Skip to main content
Top

2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

12. Engineering of Bone: Uncovering Strategies of Static and Dynamic Environments

Authors : Jaya Thilakan, Ruchi Mishra, Sudhir K. Goel, Neha Arya

Published in: Biomaterials in Orthopaedics and Bone Regeneration

Publisher: Springer Singapore

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

A highly specialized connective tissue, bone, possesses inherent regenerative capacity. However, substantial degeneration and loss of bone due to bone tumour resections or traumatic injuries delay its healing, thereby suggesting alternate treatment options. Currently available treatments may offer repair to some extent; however, they are associated with certain disadvantages. Autografts fail under circumstances such as large bone loss and are associated with limited availability and donor site morbidity. Alternatives such as allografts are further associated with risk of immune rejection. Even if all of this pass, the limited availability of donors is unable to cover the associated clinical demands. In the search for bone repair and regeneration protocols, emergence of tissue engineering has greatly contributed to repair and regeneration of bone and bone-like complex tissues. Therefore, this chapter will uncover recent trends in bone tissue engineering with a focus on scaffolds, cells, growth factors and dynamic environments.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
2.
go back to reference Weiner S, Wagner HD (1998) The material bone: structure-mechanical function relations. Annu Rev Mater Sci 28:271–298CrossRef Weiner S, Wagner HD (1998) The material bone: structure-mechanical function relations. Annu Rev Mater Sci 28:271–298CrossRef
3.
go back to reference Gordon JAR, Tye CE, Sampaio AV (2007) Bone sialoprotein expression enhances osteoblast differentiation and matrix mineralization in vitro. J Bone 41:462–473CrossRef Gordon JAR, Tye CE, Sampaio AV (2007) Bone sialoprotein expression enhances osteoblast differentiation and matrix mineralization in vitro. J Bone 41:462–473CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Kozhemyakina E, Lassar AB, Zelzer E (2015) A pathway to bone: signaling molecules and transcription factors involved in chondrocyte development and maturation. Development 142:817–831CrossRef Kozhemyakina E, Lassar AB, Zelzer E (2015) A pathway to bone: signaling molecules and transcription factors involved in chondrocyte development and maturation. Development 142:817–831CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Allen MR, Burr DB (2014) Bone modeling and remodeling. In: Burr DB, Allen MRBT-B ABB (eds) Academic Press, San Diego, pp 75–90 Allen MR, Burr DB (2014) Bone modeling and remodeling. In: Burr DB, Allen MRBT-B ABB (eds) Academic Press, San Diego, pp 75–90
6.
go back to reference Gruber R, Koch H, Doll BA (2006) Fracture healing in the elderly patient. Exp Gerontol 41:1080–1093CrossRef Gruber R, Koch H, Doll BA (2006) Fracture healing in the elderly patient. Exp Gerontol 41:1080–1093CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Gandhi A, Liporace F, Azad V (2006) Diabetic fracture healing. Foot Ankle Clin 11:805–824CrossRef Gandhi A, Liporace F, Azad V (2006) Diabetic fracture healing. Foot Ankle Clin 11:805–824CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Wukich DK, Kline AJ (2008) The management of ankle fractures in patients with diabetes. J Bone Jt Surg–Am 90:1570–1578CrossRef Wukich DK, Kline AJ (2008) The management of ankle fractures in patients with diabetes. J Bone Jt Surg–Am 90:1570–1578CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Lu C, Hansen E, Sapozhnikova A (2010) Effect of age on vascularization during fracture repair. J Orthop Res 26:1384–1389CrossRef Lu C, Hansen E, Sapozhnikova A (2010) Effect of age on vascularization during fracture repair. J Orthop Res 26:1384–1389CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Mobini S, Ayoub A (2016) Bone tissue engineering in the maxillofacial region: the state-of-the- art practice and future prospects. Regen Reconstr Restor 1:8–14 Mobini S, Ayoub A (2016) Bone tissue engineering in the maxillofacial region: the state-of-the- art practice and future prospects. Regen Reconstr Restor 1:8–14
11.
go back to reference Amini AR, Laurencin CT, Nukavarapu SP (2012) Bone tissue engineering: recent advances and challenges. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 40:363–408CrossRef Amini AR, Laurencin CT, Nukavarapu SP (2012) Bone tissue engineering: recent advances and challenges. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 40:363–408CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Delloye C, Cornu O, Druez V, Barbier O (2007) Bone allografts: what they can offer and what they cannot. J Bone Jt Surg 89–B:5:574–580CrossRef Delloye C, Cornu O, Druez V, Barbier O (2007) Bone allografts: what they can offer and what they cannot. J Bone Jt Surg 89–B:5:574–580CrossRef
13.
go back to reference Yeatts AB, Fisher JP (2011) Bone tissue engineering bioreactors: dynamic culture and the influence of shear stress. Bone 48:171–181CrossRef Yeatts AB, Fisher JP (2011) Bone tissue engineering bioreactors: dynamic culture and the influence of shear stress. Bone 48:171–181CrossRef
14.
go back to reference Della Porta G, Nguyen BB, Campardelli R (2014) Synergistic effect of sustained release of growth factors and dynamic culture on osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 103:2161–2171 Della Porta G, Nguyen BB, Campardelli R (2014) Synergistic effect of sustained release of growth factors and dynamic culture on osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 103:2161–2171
15.
go back to reference Nguyen BB, Ko H, Moriarty RA (2016) dynamic bioreactor culture of high volume engineered bone tissue. Tissue Eng Part A 22:263–271CrossRef Nguyen BB, Ko H, Moriarty RA (2016) dynamic bioreactor culture of high volume engineered bone tissue. Tissue Eng Part A 22:263–271CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Brien FJO (2011) Biomaterials & scaffolds for tissue engineering. Mater Today 14:88–95CrossRef Brien FJO (2011) Biomaterials & scaffolds for tissue engineering. Mater Today 14:88–95CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Hutmacher DW (2000) Scaffolds in tissue engineering bone and cartilage. Biomaterials 21:2529–2543CrossRef Hutmacher DW (2000) Scaffolds in tissue engineering bone and cartilage. Biomaterials 21:2529–2543CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Williams DF (2008) On the mechanisms of biocompatibility. Biomaterials 29:2941–2953CrossRef Williams DF (2008) On the mechanisms of biocompatibility. Biomaterials 29:2941–2953CrossRef
19.
go back to reference Prasadh S, Chung R, Wong W (2018) Unraveling the mechanical strength of biomaterials used as a bone scaffold in oral and maxillofacial defects. Oral Sci Int 15:48–55CrossRef Prasadh S, Chung R, Wong W (2018) Unraveling the mechanical strength of biomaterials used as a bone scaffold in oral and maxillofacial defects. Oral Sci Int 15:48–55CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Zhao H, Liang W (2017) A novel comby scaffold with improved mechanical strength for bone tissue engineering. Mater Lett 194:220–223CrossRef Zhao H, Liang W (2017) A novel comby scaffold with improved mechanical strength for bone tissue engineering. Mater Lett 194:220–223CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Chen Y, Frith JE, Dehghan- A (2017) Mechanical properties and biocompatibility of porous titanium scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 75:169–174CrossRef Chen Y, Frith JE, Dehghan- A (2017) Mechanical properties and biocompatibility of porous titanium scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 75:169–174CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Li G, Wang L, Pan W (2016) In vitro and in vivo study of additive manufactured porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds for repairing bone defects. Sci Rep 6:1–11CrossRef Li G, Wang L, Pan W (2016) In vitro and in vivo study of additive manufactured porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds for repairing bone defects. Sci Rep 6:1–11CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Zhang X, Zeng D, Li N (2016) Functionalized mesoporous bioactive glass scaffolds for enhanced bone tissue regeneration. Sci Rep 6:19361CrossRef Zhang X, Zeng D, Li N (2016) Functionalized mesoporous bioactive glass scaffolds for enhanced bone tissue regeneration. Sci Rep 6:19361CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Nisal A, Sayyad R, Dhavale P (2018) Silk fibroin micro-particle scaffolds with superior compression modulus and slow bioresorption for effective bone regeneration. Sci Rep 1–10 Nisal A, Sayyad R, Dhavale P (2018) Silk fibroin micro-particle scaffolds with superior compression modulus and slow bioresorption for effective bone regeneration. Sci Rep 1–10
25.
