Energy consumption, democracy, and income inequality in Africa

The article examines the complex interplay between energy consumption, democracy, and income inequality in Africa, offering a nuanced perspective on how these factors influence economic disparities. It highlights the critical role of energy access in driving economic growth and reducing inequality, with a focus on the transformative potential of renewable energy. The study reveals that while energy consumption generally reduces income inequality, the type of energy—renewable or non-renewable—plays a significant role in the extent of this impact. The article also explores how different dimensions of democracy, such as electoral, participatory, liberal, deliberative, and egalitarian forms, moderate the relationship between energy consumption and income inequality. It provides robust evidence that democratic governance can enhance the effectiveness of energy policies in promoting equitable income distribution. The findings underscore the importance of investing in renewable energy and strengthening democratic institutions to address energy poverty and foster inclusive economic growth in Africa. The article concludes with policy recommendations aimed at enhancing democratic governance and inclusive growth, emphasizing the need for targeted subsidies, pricing mechanisms, and community engagement to ensure affordable and reliable energy access for all.