Emerging Contaminants in Water and Wastewater

Table of Contents

1. Frontmatter

2. Chapter 1. Emerging Contaminants in Water and Wastewater: An Introduction

   Himanshu Gupta, Soniya Dhiman, Sughosh Madhav, Ritu Mishra

   Abstract

   Emerging contaminants (ECs) are the part of industrial wastewaters and also reaches the water systems through various existing mechanisms. The presence of ECs in the water and wastewaters is highly toxic to human beings and environment both as well as these disturbs the ecological balance. ECs are sub-divided into different categories involving pharmaceuticals, polyaromatics, nanomaterial, personal care product etc. The presence of various ECs and their metabolites in different aquatic organisms has been reported in various studies. The amounts of ECs in the water as well as wastewaters are detected and reported in various recent researches, but proper guidelines or regulations in particular are not yet available. The emerging contaminants in the aqueous media are of particular concern to the environmentalists across the globe. The present chapter focuses on the ECs in water and wastewaters of different industries and their sources in order to remediate the water streams.

3. Chapter 2. Sensors and Biosensors for Emerging Contaminants in Industrial Wastewater

   Anshu Kumar, Kumari Seema, Ambika Kumar

   Abstract

   Accurate detection of newly discovered pollutants is essential for maintaining the quality and safety of water, due to the substantial hazards they pose of great concern to living kingdom. Compact and affordable sensors that may be deployed in the field provide opportunities for identifying contaminants at their source and enabling comprehensive monitoring and regulation of water quality. Regrettably, the availability of these sensors and the potential applications for them continue to be restricted. This Perspective critically examines emerging pollution detecting technology. The main barriers to adoption of these technologies include high costs, unstable functioning, real-world implementation issues, and insufficient stakeholder input in sensor development. This Perspective analyses current sensing technologies for contamination detection by critically examining them. It also examines the main obstacles to these technologies’ mainstream adoption. High costs, unpredictable performance, real-world deployment issues, and stakeholder involvement in sensor development are among these problems. Overall, these obstacles ultimately hinder the successful implementation and adoption of these technologies on a larger scale. In order to understand the outstanding scientific hurdles, which requires to be resolved before implementing these tools in practical scenarios, we showcase unique sensing systems and examine crucial strategies for overcoming these obstacles. More precisely, this involves improving the ability to detect and distinguish substances, increasing the longevity and effectiveness, and optimizing the functionality in real-world water scenarios. This chapter also discusses other important factors, which promotes collaborations between academia and industry, maximizing the value of data through data sharing initiatives, and encouraging workforce development. All of these factors are discussed in detail. The Perspective provides a comprehensive framework that may be utilized for the construction, modification, and deployment of water quality sensors with the objective of quickly and accurately detecting, examining, monitoring, and managing pollution.

4. Chapter 3. Pathological Contaminants in Wastewater from Hospital Waste: Implications and Mitigation Strategies

   Deepak Chandra Joshi, Sonima Prasad, Anuraag Sharma, Nirmal Joshi

   Abstract

   Hospital wastewater presents a complex mixture of contaminants derived from various healthcare activities, encompassing patient care, laboratory testing, and surgical procedures. This chapter focuses on elucidating the molecular composition of pharmaceutical contaminants within hospital wastewater, recognizing their implications and outlining mitigation strategies. Significant quantities of pharmaceutical compounds, such as diagnostic chemicals and antibiotics, are present in hospital effluent. These chemicals are frequently discharged into wastewater streams through patient excretion, leftover drugs, or inadequate metabolization. In addition, medical treatments introduce biological contaminants such as blood and tissues, which further complicate the composition of waste water. Understanding the molecular intricacies of pharmaceutical contaminants is pivotal for assessing environmental risks and designing effective treatment solutions. Advanced molecular technologies are crucial in the analysis of these pollutants, the identification of their sources, and the monitoring of treatment activities. Researchers can use mass spectrometry and chromatography techniques to identify certain pharmaceutical chemicals and measure their quantities in samples of wastewater. The ramifications of pharmaceutical pollutants go beyond environmental concerns, affecting both human and ecological health. Unchecked release of these compounds into aquatic environments can lead to antibiotic resistance development and disruption of aquatic ecosystems. Mitigation strategies must encompass advanced treatment processes tailored to the removal of pharmaceuticals, such as activated carbon adsorption and advanced oxidation processes. This chapter aligns with the One Health approach, emphasizing the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. By integrating molecular analysis with mitigation strategies, this research contributes to the development of efficient treatment systems that safeguard human health and promote environmental stewardship in hospital wastewater management.