go back to reference Persson M, Lehenkari PP, Berglin L (2018) Osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in a 3D woven scaffold. Sci Rep 8:1–12CrossRef Persson M, Lehenkari PP, Berglin L (2018) Osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in a 3D woven scaffold. Sci Rep 8:1–12CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Schieker M, Seitz H, Drosse I (2006) Biomaterials as scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Eur J Trauma 32:114–124CrossRef Schieker M, Seitz H, Drosse I (2006) Biomaterials as scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Eur J Trauma 32:114–124CrossRef
27.
go back to reference Alaribe FN, Manoto SL, Motaung SCKM (2016) Scaffolds from biomaterials: advantages and limitations in bone and tissue engineering. Biologia (Bratisl) 71:353–366CrossRef Alaribe FN, Manoto SL, Motaung SCKM (2016) Scaffolds from biomaterials: advantages and limitations in bone and tissue engineering. Biologia (Bratisl) 71:353–366CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Puppi D, Chiellini F, Piras AM, Chiellini E (2010) Progress in polymer science polymeric materials for bone and cartilage repair. Prog Polym Sci 35:403–440CrossRef Puppi D, Chiellini F, Piras AM, Chiellini E (2010) Progress in polymer science polymeric materials for bone and cartilage repair. Prog Polym Sci 35:403–440CrossRef
29.
go back to reference Wang Z, Lin M, Xie Q (2016) Electrospun silk fibroin/poly(lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) nanofibrous scaffolds for bone regeneration. Int J Nanomed 11:1483–1500 Wang Z, Lin M, Xie Q (2016) Electrospun silk fibroin/poly(lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) nanofibrous scaffolds for bone regeneration. Int J Nanomed 11:1483–1500
30.
go back to reference Zhang Y, Reddy VJ, Wong SY (2010) Enhanced biomineralization in osteoblasts on a novel electrospun biocomposite nanofibrous substrate. Tissue Eng Part A 16:1949–1960CrossRef Zhang Y, Reddy VJ, Wong SY (2010) Enhanced biomineralization in osteoblasts on a novel electrospun biocomposite nanofibrous substrate. Tissue Eng Part A 16:1949–1960CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Jing Z, Wu Y, Su W (2017) carbon nanotube reinforced collagen/hydroxyapatite scaffolds improve bone tissue formation in vitro and in vivo. Ann Biomed Eng 45:2075–2087CrossRef Jing Z, Wu Y, Su W (2017) carbon nanotube reinforced collagen/hydroxyapatite scaffolds improve bone tissue formation in vitro and in vivo. Ann Biomed Eng 45:2075–2087CrossRef
32.
go back to reference Chevalier J, Gremillard L (2009) Ceramics for medical applications: a picture for the next 20 years. J Eur Ceram Soc 29:1245–1255CrossRef Chevalier J, Gremillard L (2009) Ceramics for medical applications: a picture for the next 20 years. J Eur Ceram Soc 29:1245–1255CrossRef
33.
go back to reference Thein-han W, Xu HHK (2011) Collagen-calcium phosphate cement scaffolds seeded with umbilical cord stem cells for bone tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 17:2943–2954CrossRef Thein-han W, Xu HHK (2011) Collagen-calcium phosphate cement scaffolds seeded with umbilical cord stem cells for bone tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 17:2943–2954CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Bose S, Roy M, Bandyopadhyay A (2012) Recent advances in bone tissue engineering scaffolds. Trends Biotechnol 30:546–554CrossRef Bose S, Roy M, Bandyopadhyay A (2012) Recent advances in bone tissue engineering scaffolds. Trends Biotechnol 30:546–554CrossRef
35.
go back to reference Asaoka T, Ohtake S, Furukawa KS (2013) Development of bioactive porous a-TCP/HAp beads for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res, Part A 101:3295–3300 Asaoka T, Ohtake S, Furukawa KS (2013) Development of bioactive porous a-TCP/HAp beads for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res, Part A 101:3295–3300
36.
go back to reference Wu C, Chang J (2007) Degradation, bioactivity, and cytocompatibility of diopside, akermanite, and bredigite ceramics. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater 83B:153–160CrossRef Wu C, Chang J (2007) Degradation, bioactivity, and cytocompatibility of diopside, akermanite, and bredigite ceramics. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater 83B:153–160CrossRef
37.
go back to reference Fu Q, Saiz E, Rahaman MN, Tomsia AP (2011) Bioactive glass scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: state of the art and future perspectives. Mater Sci Eng, C 31:1245–1256CrossRef Fu Q, Saiz E, Rahaman MN, Tomsia AP (2011) Bioactive glass scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: state of the art and future perspectives. Mater Sci Eng, C 31:1245–1256CrossRef
38.
go back to reference Xia L, Yin Z, Mao L (2016) Akermanite bioceramics promote osteogenesis, angiogenesis and suppress osteoclastogenesis for osteoporotic bone regeneration. Sci Rep 6:1–17CrossRef Xia L, Yin Z, Mao L (2016) Akermanite bioceramics promote osteogenesis, angiogenesis and suppress osteoclastogenesis for osteoporotic bone regeneration. Sci Rep 6:1–17CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Jones JR (2013) Review of bioactive glass: from Hench to hybrids. Acta Biomater 9:4457–4486CrossRef Jones JR (2013) Review of bioactive glass: from Hench to hybrids. Acta Biomater 9:4457–4486CrossRef
40.
go back to reference Philippart A, Boccaccini AR, Fleck C (2015) Toughening and functionalization of bioactive ceramic and glass bone scaffolds by biopolymer coatings and infiltration: a review of the last 5 years. Expert Rev Med Devices 12:93–111CrossRef Philippart A, Boccaccini AR, Fleck C (2015) Toughening and functionalization of bioactive ceramic and glass bone scaffolds by biopolymer coatings and infiltration: a review of the last 5 years. Expert Rev Med Devices 12:93–111CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Staiger MP, Pietak AM, Huadmai J, Dias G (2006) Magnesium and its alloys as orthopedic biomaterials: a review. Biomaterials 27:1728–1734CrossRef Staiger MP, Pietak AM, Huadmai J, Dias G (2006) Magnesium and its alloys as orthopedic biomaterials: a review. Biomaterials 27:1728–1734CrossRef
42.
go back to reference Alvarez K, Nakajima H (2009) Metallic scaffolds for bone regeneration. Materials (Basel) 2:790–832CrossRef Alvarez K, Nakajima H (2009) Metallic scaffolds for bone regeneration. Materials (Basel) 2:790–832CrossRef
43.
go back to reference Hussein MA, Mohammed AS, Al-aqeeli N, Arabia S (2015) Wear characteristics of metallic biomaterials: a review. Materials (Basel) 8:2749–2768CrossRef Hussein MA, Mohammed AS, Al-aqeeli N, Arabia S (2015) Wear characteristics of metallic biomaterials: a review. Materials (Basel) 8:2749–2768CrossRef
44.
go back to reference Ghassemi T, Shahroodi A, Ebrahimzadeh MH, Mousavian A (2018) Current concepts in scaffolding for bone tissue engineering. Arch Bone Jt Surg 6:90–99 Ghassemi T, Shahroodi A, Ebrahimzadeh MH, Mousavian A (2018) Current concepts in scaffolding for bone tissue engineering. Arch Bone Jt Surg 6:90–99
45.
go back to reference Bhui AS, Singh G, Sidhu SS, Bains PS (2018) Experimental investigation of optimal ED machining parameters for Ti-6Al-4V biomaterial. FU Ser Mech Eng 16(3):337–345CrossRef Bhui AS, Singh G, Sidhu SS, Bains PS (2018) Experimental investigation of optimal ED machining parameters for Ti-6Al-4V biomaterial. FU Ser Mech Eng 16(3):337–345CrossRef
46.
