2000), p. 98; Georg (2006), p. 174.

Besides the exchange of transportation services, EMs could be used to support the exchange of further logistics services like warehousing services (cp. Fit4Platform (2022)).

Cp. Bierwirth et al. (2002), pp. 335–336; Goldsby and Eckert (2003), p. 187; Kale et al. (2007), p. 22; Sänger (2004), pp. 72–74; Schwind et al. (2011), p. 1.

Cp. Deinlein (2003), p. 64; Georg (2006), p. 186; Grieger (2003), pp. 287–288; Lin et al. (2002), p. 1; Skjøtt-Larsen et al. (2003), p. 201; Straube (2004), pp. 190–191.

Indeed, some authors use ETMs as a prime example for horizontal EMs (cp. Deinlein (2003), p. 64; Georg (2006), p. 186; Lin et al. (2002), p. 1).

Cp. Section 3.4.

Cp. Stockmann (1998), pp. 81–83.

Cp. Alt (1997), pp. 196–197; Sänger (2004), pp. 83–88; Stockmann (1998), pp. 81–82.

Cp. Stockmann (1998), pp. 81–83.

Cp. Sänger (2004), pp. 83–88.

Cp. Handelsblatt (2013); IfH Köln (2019).

In general, also governments could participate in electronic trade activities (cp. Chaffey (2007), p. 26). However, it is expected that governments only play a minor role in the exchange of transportation services. Therefore, the focus is set on businesses and consumers as participants of ETMs.

Source: own representation.

Cp. Sänger (2004), p. 79.

Sänger calls this combination “Shipper—Forwarding Agent” (cp. Sänger (2004), p. 79). However, he notes that also the carrier could be a transaction partner. Since carrier and transportation intermediaries are subsumed under the term transportation service provider in this thesis (cp. Section 2.3.2), this participant combination has been renamed accordingly.

Sänger calls this combination of participants “Forwarding agent—Carrier” (cp. Sänger (2004), p. 79). However, his definition of a forwarding agent corresponds to the definition of a transportation intermediary within this work (cp. Section 2.3.2 and Sänger (2004), p. 63).

Cp. Bierwirth et al. (2002), p. 339.

Cp. http://www.trans.eu.

The service of Loadfox (cp. http://www.loadfox.eu) included an algorithm for the consolidation of small shipments to profitable tours in order to improve the transactions between carriers and transportation intermediaries (cp. DVZ (2016a)). In the meantime, however, Loadfox has stopped its service (cp. DVZ (2020)).

Pamyra (cp. http://www.pamyra.de) is a German ETM with a focus on private and business shippers with sporadic demand for transportation services (cp. DVZ (2016b)). The US-based ETM uShip (cp. http://www.uship.com) connects shippers and transportation service companies and also supports the use of mobile devices for booking (cp. uShip.com (2017)).

Some companies regularly require courier transports of goods to consumers, for example, restaurants offering food deliveries or online shops offering same-day deliveries. These companies could use the platform of UberRUSH to connect via a mobile application to individuals who might carry out the transport of the goods (cp. Zimmermann (2017), p. 18). In the meantime, however, the service of UberRUSH has been shut down (cp. Bensinger (2018)).

Cp. http://urb-it.com.

Cp. Zimmermann (2017), p. 18.

Castillo et al. (2018), p. 7.

Cp. http://www.roadie.com.

Cp. http://www.nimber.com.

Cp. Zimmermann (2017), p. 27.

Cp. Deinlein (2003), p. 68; Georg (2006), p. 187; Grieger (2003); Richter and Nohr (2002), pp. 73–74; Skjøtt-Larsen et al. (2003), p. 201.

Cp. Richter and Nohr (2002), pp. 73–74. An example of an ETM that is closed only for transportation service providers is Flexport. Flexport is open to all shippers as customers. On the side of transportation service providers, however, the ETM is closed and only works with trusted partners (cp. Flexport (2019)). A closed ETM with restrictions on market access for both shippers and transportation service providers is presented by Wang et al. (2011): three manufacturers have created a closed ETM with 15 carriers to better control the delivery process, especially for monitoring the real-time status of shipments.

Cp. Rushton et al. (2014), pp. 78–79.

Cp. http://www.cargo.one.

Founded in April 2000 by a consortium of five major ocean carriers, INTTRA facilitates the booking as well as the tracking and tracing of cargo for shippers across multiple carriers (cp. van Ham and Kuipers (2004), pp. 63–64).

This is comparable to a general distinction between systematic sourcing and spot sourcing on EMs (cp. Kaplan and Sawhney (2000), p. 98).

Cp. http://www.transpoeon.com.

Cp. Transporeon (2017a).

Cp. Transporeon (2017b).

Cp. Täuscher and Laudien (2018), p. 6.

Cp. Seiler (2012), p. 11.

Shipments of CEP services have a weight below 31 kg and LTL shipments have a weight between 31 kg and 2,500 kg (cp. Schwemmer (2016), pp. 84–85). PTL shipments do not fill the total capacity of a vehicle, whereas FTL shipments fully utilize it (cp. Gleißner and Femerling (2008), p. 81).

Cp. Maier and Wieringa (2021), p. 312.

Cp. Baldi and Borgman (2001), p. 544; Wang and Archer (2007b), pp. 98–99. A similar distinction has also been proposed for ETMs (cp. Sänger (2004), p. 80).

Cp. http://www.saloodo.de.