5. Chapter 4. Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater and Their Treatment Plans: A Major Focus on Radioactive Components Emitted from Medical Waste

   Rahul Maddheshiya, Soniya Dhiman, Himanshu Gupta

   Abstract

   Emerging contaminants (ECs) have become a significant concern globally in recent years due to potential risks posed by them to the environment and human health. Antibiotics, hormones, pharmaceuticals and personal care products are widely used for medical and other purposes, have led to rapid emergence of environmental pollutants. Most concerned ECs also involve the radioactive wastes released from the nuclear medicine hospitals and cancer hospitals. These contaminants are made for the betterment of life but they are of great concern now-a-days, since they are slowly absorbed by soils or released directly into water bodies. Consequently, drinking water sources become contaminated, health problems arise and water quality declines. The presence of such pollution in aquatic environments, especially in surface water, poses a serious concern. The study examines a number of associated concerns of ECs in aquatic environments, including strategies for EC removal. Despite their advantages and disadvantages, ECs treatment procedures encompass various techniques, including oxidation, physico-chemical, and biological processes. Despite the abundance of scientific research on many areas of monitoring and analyzing contaminants, mainly radioisotopes from medical wastes, it is believed that a comprehensive assessment of these studies is urgently needed. This chapter provides an overview of the case studies related with the discharge of the radioactive isotopes.

6. Chapter 5. Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Antibiotics in Wastewater

   Jahnavi Alwala, Aayasha Negi, Ramchander Merugu, K. V. N. Rajeswari, S. Suma

   Abstract

   Humanistic hustle has popularised a huge number of contaminants in the emerging world of environment. Presently, the most important micropollutants considered worldwide were hormone disrupting chemicals and antibiotics remarkably affects the living flora and fauna. In the present world of system, the onset and destiny of endocrine disrupting chemicals in this environment has a top solicitude for public health. In the comprehensive and investigative destiny of this situation in environment has a grid being air, water, soil, and biota computes the clear link among the hazards and its effect on humans and primitive world. Endocrine disrupting chemicals were endowed on the surface, ground and drinking water which are found in the greater extent in association with industrial pharmaceuticals effluents, heavy metals, fluorinated compounds, plastic materials, fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and fungicides. These sewerage discharges the major sources of the therapeutic and illicit drugs, fertilizers, anti-bacterial agents for the production of hormones intended to usage of the agriculture, as personal care products and the most hazardous substances which assist in undergoing various metabolic transformations on human beings, plants and microbes for the release of hormones like hydroxy pregnenolone, dihydroxy testosterone, pregnenolone, phytoestrogens and thyroid hormones. Endocrine disruptors and antibiotics were an emerging pollutant commenced in wastewater interferes with the endocrine system and inhibits the synthesis of biomolecules in humans. Ecological, synthetic decay with few physical, chemical and biological treatments may leads to reformed articles which may or may not have chemical and biological activities. The risk associated activities and substances which are assessed are very important to detect and remove these EDCs continuously for the growth and demand of water necessity by great recycling and reusing methods of waste water. They are known to cause various human disorders which are chronic in nature. The antibiotics which are present in the waste water are ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, tetracycline, vancomycin and β-lactams. The present chapter describes the various endocrine disruptors and antibiotics which are present in waste water for the existence of current research and literature.