go back to reference Tamaddon M, Samizadeh S, Wang L (2017) Intrinsic osteoinductivity of porous titanium scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Int J Biomater 2017:5093063CrossRef Tamaddon M, Samizadeh S, Wang L (2017) Intrinsic osteoinductivity of porous titanium scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Int J Biomater 2017:5093063CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Bobe K, Willbold E, Morgenthal I (2013) In vitro and in vivo evaluation of biodegradable, open-porous scaffolds made of sintered magnesium W4 short fibres. Acta Biomater 9:8611–8623CrossRef Bobe K, Willbold E, Morgenthal I (2013) In vitro and in vivo evaluation of biodegradable, open-porous scaffolds made of sintered magnesium W4 short fibres. Acta Biomater 9:8611–8623CrossRef
48.
go back to reference Wu C, Zhou Y, Xu M (2013) Copper-containing mesoporous bioactive glass scaffolds with multifunctional properties of angiogenesis capacity, osteostimulation and antibacterial activity. Biomaterials 34:422–433CrossRef Wu C, Zhou Y, Xu M (2013) Copper-containing mesoporous bioactive glass scaffolds with multifunctional properties of angiogenesis capacity, osteostimulation and antibacterial activity. Biomaterials 34:422–433CrossRef
49.
go back to reference Declercq HA, Desmet T, Dubruel P, Cornelissen MJ (2014) The role of scaffold architecture and composition on the bone formation by adipose-derived stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 20:434–444CrossRef Declercq HA, Desmet T, Dubruel P, Cornelissen MJ (2014) The role of scaffold architecture and composition on the bone formation by adipose-derived stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 20:434–444CrossRef
50.
go back to reference Kim YE, Kim Y (2013) Effect of biopolymers on the characteristics and cytocompatibility of biocomposite nanofibrous scaffolds. Polym J 45:845–853CrossRef Kim YE, Kim Y (2013) Effect of biopolymers on the characteristics and cytocompatibility of biocomposite nanofibrous scaffolds. Polym J 45:845–853CrossRef
51.
go back to reference Roohani-Esfahani SI, Newman P, Zreiqat H (2016) Design and fabrication of 3D printed scaffolds with a mechanical strength comparable to cortical bone to repair large bone defects. Sci Repor 1–8 Roohani-Esfahani SI, Newman P, Zreiqat H (2016) Design and fabrication of 3D printed scaffolds with a mechanical strength comparable to cortical bone to repair large bone defects. Sci Repor 1–8
52.
go back to reference Leite ÁJ, Oliveira NM, Song W, Mano JF (2018) Bioactive hydrogel marbles. Sci Rep 8:1–11CrossRef Leite ÁJ, Oliveira NM, Song W, Mano JF (2018) Bioactive hydrogel marbles. Sci Rep 8:1–11CrossRef
53.
go back to reference Sato Y, Yamamoto K, Horiguchi S (2018) Nanogel tectonic porous 3D scaffold for direct reprogramming fibroblasts into osteoblasts and bone regeneration. Sci Rep 8:15824CrossRef Sato Y, Yamamoto K, Horiguchi S (2018) Nanogel tectonic porous 3D scaffold for direct reprogramming fibroblasts into osteoblasts and bone regeneration. Sci Rep 8:15824CrossRef
54.
go back to reference Nicodemus GD, Bryant SJ (2008) Cell encapsulation in biodegradable hydrogels for tissue engineering applications. Tissue Eng Part B 14:149–165CrossRef Nicodemus GD, Bryant SJ (2008) Cell encapsulation in biodegradable hydrogels for tissue engineering applications. Tissue Eng Part B 14:149–165CrossRef
55.
go back to reference Short AR, Koralla D, Deshmukh A (2015) Hydrogels that allow and facilitate bone repair, remodeling, and regeneration. J Mater Chem B 3:7818–7830CrossRef Short AR, Koralla D, Deshmukh A (2015) Hydrogels that allow and facilitate bone repair, remodeling, and regeneration. J Mater Chem B 3:7818–7830CrossRef
56.
go back to reference Tibbitt MW, Anseth KS (2009) Hydrogels as extracellular matrix mimics for 3D cell culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 103:655–663CrossRef Tibbitt MW, Anseth KS (2009) Hydrogels as extracellular matrix mimics for 3D cell culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 103:655–663CrossRef
57.
go back to reference Yang X, Sun T, Dou S (2009) Block copolymer of polyphosphoester and poly (l-Lactic Acid) modified surface for enhancing osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, and function. Biomacromol 10:2213–2220CrossRef Yang X, Sun T, Dou S (2009) Block copolymer of polyphosphoester and poly (l-Lactic Acid) modified surface for enhancing osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, and function. Biomacromol 10:2213–2220CrossRef
58.
go back to reference Thambi T, Li Y, Lee DS (2017) Injectable hydrogels for sustained release of therapeutic agents. J Control Release 267:57–66CrossRef Thambi T, Li Y, Lee DS (2017) Injectable hydrogels for sustained release of therapeutic agents. J Control Release 267:57–66CrossRef
59.
go back to reference Liu M, Zeng X, Ma C (2017) Injectable hydrogels for cartilage and bone tissue engineering. Bone Res 5:17014CrossRef Liu M, Zeng X, Ma C (2017) Injectable hydrogels for cartilage and bone tissue engineering. Bone Res 5:17014CrossRef
60.
go back to reference Han Y, Zeng Q, Li H, Chang J (2013) The calcium silicate/ alginate composite: preparation and evaluation of its behavior as bioactive injectable hydrogels. Acta Biomater 9:9107–9117CrossRef Han Y, Zeng Q, Li H, Chang J (2013) The calcium silicate/ alginate composite: preparation and evaluation of its behavior as bioactive injectable hydrogels. Acta Biomater 9:9107–9117CrossRef
61.
go back to reference Ding C, Zhao L, Liu F (2010) Dually responsive injectable hydrogel prepared by in situ cross-linking of glycol chitosan and benzaldehyde-capped PEO-PPO-PEO. Biomacromol 11:1043–1051CrossRef Ding C, Zhao L, Liu F (2010) Dually responsive injectable hydrogel prepared by in situ cross-linking of glycol chitosan and benzaldehyde-capped PEO-PPO-PEO. Biomacromol 11:1043–1051CrossRef
62.
go back to reference Dessı M, Borzacchiello A, Mohamed THA (2013) Novel biomimetic thermosensitive b -tricalcium phosphate/ chitosan-based hydrogels for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res - Part A 101:2984–2993CrossRef Dessı M, Borzacchiello A, Mohamed THA (2013) Novel biomimetic thermosensitive b -tricalcium phosphate/ chitosan-based hydrogels for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res - Part A 101:2984–2993CrossRef
63.
go back to reference Vo TN, Shah SR, Lu S (2016) Injectable dual-gelling cell-laden composite hydrogels for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 83:1–11CrossRef Vo TN, Shah SR, Lu S (2016) Injectable dual-gelling cell-laden composite hydrogels for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 83:1–11CrossRef
64.
go back to reference Fu S, Ni P, Wang B (2012) Injectable and thermo-sensitive PEG-PCL-PEG copolymer/collagen/n-HA hydrogel composite for guided bone regeneration. Biomaterials 33:4801–4809CrossRef Fu S, Ni P, Wang B (2012) Injectable and thermo-sensitive PEG-PCL-PEG copolymer/collagen/n-HA hydrogel composite for guided bone regeneration. Biomaterials 33:4801–4809CrossRef
65.
go back to reference Jiao Y, Gyawali D, Stark JM (2012) A rheological study of biodegradable injectable PEGMC/HA composite scaffolds. Soft Matter 8:1499–1507CrossRef Jiao Y, Gyawali D, Stark JM (2012) A rheological study of biodegradable injectable PEGMC/HA composite scaffolds. Soft Matter 8:1499–1507CrossRef
66.