Cp. Grieger et al. (2003), p. 287; Skjøtt-Larsen et al. (2003), p. 201; Straube (2004), p. 189.

Cp. Wang and Archer (2007b), p. 101.

Cp. Skjøtt-Larsen et al. (2003), p. 201.

Cp. Section 2.2.1.

Some ETMs support B2B and B2C transactions at the same time. Since they support B2B transactions, such ETMs are in the scope of the present thesis.

For example, Wtransnet (cp. http://www.wtransnet.com) does not allow shippers on the ETM and only supports transactions between carriers and transportation intermediaries.

Source: own representation.

Cp. Air Cargo News (2018).

A holistic definition of digital freight forwarders is difficult to provide because the market is diverse and developing (cp. Elbert and Gleser (2019), p. 21). A common denominator seems to be that the same functional spectrum of a classical freight forwarder is offered on an online platform, especially that a digital freight forwarder is a contractual party for both shippers and transportation service providers (cp. Göpfert and Seeßle (2019), p. 267; Elbert and Gleser (2019), pp. 20–21; Ortwein and Kuchinke (2021), p. 166; Seeßle (2019), p. 378; Sucky and Asdecker (2019), p. 207).

Cp. Sucky and Asdecker (2019), p. 207.

Cp. Seeßle (2019), p. 378.

In general, the term functionality denotes the range of functions that a software can perform (cp. Deuter et al. (2015), p. 636). EM functionalities are solutions that facilitate transactions and interactions between clients of an EM (cp. Wang and Archer (2004), p. 2).

For an overview of the procurement processes, cp. Section 2.3.3. Various main functionalities of EMs have been discussed in the literature with terms like pricing mechanism (cp. Grieger et al. (2003), p. 288; Schwind et al. (2011), p. 3) or transaction mechanism (cp. Held (2003), pp. 124–125; Kersten (2001), pp. 25–26; Kleineicken (2004), p. 102).

Bulletin boards are sometimes also called „electronic pinboards“, “blackboards” or “post and browse” (cp. Held (2003), p. 126; Ihde (2004), p. 32; Voigt et al. (2003), p. 43.

Cp. Held (2003), pp. 126–127; Ihde (2004), p. 32; Sänger (2004), p. 80; Voigt et al. (2003), pp. 43–45.

Instant quoting is similar to the fixed prices of products offered in catalogs on EMs (cp. Held (2003), pp. 127–129; Sänger (2004), p. 45; Voigt et al. (2003), pp. 45–48).

Cp. Elbert and Gleser (2019), p. 25; Ortwein and Kuchinke (2021), pp. 166–167.

Cp. http://www.pamyra.de.

McAfee and McMillian (1987), p. 701.

Cp. McAfee and McMillian (1987), p. 702; Klemperer (1999), p. 229; Simon and Fassnacht (2016), p. 148.

Cp. Jap (2007), p. 146; Kalagnanam and Parkes (2004), p. 144; Ruhnau (2012), p. 23; Stoll (2007), p. 30.

Cp. http://www.shiply.com.

This definition is based on a general definition of e-tendering (cp. Kortus-Schultes and Ferfer (2005), p. 131). In German, the terms “Transportausschreibung“ or “Frachtaus-schreibung“ are often used to refer to the procurement of multiple transportation needs (cp. Buer (2012), pp. 5–6; Kunzendorf and Wollenweber (2018), p. 2).

Cp. Aichele and Schönberger (2016), p. 28.

For example, such an agreement could be based on an informal exchange of information (e.g., using excel sheets), a negotiation, or it could be a result of an e-tendering process on an ETM.

Source: own representation.

Cp. Christiaanse and Markus (2003).

Cp. Dai and Kauffman (2001), p. 5.

Wang and Archer (2007a), p. 120.

Cp. Hagenlocher et al. (2013), pp. 16–18; Helmke (2019), p. 189.

Cp. Bundesamt für Güterverkehr (2011), pp. 5–6.

Cp. Bretzke (2014), p. 311.

Cp. BVL (2019).

Cp. Cargoclix.com (2020).

Mendes (2011), p. 93.

Tracking can be implemented with different technologies. For example, trucks can be tracked with the use of the Global Positioning System (GPS). In addition, the begin of the transport of the goods or the receipt at the destination could be documented with the use of smartphones or tablet devices.

Cp. Hausladen (2020), pp. 200–201.

Cp. Timocom (2020).

Delivery notes, road waybills and customs documents are just a few examples of the documents which are involved in transportation of goods (cp. Bräkling et al. (2014), pp. 192–195; Leitner (2015), p. 5).

Physical documents can easily get lost, or they can be filed incorrectly. When there are multiple recipients, it might be necessary to create copies of documents and forward these to the right recipients. In addition, a high percentage of the working time can be required for searching documents. All in all, this can lead to a high manual workload required for the maintenance, administration, and archiving of paper documents (cp. Groß and Pfennig (2019), p. 191).

100

Cp. Transporeon (2021a).

101

Cp. Kwon et al. (2009), pp. 110–111.

102

Cp. Transporeon (2021b).

103

Cp. Fischer (2008), p. 166; Stoll (2008), p. 220.

Title: Electronic Transportation Marketplaces
Author: Philipp Sylla
Publisher: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
Book: Electronic Procurement of Transportation Services
Print ISBN: 978-3-658-40402-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-658-40403-1

Copyright Year: 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-40403-1_3

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