7. Chapter 6. Water Disinfectant and Its Health Hazards to Every Form of Life

   Garima Tomar, Vikas Kumar

   Abstract

   The water disinfection process increases DBPs through chemical reactions of organic and inorganic substances present in the water. Developed or developing countries are currently grappling with secondary pollutants such as disinfectant by-products. Notably, DBPs are becoming an emerging concern by increasing the rate of eco-toxicological impact on a person’s health and water ecosystem. This review article explores the presence of DBPs in the urban water cycle, its hazardous health impacts, various treatment methods for disinfectants, potable water treatment plants, excessive disinfectant removal techniques, and domestic, wastewater treatments. Internal and external factors are responsible for the effects of DBP in surface water systems. The impacts of DBP are observed in the urban water cycle and individuals who is associated with swimming associations, such as swimmers, pool workers, and sometimes children in swimming classes. This has raised serious concerns about respiratory and skin diseases in swimmers. Additionally, the review addresses the regulatory frameworks and standards for DBP levels in drinking water, highlighting the need for stringent monitoring and compliance to safeguard public health. The future perspective of this research involves developing predictive models for assessing the mitigation, significance, assessment, removal, and impact of DBPs on an aquatic ecosystem. These models also highlight the importance of DBP removal methods in terrestrial and atmospheric environments, emphasizing a comprehensive approach to managing DBPs in all environmental contexts.

8. Chapter 7. Surfactants and Flame Retardants in Water Resources

   Shreya Kotnala, Richa Saxena, Arunima Nayak, Brij Bhushan

   Abstract

   As industrial and domestic activities continue to grow, the release of surfactants and flame retardants into water bodies poses a significant threat to the quality of freshwater resources. The chapter provides a comprehensive exploration of the impact, presence, and management of surfactants and flame retardants in aquatic environments. Various sources and pathways via which these anthropogenic compounds enter into water sources are discussed. The chapter deals with the physicochemical properties of surfactants and flame retardants, their behavior in aquatic ecosystems, and their ecotoxicological effects on the environment and aquatic life. The chapter also explores several analytical techniques employed for the analysis of both surfactants and flame retardants in water systems. Several mitigation techniques including physical and chemical methods for the removal of surfactants and flame retardants have been discussed. The present chapter also deals with the challenges, future perspectives, and several analytical as well as mitigation strategies employed for the eradication of surfactants and flame retardants. The chapter provides a detailed overview of sources, properties, and negative impact of surfactants and flame retardants that could be useful for researchers and academicians to develop analytical methods for the removal of these contaminants and hence foster the sustainability of water ecosystems.

9. Chapter 8. Dye and Dye-Containing Hazardous Waste in Water Resource

   Jasvinder Kaur, Sanjana Tewari, Amanpreet Kaur, Rajdeep Malik

   Abstract

   The use of synthetic colours in the textile sector is a significant contributor to water pollution. As a result of their inability to establish a strong link with the cloth, textile dyes are released into the water bodies in the form of effluent. Consequently, there are major adverse effects on human and environmental health due to the continuous outflow of untreated wastewater from several textile enterprises. The colours used in textiles have the ability to be poisonous to aquatic species, which can subsequently make their way into the food chain. This chapter will cover the consequences that dyes used in textiles have not only on human health but also on the health of aquatic flora and natural water bodies. In addition to increasing the biochemical and chemical oxygen demand, preventing photosynthesis, inhibiting plant growth, providing recalcitrance and bioaccumulation, and possibly promoting toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity, textile dyes significantly diminish the aesthetic values of bodies of water. As a result, wastewater that contains dyes has to be adequately treated by employing environmentally friendly methods in order to prevent adverse impacts on the surroundings, mankind’s wellness, and the natural resources of water. The most recent methods that are routinely used to remove colour from textile effluent are compared and contrasted in this research. The chapter also centres on the benefits and downsides of the different techniques that are currently in use.