go back to reference Niranjan R, Koushik C, Saravanan S (2013) A novel injectable temperature-sensitive zinc doped chitosan/beta-glycerophosphate hydrogel for bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 54:24–29CrossRef Niranjan R, Koushik C, Saravanan S (2013) A novel injectable temperature-sensitive zinc doped chitosan/beta-glycerophosphate hydrogel for bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 54:24–29CrossRef
67.
go back to reference Douglas TEL, Piwowarczyk W, Pamula E (2014) Injectable self-gelling composites for bone tissue engineering based on gellan gum hydrogel enriched with different bioglasses. Biomed Mater 9:045014CrossRef Douglas TEL, Piwowarczyk W, Pamula E (2014) Injectable self-gelling composites for bone tissue engineering based on gellan gum hydrogel enriched with different bioglasses. Biomed Mater 9:045014CrossRef
68.
go back to reference Dhivya S, Saravanan S, Sastry TP, Selvamurugan N (2015) Nanohydroxyapatite—reinforced chitosan composite hydrogel for bone tissue repair in vitro and in vivo. J Nanobiotechnology 13:40CrossRef Dhivya S, Saravanan S, Sastry TP, Selvamurugan N (2015) Nanohydroxyapatite—reinforced chitosan composite hydrogel for bone tissue repair in vitro and in vivo. J Nanobiotechnology 13:40CrossRef
69.
go back to reference Lewandowska-ła J, Fiejdasz S, Rodzik Ł (2015) Bioactive hydrogel-nanosilica hybrid materials: a potential injectable scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Biomed Mater 10:015020CrossRef Lewandowska-ła J, Fiejdasz S, Rodzik Ł (2015) Bioactive hydrogel-nanosilica hybrid materials: a potential injectable scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Biomed Mater 10:015020CrossRef
70.
go back to reference Huang Y, Zhang X, Wu A, Xu H (2016) Injectable nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA)/glycol chitosan(G-CS)/hyaluronic acid (HyA) composite hydrogel for bone tissue engineering. RSC Adv 6:33529–33536CrossRef Huang Y, Zhang X, Wu A, Xu H (2016) Injectable nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA)/glycol chitosan(G-CS)/hyaluronic acid (HyA) composite hydrogel for bone tissue engineering. RSC Adv 6:33529–33536CrossRef
71.
go back to reference Tan R, She Z, Wang M (2012) Thermo-sensitive alginate-based injectable hydrogel for tissue engineering. Carbohydr Polym 87:1515–1521CrossRef Tan R, She Z, Wang M (2012) Thermo-sensitive alginate-based injectable hydrogel for tissue engineering. Carbohydr Polym 87:1515–1521CrossRef
72.
go back to reference Celikkin N, Mastrogiacomo S, Jaroszewicz J, Walboomers XF (2018) Gelatin methacrylate scaffold for bone tissue engineering: the influence of polymer concentration. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 106A:201–209CrossRef Celikkin N, Mastrogiacomo S, Jaroszewicz J, Walboomers XF (2018) Gelatin methacrylate scaffold for bone tissue engineering: the influence of polymer concentration. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 106A:201–209CrossRef
73.
go back to reference Ko W, Lee JS, Hwang Y (2018) Injectable hydrogel composite containing modified gold nanoparticles: implication in bone tissue regeneration. Int J Nanomedicine 13:7019–7031CrossRef Ko W, Lee JS, Hwang Y (2018) Injectable hydrogel composite containing modified gold nanoparticles: implication in bone tissue regeneration. Int J Nanomedicine 13:7019–7031CrossRef
74.
go back to reference Arya N, Sardana V, Saxena M (2012) Recapitulating tumour microenvironment in chitosan-gelatin three-dimensional scaffolds: an improved in vitro tumour model. J R Soc Interface 9:3288–3302CrossRef Arya N, Sardana V, Saxena M (2012) Recapitulating tumour microenvironment in chitosan-gelatin three-dimensional scaffolds: an improved in vitro tumour model. J R Soc Interface 9:3288–3302CrossRef
75.
go back to reference Bencherif SA, Braschler TM, Renaud P (2013) Advances in the design of macroporous polymer scaffolds for potential applications in dentistry. J Periodontal Implant Sci 43:251–261CrossRef Bencherif SA, Braschler TM, Renaud P (2013) Advances in the design of macroporous polymer scaffolds for potential applications in dentistry. J Periodontal Implant Sci 43:251–261CrossRef
76.
go back to reference Elamparithi D, Moorthy V (2017) On various porous scaffold fabrication methods. Mapana J Sci 16:47–52CrossRef Elamparithi D, Moorthy V (2017) On various porous scaffold fabrication methods. Mapana J Sci 16:47–52CrossRef
77.
go back to reference Tamburaci S, Tihminlioglu F (2018) Materials science & engineering C Biosilica incorporated 3D porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. Mater Sci Eng, C 91:274–291CrossRef Tamburaci S, Tihminlioglu F (2018) Materials science & engineering C Biosilica incorporated 3D porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. Mater Sci Eng, C 91:274–291CrossRef
78.
go back to reference Demirtas TT, Irmak G, Gümüşderelioglu M (2017) Bioprintable form of chitosan hydrogel for bone tissue engineering. Biofabrication 9:035003CrossRef Demirtas TT, Irmak G, Gümüşderelioglu M (2017) Bioprintable form of chitosan hydrogel for bone tissue engineering. Biofabrication 9:035003CrossRef
79.
go back to reference Moncal KK, Heo DN, Godzik KP (2018) 3D printing of poly (e-caprolactone)/poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide)/hydroxyapatite composite constructs for bone tissue engineering. J Mater Res 33:1972–1986CrossRef Moncal KK, Heo DN, Godzik KP (2018) 3D printing of poly (e-caprolactone)/poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide)/hydroxyapatite composite constructs for bone tissue engineering. J Mater Res 33:1972–1986CrossRef
80.
go back to reference Nandi SK, Fielding G, Banerjee D (2018) 3D-printed b-TCP bone tissue engineering scaffolds: effects of chemistry on in vivo biological properties in a rabbit tibia model. J Mater Res 33:1939–1947CrossRef Nandi SK, Fielding G, Banerjee D (2018) 3D-printed b-TCP bone tissue engineering scaffolds: effects of chemistry on in vivo biological properties in a rabbit tibia model. J Mater Res 33:1939–1947CrossRef
81.
go back to reference Zhang J, Chen Y, Xu J (2018) Tissue engineering using 3D printed nano-bioactive glass loaded with NELL1 gene for repairing alveolar bone defects. Regen Biomater 5:213–220CrossRef Zhang J, Chen Y, Xu J (2018) Tissue engineering using 3D printed nano-bioactive glass loaded with NELL1 gene for repairing alveolar bone defects. Regen Biomater 5:213–220CrossRef
82.
go back to reference Ma H, Feng C, Chang J, Wu C (2018) 3D-printed bioceramic scaffolds : from bone tissue engineering to tumor therapy. Acta Biomater 1–23 Ma H, Feng C, Chang J, Wu C (2018) 3D-printed bioceramic scaffolds : from bone tissue engineering to tumor therapy. Acta Biomater 1–23
83.
go back to reference Jammalamadaka U, Tappa K (2018) Recent advances in biomaterials for 3D printing and tissue engineering. J Funct Biomater 9:14CrossRef Jammalamadaka U, Tappa K (2018) Recent advances in biomaterials for 3D printing and tissue engineering. J Funct Biomater 9:14CrossRef
84.
go back to reference Karageorgiou V, Kaplan D (2005) Porosity of 3D biomaterial scaffolds and osteogenesis. Biomaterials 26:5474–5491CrossRef Karageorgiou V, Kaplan D (2005) Porosity of 3D biomaterial scaffolds and osteogenesis. Biomaterials 26:5474–5491CrossRef
85.
go back to reference Guda T, Walker JA, Singleton B (2014) Hydroxyapatite scaffold pore architecture effects in large bone defects in vivo. J Biomater Appl 28:1016–1027CrossRef Guda T, Walker JA, Singleton B (2014) Hydroxyapatite scaffold pore architecture effects in large bone defects in vivo. J Biomater Appl 28:1016–1027CrossRef
86.