10. Chapter 9. Plastics and Microplastics: Emerging Pollutants in the Water Systems and Potential Remedies

    Paulami Sahu, Priyanka Varma

    Abstract

    Overconsumption and mismanagement of plastic, particularly single-use plastic, is a growing menace across the globe and it has become an emerging contaminant for terrestrial as well as aquatic ecosystems challenging their sustainability. Owing to the characteristics of lightweight and high durability, plastic materials have the potential to be transported across long distances from their source without any degradation and finally deposited in lentic or lotic ecosystems. Out of the global production of 300 million metric tons/annum of plastic waste, approximately 0.8–30 million metric tonnes, finds its final destination in the aquatic environment annually. The predominant source of plastic pollution is terrestrial, with its transportation occurring primarily through the rivers/canals and ultimately leading to the contamination of near-shore sediments as well as the marine environment. In the end, plastic products find their way into the food chain, creating a grave threat to the well-being of aquatic life forms and their consumers. The primary contributors to this extensive accumulation of plastic waste include a deficiency in technical expertise, inadequate infrastructure development, and, most importantly, a lack of user awareness. The present chapter provides an overview of plastic and microplastics; their sources; pathways to the aquatic systems and their detrimental impact on human health and other terrestrial and aquatic biota, along with the comprehensive mitigation strategies employed to address this issue of global interest. This chapter also delves into some treatments available to mitigate plastic pollution including physical, thermal, chemical and biological, as well as advanced techniques like membrane-based technologies and advanced oxidation processes. Implementation of plastic waste management practices like the Circular Economy approach, 4R’s principles, adoption of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) etc. which can indirectly reduce the plastic load of the aquatic ecosystems, and possible environmental-friendly plastic pollution-reducing strategies are also discussed.

11. Chapter 10. Detection and Remediation Techniques for Emerging Contaminants

    Ambika Kumar, Anshu Kumar, Kumari Seema, Karishma Kumari

    Abstract

    Human activities have significantly enhanced the discharge of emerging contaminants (ECs) into the environment, which might have detrimental impacts on human health, even at extremely low concentrations (in the range of μg/L). The conventional wastewater detection technique and remediation methods are ineffective in removing many of these persistent emerging contaminants (ECs). Traditional methods, including Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry, Chromatography, and other analytical techniques, are employed to measure the amounts of ECs (Emerging Contaminants) of different types. However, these approaches are subject to significant constraints and drawbacks. This chapter examines several techniques for detecting EC, such as Gas/Liquid Chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/LC–MS), Enzyme-linked immunosorbent test (ELISA), Advanced Spectroscopic Method, and Biosensors. These alternative hyphenated approaches provide several advantages compared to conventional techniques, including increased sensitivity, selectivity, reduced sample volume needs, portability, repeatability, speed, cost-effectiveness, and the ability to monitor ECs in real-time. Contemporary techniques do not need intricate solid phase extraction procedures. Current chapter provides a summary of each of the alternate techniques used to identify environmentally contaminants in various samples. The sensitivity of each approach varies based on the specific EC being tested and the corresponding matrix. Some of the current challenges encountered by these alternative methods in monitoring ECs. Further different conventional and modern remediation techniques have also been discussed.

12. Chapter 11. Biological Cleansing: Probiotic Strategies for Tackling Contaminants in Water and Wastewater

    Seeta Dewali, Nagma Parveen, Neha Kathayat, Gaurav Rawat, Shikha Bora, Netra Pal Sharma, Vinay Mohan Pathak, Satpal Singh Bisht

    Abstract

    Increased environmental contamination leads to a continuously decline in environmental quality. Water pollution arises when detrimental substances, such as chemicals or microorganisms, infiltrate and taint bodies of water like streams, rivers, lakes, oceans, aquifers, leading to a decline in water quality and making it hazardous for both humans and the ecosystem. Water and wastewater treatment pose significant challenges due to the persistent presence of various contaminants, including pathogens, heavy metals and organic pollutants. Traditional treatment methods often fall short in effectively addressing these diverse contaminants, necessitating innovative approaches. Probiotic strategies have emerged as promising solutions, leveraging the inherent capabilities of beneficial microorganisms to combat contaminants and restore environmental balance. Furthermore, the integration of probiotics into existing treatment frameworks showcases their potential for sustainable and cost-effective remediation strategies. By harnessing natural microbial communities, probiotic-based approaches minimize reliance on synthetic chemicals and energy-intensive processes, thereby reducing environmental footprint and operational costs. This chapter highlights the multifaceted applications of probiotics in water and waste water treatment, focusing on their mechanisms of action, efficacy, and environmental implications. Continued research and technological advancements are crucial for unlocking the full potential of probiotics and integrating them into mainstream water management practices, thereby safeguarding water resources and public health in a rapidly changing world.

13. Chapter 12. Advance and Integrated Treatment Methods of Emerging Contaminants

    Leila Azaryouh, Mehdi Mennani, Amine Miftah, Khalifa El Harfi, Mounir El Achaby, Adil Aboulkas, Zineb Kassab

    Abstract

    The increasing levels of domestic, industrial, and agricultural wastewater pose significant challenges to water resources on a global scale. Traditional chemical and physical remediation methods, while effective in removing contaminants, often give rise to environmental and economic concerns. As a result, there is a growing interest in the development and integration of treatment processes for emerging contaminants (ECs) that are both effective and environmentally friendly. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of recent research focusing on substances and techniques aimed at addressing various categories of ECs, such as dyes, surfactants, pesticides, personal care products, x-ray contrast media, among others. It examines the initial treatment steps, analytical techniques, and complex implementation aspects of these innovative treatment approaches. Through an analysis of the latest advancements, this study aims to contribute to the current discourse on sustainable water purification solutions. The incorporation of advanced treatment methods not only aims to enhance pollutant removal efficiency but also ensures environmental responsibility and economic feasibility. By delving into recent developments, the objective is to lay the groundwork for sustainable solutions to the pressing challenges posed by emerging contaminants in diverse environmental contexts.

14. Chapter 13. Low Molecular Weight Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (LMW-PAHs) in Water: Sources, Their Effects and Treatments by Physical Methods

    Naveen Kumar, Arun Ratn, Naveen Chandra Joshi

    Abstract

    Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aquatic environments are a priority concern due to their carcinogenic and teratogenic properties, bioaccumulation, and long-range transport. PAHs emanate from partial burning of various sources like coal, oil, and natural processes like forest fires. Due to adverse effects of PAHs, it is essential to detect and eliminate PAHs from water using reliable techniques. A variety of physical, chemical and biological methods for treating PAHs contaminated water have been investigated. Physical methods including adsorption and membrane filtration have excellent removal performance and considered to be the best method for PAHs remediation due to their ease of operation, affordability, safety and universal nature. Therefore, physical treatments are frequently used as a pre-treatment step prior to applying advanced technologies. This chapter investigated the presence of low molecular weight PAHs in aquatic environments, their adverse effects on organisms, and their treatment using physical methods.

15. Chapter 14. Bioremediation Strategies for Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products Contaminants: Microbial and Plant-Based Approaches

    Manish Pant, Jabrinder Singh, Naveen Singhal, Divya Bisen

    Abstract

    In recent decades, the simultaneous impact of growing urbanisation, poor sanitation, and industrialization has caused a negative influence on global natural water reserves. The uncontrolled release of pollutants poses a significant hazard to both public health and environmental integrity. A scant 3% of the world’s 326 million cubic miles of water qualifies as fresh water, with a large part encased in glaciers. The introduction of pharmaceutical/personal care products (PPCPs), which span a wide range of organic categories, has raised concerns due to their widespread presence in numerous environmental compartments. This hazard affects surface water, sewage, sludge, aquatic bodies, waste treatment plants, soil, and sediments, as well as human and wildlife populations. The growing awareness of PPCPs’ ubiquity, biomagnification, destiny, and ecological risk highlights the need for thorough investigation. Water purification/treatment and the replenishment of natural aquifers are well known truths. Diverse strategies including physical, biological, and chemical approaches have been thoroughly investigated for PPCP eradication. This chapter focuses on the present state of bioremediation techniques including microbial and phytoremediation strategies adapted for PPCPs. Plant–microbe interactions show promise for synergistic bioremediation processes, perhaps leading to more successful cleanup of contaminated locations as it gains popular acceptance. These treatments aim to promote a shift to a cleaner, healthier environment that benefits all forms of life. Combating difficulties and exploring opportunities for improving bioremediation processes must be tackled by various SDG regulating agencies.