go back to reference Gupte MJ, Swanson WB, Hu J (2018) Pore size directs bone marrow stromal cell fate and tissue regeneration in nanofibrous macroporous scaffolds by mediating vascularization. Acta Biomater 82:1–11CrossRef Gupte MJ, Swanson WB, Hu J (2018) Pore size directs bone marrow stromal cell fate and tissue regeneration in nanofibrous macroporous scaffolds by mediating vascularization. Acta Biomater 82:1–11CrossRef
87.
go back to reference Xu M, Zhai D, Chang J, Wu C (2014) In vitro assessment of three-dimensionally plotted nagelschmidtite bioceramic scaffolds with varied macropore morphologies. Acta Biomater 10:463–476CrossRef Xu M, Zhai D, Chang J, Wu C (2014) In vitro assessment of three-dimensionally plotted nagelschmidtite bioceramic scaffolds with varied macropore morphologies. Acta Biomater 10:463–476CrossRef
88.
go back to reference Smith LA, Liu X, Ma PX (2008) Tissue engineering with nano-fibrous scaffolds. Soft Matter 4:2144–2149CrossRef Smith LA, Liu X, Ma PX (2008) Tissue engineering with nano-fibrous scaffolds. Soft Matter 4:2144–2149CrossRef
89.
go back to reference Liu H, Ding X, Zhou G (2013) Electrospinning of nanofibers for tissue engineering applications. J Nanomater 2013:495708 Liu H, Ding X, Zhou G (2013) Electrospinning of nanofibers for tissue engineering applications. J Nanomater 2013:495708
90.
go back to reference Lyu S, Huang C, Yang H, Zhang X (2013) Electrospun fibers as a scaffolding platform for bone tissue repair. J Orthop Res 31:1382–1389CrossRef Lyu S, Huang C, Yang H, Zhang X (2013) Electrospun fibers as a scaffolding platform for bone tissue repair. J Orthop Res 31:1382–1389CrossRef
91.
go back to reference Guo Z, Xu J, Ding S (2015) In vitro evaluation of random and aligned polycaprolactone/gelatin fibers via eletrospinning for bone tissue engineering. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 26:989–1001CrossRef Guo Z, Xu J, Ding S (2015) In vitro evaluation of random and aligned polycaprolactone/gelatin fibers via eletrospinning for bone tissue engineering. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 26:989–1001CrossRef
92.
go back to reference Wang Y, Cai X, Wang Y (2016) Enhanced osteogenesis of BMP2-Transfected human periodontal ligament stem cells by aligned electrospun scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Biomater Tissue Eng 6:563–573CrossRef Wang Y, Cai X, Wang Y (2016) Enhanced osteogenesis of BMP2-Transfected human periodontal ligament stem cells by aligned electrospun scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Biomater Tissue Eng 6:563–573CrossRef
93.
go back to reference Chen H, Qian Y, Xia Y (2016) Enhanced osteogenesis of ADSCs by the synergistic effect of aligned fibers containing collagen I. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8:29289–29297CrossRef Chen H, Qian Y, Xia Y (2016) Enhanced osteogenesis of ADSCs by the synergistic effect of aligned fibers containing collagen I. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8:29289–29297CrossRef
94.
go back to reference Stevens MM (2008) Biomaterials for bone tissue engineering. Mater Today 11:18–25CrossRef Stevens MM (2008) Biomaterials for bone tissue engineering. Mater Today 11:18–25CrossRef
95.
go back to reference Turnbull G, Clarke J, Picard F (2018) 3D bioactive composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Bioact Mater 3:278–314CrossRef Turnbull G, Clarke J, Picard F (2018) 3D bioactive composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Bioact Mater 3:278–314CrossRef
96.
go back to reference De Witte T, Fratila-apachitei LE, Zadpoor AA, Peppas NA (2018) Bone tissue engineering via growth factor delivery: from scaffolds to complex matrices. Regen Biomater 5:197–211CrossRef De Witte T, Fratila-apachitei LE, Zadpoor AA, Peppas NA (2018) Bone tissue engineering via growth factor delivery: from scaffolds to complex matrices. Regen Biomater 5:197–211CrossRef
97.
go back to reference Benoit DSW, Schwartz MP, Durney AR, Anseth KS (2008) Small functional groups for controlled differentiation of hydrogel-encapsulated human mesenchymal stem cells. Nat Mater 7:816–823CrossRef Benoit DSW, Schwartz MP, Durney AR, Anseth KS (2008) Small functional groups for controlled differentiation of hydrogel-encapsulated human mesenchymal stem cells. Nat Mater 7:816–823CrossRef
98.
go back to reference Arora A, Katti DS (2016) Understanding the influence of phosphorylation and polysialylation of gelatin on mineralization and osteogenic differentiation. Mater Sci Eng, C 65:9–18CrossRef Arora A, Katti DS (2016) Understanding the influence of phosphorylation and polysialylation of gelatin on mineralization and osteogenic differentiation. Mater Sci Eng, C 65:9–18CrossRef
99.
go back to reference Jaidev LR, Chatterjee K (2019) Surface functionalization of 3D printed polymer scaffolds to augment stem cell response. Mater Des 161:44–54CrossRef Jaidev LR, Chatterjee K (2019) Surface functionalization of 3D printed polymer scaffolds to augment stem cell response. Mater Des 161:44–54CrossRef
100.
go back to reference Yang F, Williams CG, Wang D-A (2005) The effect of incorporating RGD adhesive peptide in polyethylene glycol diacrylate hydrogel on osteogenesis of bone marrow stromal cells. Biomaterials 26:5991–5998CrossRef Yang F, Williams CG, Wang D-A (2005) The effect of incorporating RGD adhesive peptide in polyethylene glycol diacrylate hydrogel on osteogenesis of bone marrow stromal cells. Biomaterials 26:5991–5998CrossRef
101.
go back to reference Chen W, Zhou H, Weir MD (2012) Human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cell seeding on calcium phosphate cement-chitosan-RGD scaffold for bone repair. Tissue Eng Part A 21201:1–37 Chen W, Zhou H, Weir MD (2012) Human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cell seeding on calcium phosphate cement-chitosan-RGD scaffold for bone repair. Tissue Eng Part A 21201:1–37
102.
go back to reference Beck G, Crichton HJ, Baer E (2014) Surface modifying oligomers used to functionalize polymeric surfaces: consideration of blood contact applications. J Appl Polym Sci 131:40328 Beck G, Crichton HJ, Baer E (2014) Surface modifying oligomers used to functionalize polymeric surfaces: consideration of blood contact applications. J Appl Polym Sci 131:40328
103.
go back to reference Gümüsderelioglu M, Aday S (2011) Heparin-functionalized chitosan scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Carbohydr Res 346:606–613CrossRef Gümüsderelioglu M, Aday S (2011) Heparin-functionalized chitosan scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Carbohydr Res 346:606–613CrossRef
104.
go back to reference Kim HD, Lee EA, An Y (2017) Chondroitin sulfate-based biomineralizing surface hydrogels for bone tissue engineering. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:21639–21650CrossRef Kim HD, Lee EA, An Y (2017) Chondroitin sulfate-based biomineralizing surface hydrogels for bone tissue engineering. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:21639–21650CrossRef
105.
go back to reference Downey PA, Siegel MI (2006) Bone biology and the clinical implications for osteoporosis. Phys Ther 86:77–91CrossRef Downey PA, Siegel MI (2006) Bone biology and the clinical implications for osteoporosis. Phys Ther 86:77–91CrossRef
106.
go back to reference Cancedda R, Giannoni P, Mastrogiacomo M (2007) A tissue engineering approach to bone repair in large animal models and in clinical practice. Biomaterials 28:4240–4250CrossRef Cancedda R, Giannoni P, Mastrogiacomo M (2007) A tissue engineering approach to bone repair in large animal models and in clinical practice. Biomaterials 28:4240–4250CrossRef
107.
108.
go back to reference Krampera M, Pizzolo G, Aprili G, Franchini M (2006) Mesenchymal stem cells for bone, cartilage, tendon and skeletal muscle repair. Bone 39:678–683CrossRef Krampera M, Pizzolo G, Aprili G, Franchini M (2006) Mesenchymal stem cells for bone, cartilage, tendon and skeletal muscle repair. Bone 39:678–683CrossRef
109.
go back to reference Uccelli A, Moretta L, Pistoia V (2008) Mesenchymal stem cells in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 8:726–736CrossRef Uccelli A, Moretta L, Pistoia V (2008) Mesenchymal stem cells in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 8:726–736CrossRef
110.
go back to reference Hanson S, Souza RND, Hematti P (2014) Biomaterial-mesenchymal stem cell constructs for immunomodulation in composite tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 20:2162–2168CrossRef Hanson S, Souza RND, Hematti P (2014) Biomaterial-mesenchymal stem cell constructs for immunomodulation in composite tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 20:2162–2168CrossRef
111.
go back to reference Nassif L, Jurjus A, Nassar J (2012) Enhanced in vivo bone formation by bone marrow differentiated mesenchymal stem cells grown in chitosan scaffold. J Bioeng Biomed Sci 2:2–7CrossRef Nassif L, Jurjus A, Nassar J (2012) Enhanced in vivo bone formation by bone marrow differentiated mesenchymal stem cells grown in chitosan scaffold. J Bioeng Biomed Sci 2:2–7CrossRef
112.
go back to reference Yu L, Wu Y, Liu J (2018) 3D culture of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) could improve bone regeneration in 3D-printed porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds. Stem Cells Int 2018:2074021CrossRef Yu L, Wu Y, Liu J (2018) 3D culture of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) could improve bone regeneration in 3D-printed porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds. Stem Cells Int 2018:2074021CrossRef
113.
go back to reference Krampera M, Pasini A, Pizzolo G (2006) Regenerative and immunomodulatory potential of mesenchymal stem cells. Curr Opin Pharmacol 6:435–441CrossRef Krampera M, Pasini A, Pizzolo G (2006) Regenerative and immunomodulatory potential of mesenchymal stem cells. Curr Opin Pharmacol 6:435–441CrossRef
114.
go back to reference Caplan AI (2007) Adult mesenchymal stem cells for tissue engineering versus regenerative medicine. J Cell Physiol 213:341–347CrossRef Caplan AI (2007) Adult mesenchymal stem cells for tissue engineering versus regenerative medicine. J Cell Physiol 213:341–347CrossRef
115.
go back to reference Frese L, Dijkman E, Hoerstrup SP (2016) Adipose tissue-derived stem cells in regenerative medicine. Transfus Med Hemotherapy 43:268–274CrossRef Frese L, Dijkman E, Hoerstrup SP (2016) Adipose tissue-derived stem cells in regenerative medicine. Transfus Med Hemotherapy 43:268–274CrossRef
116.
go back to reference Calabrese G, Giuff R, Forte S (2017) Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells seeded into a collagen-hydroxyapatite scaffold promote bone augmentation after implantation in the mouse. Sci Rep 7:7110CrossRef Calabrese G, Giuff R, Forte S (2017) Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells seeded into a collagen-hydroxyapatite scaffold promote bone augmentation after implantation in the mouse. Sci Rep 7:7110CrossRef
117.
go back to reference Sayin E, Rashid RH, Rodríguez-Cabello JC (2017) Human adipose derived stem cells are superior to human osteoblasts (HOB) in bone tissue engineering on a collagen- fibroin-ELR blend. Bioact Mater 1–11 Sayin E, Rashid RH, Rodríguez-Cabello JC (2017) Human adipose derived stem cells are superior to human osteoblasts (HOB) in bone tissue engineering on a collagen- fibroin-ELR blend. Bioact Mater 1–11
118.
go back to reference Oryan A, Kamali A, Moshiri A, Eslaminejad MB (2017) Role of mesenchymal stem cells in bone regenerative medicine: what is the evidence? Cells Tissues Organs 204:59–83CrossRef Oryan A, Kamali A, Moshiri A, Eslaminejad MB (2017) Role of mesenchymal stem cells in bone regenerative medicine: what is the evidence? Cells Tissues Organs 204:59–83CrossRef
119.
go back to reference Yu J, Wang Y, Deng Z (2007) Odontogenic capability: bone marrow stromal stem cells versus dental pulp stem cells. Biol Cell 99:465–474CrossRef Yu J, Wang Y, Deng Z (2007) Odontogenic capability: bone marrow stromal stem cells versus dental pulp stem cells. Biol Cell 99:465–474CrossRef
120.
go back to reference El-gendy R, Yang XB, Newby PJ (2013) Osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stromal cells on 45S5 bioglass based scaffolds in vitro and in vivo. Tissue Eng Part A 19:707–715CrossRef El-gendy R, Yang XB, Newby PJ (2013) Osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stromal cells on 45S5 bioglass based scaffolds in vitro and in vivo. Tissue Eng Part A 19:707–715CrossRef
121.
go back to reference Petridis X, Diamanti E, Trigas GC, Kalyvas D (2015) Bone regeneration in critical-size calvarial defects using human dental pulp cells in an extracellular matrix-based scaffold. J Craniomaxillofac Surg Petridis X, Diamanti E, Trigas GC, Kalyvas D (2015) Bone regeneration in critical-size calvarial defects using human dental pulp cells in an extracellular matrix-based scaffold. J Craniomaxillofac Surg
122.
go back to reference La M, Paino F, Spina A (2014) Dental pulp stem cells: state of the art and suggestions for a true translation of research into therapy. J Dent 42:761–768CrossRef La M, Paino F, Spina A (2014) Dental pulp stem cells: state of the art and suggestions for a true translation of research into therapy. J Dent 42:761–768CrossRef
123.
go back to reference Tian X, Heng B, Ge Z (2008) Comparison of osteogenesis of human embryonic stem cells within 2D and 3D culture systems. Scand J Clin Lab Investig 68:58–67CrossRef Tian X, Heng B, Ge Z (2008) Comparison of osteogenesis of human embryonic stem cells within 2D and 3D culture systems. Scand J Clin Lab Investig 68:58–67CrossRef
124.
go back to reference De Peppo GM, Marcos-campos I, John D (2013) Engineering bone tissue substitutes from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 110:8680–8685CrossRef De Peppo GM, Marcos-campos I, John D (2013) Engineering bone tissue substitutes from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 110:8680–8685CrossRef
125.
go back to reference Marolt D, Marcos I, Bhumiratana S (2012) Engineering bone tissue from human embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109:1–5CrossRef Marolt D, Marcos I, Bhumiratana S (2012) Engineering bone tissue from human embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109:1–5CrossRef
126.
go back to reference Vats A, Tolley NS, Bishop AE, Polak JM (2005) Embryonic stem cells and tissue engineering: delivering stem cells to the clinic. J R Soc Med 98:346–350CrossRef Vats A, Tolley NS, Bishop AE, Polak JM (2005) Embryonic stem cells and tissue engineering: delivering stem cells to the clinic. J R Soc Med 98:346–350CrossRef
127.
go back to reference Swijnenburg R, Schrepfer S, Govaert JA (2008) Immunosuppressive therapy mitigates immunological rejection of human embryonic stem cell xenografts. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105:12991–12996CrossRef Swijnenburg R, Schrepfer S, Govaert JA (2008) Immunosuppressive therapy mitigates immunological rejection of human embryonic stem cell xenografts. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105:12991–12996CrossRef
128.
go back to reference Wu Q, Yang B, Hu K (2017) Deriving osteogenic cells from induced pluripotent stem cells for bone tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 23:1–8CrossRef Wu Q, Yang B, Hu K (2017) Deriving osteogenic cells from induced pluripotent stem cells for bone tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 23:1–8CrossRef
129.
go back to reference Jin G, Kim T, Kim J (2012) Bone tissue engineering of induced pluripotent stem cells cultured with macrochanneled polymer scaffold. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 101:1283–1291 Jin G, Kim T, Kim J (2012) Bone tissue engineering of induced pluripotent stem cells cultured with macrochanneled polymer scaffold. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 101:1283–1291
130.
go back to reference Hayashi K, Ochiai-shino H, Shiga T (2016) Transplantation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells carried by self-assembling peptide nanofi ber hydrogel improves bone regeneration in rat calvarial bone defects. BDJOpen 2:1–7 Hayashi K, Ochiai-shino H, Shiga T (2016) Transplantation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells carried by self-assembling peptide nanofi ber hydrogel improves bone regeneration in rat calvarial bone defects. BDJOpen 2:1–7
131.
go back to reference Csobonyeiova M, Polak S, Zamborsky R, Danisovic L (2017) iPS cell technologies and their prospect for bone regeneration and disease modeling: a mini review. J Adv Res 8:321–327CrossRef Csobonyeiova M, Polak S, Zamborsky R, Danisovic L (2017) iPS cell technologies and their prospect for bone regeneration and disease modeling: a mini review. J Adv Res 8:321–327CrossRef
132.
go back to reference Xie J, Peng C, Zhao Q (2015) Osteogenic differentiation and bone regeneration of the iPSC-mscs supported by a biomimetic nanofibrous scaffold. Acta Biomater 29:365–379CrossRef Xie J, Peng C, Zhao Q (2015) Osteogenic differentiation and bone regeneration of the iPSC-mscs supported by a biomimetic nanofibrous scaffold. Acta Biomater 29:365–379CrossRef
133.
go back to reference Jung Y, Bauer G, Nolta JA (2012) Concise review: induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells: progress toward safe clinical products. Stem Cells 30:42–47CrossRef Jung Y, Bauer G, Nolta JA (2012) Concise review: induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells: progress toward safe clinical products. Stem Cells 30:42–47CrossRef
134.
go back to reference Reible B, Schmidmaier G, Prokscha M, Westhauser F (2017) Continuous stimulation with differentiation factors is necessary to enhance osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Growth Factors 35:179–188CrossRef Reible B, Schmidmaier G, Prokscha M, Westhauser F (2017) Continuous stimulation with differentiation factors is necessary to enhance osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Growth Factors 35:179–188CrossRef
135.
go back to reference Kimelman N, Pelled G, Helm GA (2007) Review: gene- and stem cell-based therapeutics for bone regeneration and repair. Tissue Eng 13:1135–1150CrossRef Kimelman N, Pelled G, Helm GA (2007) Review: gene- and stem cell-based therapeutics for bone regeneration and repair. Tissue Eng 13:1135–1150CrossRef
136.
go back to reference Huynh NPT, Brunger JM, Gloss CC (2018) Genetic engineering of mesenchymal stem cells for differential matrix deposition on 3D woven scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A 00:1–14 Huynh NPT, Brunger JM, Gloss CC (2018) Genetic engineering of mesenchymal stem cells for differential matrix deposition on 3D woven scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A 00:1–14
137.
go back to reference Kuttappan S, Anitha A, Minsha MG (2018) BMP2 expressing genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cells on composite fibrous scaffolds for enhanced bone regeneration in segmental defects. Mater Sci Eng, C 85:239–248CrossRef Kuttappan S, Anitha A, Minsha MG (2018) BMP2 expressing genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cells on composite fibrous scaffolds for enhanced bone regeneration in segmental defects. Mater Sci Eng, C 85:239–248CrossRef
138.
go back to reference Kargozar S, Hashemian SJ, Soleimani M (2017) Acceleration of bone regeneration in bioactive glass/gelatin composite scaffolds seeded with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells over-expressing bone morphogenetic protein-7. Mater Sci Eng, C 75:688–698CrossRef Kargozar S, Hashemian SJ, Soleimani M (2017) Acceleration of bone regeneration in bioactive glass/gelatin composite scaffolds seeded with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells over-expressing bone morphogenetic protein-7. Mater Sci Eng, C 75:688–698CrossRef
139.
go back to reference Sayed N, Liu C, Wu JC (2016) Translation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells from clinical trial in a dish to precision medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol 67:2161–2176CrossRef Sayed N, Liu C, Wu JC (2016) Translation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells from clinical trial in a dish to precision medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol 67:2161–2176CrossRef
140.
go back to reference Martin U (2017) Therapeutic application of pluripotent stem cells: challenges and risks. Front Med 4:229CrossRef Martin U (2017) Therapeutic application of pluripotent stem cells: challenges and risks. Front Med 4:229CrossRef
141.
go back to reference Raggatt LJ, Partridge NC (2010) Cellular and molecular mechanisms of bone remodeling. J Biol Chem 285:25103–25108CrossRef Raggatt LJ, Partridge NC (2010) Cellular and molecular mechanisms of bone remodeling. J Biol Chem 285:25103–25108CrossRef
142.
go back to reference Kook Y, Jeong Y, Lee K, Koh W (2017) Design of biomimetic cellular scaffolds for co-culture system and their application. J Tissue Eng 8:1–17CrossRef Kook Y, Jeong Y, Lee K, Koh W (2017) Design of biomimetic cellular scaffolds for co-culture system and their application. J Tissue Eng 8:1–17CrossRef
143.
go back to reference Beşkardeş IG, Hayden RS, Glettig DL (2017) Bone tissue engineering with scaffold-supported perfusion co-cultures of human stem cell-derived osteoblasts and cell line-derived osteoclasts. Process Biochem 59:303–311CrossRef Beşkardeş IG, Hayden RS, Glettig DL (2017) Bone tissue engineering with scaffold-supported perfusion co-cultures of human stem cell-derived osteoblasts and cell line-derived osteoclasts. Process Biochem 59:303–311CrossRef
144.
go back to reference Jeon OH, Panicker LM, Lu Q (2016) Human iPSC-derived osteoblasts and osteoclasts together promote bone regeneration in 3D biomaterials. 1–11 Jeon OH, Panicker LM, Lu Q (2016) Human iPSC-derived osteoblasts and osteoclasts together promote bone regeneration in 3D biomaterials. 1–11
145.
go back to reference Lovett M, Ph D, Lee K (2009) Vascularization strategies for tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part B 15:353–370CrossRef Lovett M, Ph D, Lee K (2009) Vascularization strategies for tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part B 15:353–370CrossRef
146.
go back to reference Gurel G, Torun G, Hasirci V (2016) In fl uence of co-culture on osteogenesis and angiogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and aortic endothelial cells. Microvasc Res 108:1–9CrossRef Gurel G, Torun G, Hasirci V (2016) In fl uence of co-culture on osteogenesis and angiogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and aortic endothelial cells. Microvasc Res 108:1–9CrossRef
147.
go back to reference Jin G, Kim H (2017) Co-culture of human dental pulp stem cells and endothelial cells using porous biopolymer microcarriers: a feasibility study for bone tissue engineering. Tissue Eng anf Regen Med 14:393–401CrossRef Jin G, Kim H (2017) Co-culture of human dental pulp stem cells and endothelial cells using porous biopolymer microcarriers: a feasibility study for bone tissue engineering. Tissue Eng anf Regen Med 14:393–401CrossRef
148.
go back to reference Nguyen BB, Moriarty RA, Kamalitdinov T (2018) Collagen hydrogel scaffold promotes mesenchymal stem cell and endothelial cell coculture for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 105:1123–1131CrossRef Nguyen BB, Moriarty RA, Kamalitdinov T (2018) Collagen hydrogel scaffold promotes mesenchymal stem cell and endothelial cell coculture for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 105:1123–1131CrossRef
149.
go back to reference Lee K, Silva EA, Mooney DJ (2011) Growth factor delivery-based tissue engineering: general approaches and a review of recent developments. J R Soc Interface 8:153–170CrossRef Lee K, Silva EA, Mooney DJ (2011) Growth factor delivery-based tissue engineering: general approaches and a review of recent developments. J R Soc Interface 8:153–170CrossRef
150.
go back to reference Canalis E (2009) Prospect-growth factor control of bone mass. J Cell Biochem 108:769–777CrossRef Canalis E (2009) Prospect-growth factor control of bone mass. J Cell Biochem 108:769–777CrossRef
151.
go back to reference Li F, Niyibizi C (2012) Cells derived from murine induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) by treatment with members of TGF-beta family give rise to osteoblasts differentiation and form bone in vivo. BMC Cell Biol 13:35CrossRef Li F, Niyibizi C (2012) Cells derived from murine induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) by treatment with members of TGF-beta family give rise to osteoblasts differentiation and form bone in vivo. BMC Cell Biol 13:35CrossRef
152.
go back to reference Nyberg E, Holmes C, Witham T, Grayson WL (2015) Growth factor-eluting technologies for bone tissue engineering. Drug Deliv Transl Res 6:184–194CrossRef Nyberg E, Holmes C, Witham T, Grayson WL (2015) Growth factor-eluting technologies for bone tissue engineering. Drug Deliv Transl Res 6:184–194CrossRef
155.
go back to reference Lienemann PS, Lutolf MP, Ehrbar M (2012) Biomimetic hydrogels for controlled biomolecule delivery to augment bone regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 64:1078–1089CrossRef Lienemann PS, Lutolf MP, Ehrbar M (2012) Biomimetic hydrogels for controlled biomolecule delivery to augment bone regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 64:1078–1089CrossRef
156.
go back to reference Kowalczewski CJ, Saul JM (2018) Biomaterials for the delivery of growth factors and other therapeutic agents in tissue engineering approaches to bone regeneration. Front Pharmacol 9:513CrossRef Kowalczewski CJ, Saul JM (2018) Biomaterials for the delivery of growth factors and other therapeutic agents in tissue engineering approaches to bone regeneration. Front Pharmacol 9:513CrossRef
157.
go back to reference Marenzana M, Arnett TR (2013) The key role of the blood supply to bone. Bone Res 1:203–215CrossRef Marenzana M, Arnett TR (2013) The key role of the blood supply to bone. Bone Res 1:203–215CrossRef
158.
go back to reference Nauta TD, Van Hinsbergh VWM, Koolwijk P (2014) Hypoxic signaling during tissue repair and regenerative medicine. Int J Mol Sci 15:19791–19815CrossRef Nauta TD, Van Hinsbergh VWM, Koolwijk P (2014) Hypoxic signaling during tissue repair and regenerative medicine. Int J Mol Sci 15:19791–19815CrossRef
159.
go back to reference Mercado-Pagan AE, Stahl AM, Shanjani Y, Yang Y (2015) Vascularization in bone tissue engineering constructs. Ann Biomed Eng 43:718–729CrossRef Mercado-Pagan AE, Stahl AM, Shanjani Y, Yang Y (2015) Vascularization in bone tissue engineering constructs. Ann Biomed Eng 43:718–729CrossRef
160.
go back to reference Nikitovic D, Zafiropoulos A, Tzanakakis GN (2005) Effects of glycosaminoglycans on cell proliferation of normal osteoblasts and human osteosarcoma cells depend on their type and fine chemical compositions. Anticancer Res 25:2851–2856 Nikitovic D, Zafiropoulos A, Tzanakakis GN (2005) Effects of glycosaminoglycans on cell proliferation of normal osteoblasts and human osteosarcoma cells depend on their type and fine chemical compositions. Anticancer Res 25:2851–2856
161.
go back to reference Nauth A, Ristevski B, Li R, Schemitsch EH (2011) Growth factors and bone regeneration: how much bone can we expect? Injury 42:574–579CrossRef Nauth A, Ristevski B, Li R, Schemitsch EH (2011) Growth factors and bone regeneration: how much bone can we expect? Injury 42:574–579CrossRef
162.
go back to reference Farokhi M, Mottaghitalab F, Shokrgozar MA (2016) Importance of dual delivery systems for bone tissue engineering. J Control Release 225:152–169CrossRef Farokhi M, Mottaghitalab F, Shokrgozar MA (2016) Importance of dual delivery systems for bone tissue engineering. J Control Release 225:152–169CrossRef
163.
go back to reference Carragee EJ, Comer G, Chu G (2013) Cancer risk after use of recombinant bone. J Bone Jt Surg 95:1537–1545CrossRef Carragee EJ, Comer G, Chu G (2013) Cancer risk after use of recombinant bone. J Bone Jt Surg 95:1537–1545CrossRef
164.
go back to reference Wang W, Yeung KWK (2017) Bioactive materials bone grafts and biomaterials substitutes for bone defect repair: a review. Bioact Mater 2:224–247CrossRef Wang W, Yeung KWK (2017) Bioactive materials bone grafts and biomaterials substitutes for bone defect repair: a review. Bioact Mater 2:224–247CrossRef
165.
go back to reference Fernandez-Yague MA, Abbah SA, McNamara L (2014) Biomimetic approaches in bone tissue engineering: integrating biological and physicomechanical strategies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 84:1–29CrossRef Fernandez-Yague MA, Abbah SA, McNamara L (2014) Biomimetic approaches in bone tissue engineering: integrating biological and physicomechanical strategies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 84:1–29CrossRef
166.
go back to reference Brown KV, Lon M, Li B (2011) Improving bone formation in a rat femur segmental defect by controlling bone morphogenetic protein-2 release. Tissue Eng Part A 17:1735–1746CrossRef Brown KV, Lon M, Li B (2011) Improving bone formation in a rat femur segmental defect by controlling bone morphogenetic protein-2 release. Tissue Eng Part A 17:1735–1746CrossRef
168.
go back to reference Murphy WL, Peters MC, Kohn DH, Mooney DJ (2000) Sustained release of vascular endothelial growth factor from mineralized poly (lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biomater 21:2521–2527CrossRef Murphy WL, Peters MC, Kohn DH, Mooney DJ (2000) Sustained release of vascular endothelial growth factor from mineralized poly (lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biomater 21:2521–2527CrossRef
169.
go back to reference Reyes R, De B, Delgado A (2012) Effect of triple growth factor controlled delivery by a brushite—PLGA system on a bone defect. Injury 43:334–342CrossRef Reyes R, De B, Delgado A (2012) Effect of triple growth factor controlled delivery by a brushite—PLGA system on a bone defect. Injury 43:334–342CrossRef
170.
go back to reference Wang Y, Angelatos AS, Caruso F (2008) Template synthesis of nanostructured materials via layer-by-layer. Chem Mater 20:848–858CrossRef Wang Y, Angelatos AS, Caruso F (2008) Template synthesis of nanostructured materials via layer-by-layer. Chem Mater 20:848–858CrossRef
171.
go back to reference Wang Z, Wang Z, Lu WW (2017) Novel biomaterial strategies for controlled growth factor delivery for biomedical applications. NPG Asia Mater 9:e435CrossRef Wang Z, Wang Z, Lu WW (2017) Novel biomaterial strategies for controlled growth factor delivery for biomedical applications. NPG Asia Mater 9:e435CrossRef
172.
go back to reference Richardson JJ, Björnmalm M, Caruso F (2015) Technology-driven layer-by-layer assembly of nanofilms. Science 80(348):411–424 Richardson JJ, Björnmalm M, Caruso F (2015) Technology-driven layer-by-layer assembly of nanofilms. Science 80(348):411–424
173.
go back to reference Macdonald ML, Samuel RE, Shah NJ (2011) Tissue integration of growth factor-eluting layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte multilayer coated implants. Biomaterials 32:1446–1453CrossRef Macdonald ML, Samuel RE, Shah NJ (2011) Tissue integration of growth factor-eluting layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte multilayer coated implants. Biomaterials 32:1446–1453CrossRef
174.
go back to reference Shah NJ, Macdonald ML, Beben YM (2011) Tunable dual growth factor delivery from polyelectrolyte multilayer films. Biomaterials 32:6183–6193CrossRef Shah NJ, Macdonald ML, Beben YM (2011) Tunable dual growth factor delivery from polyelectrolyte multilayer films. Biomaterials 32:6183–6193CrossRef
175.
go back to reference Bouyer M, Guillot R, Jonathan L (2016) Surface delivery of tunable doses of BMP-2 from an adaptable polymeric scaffold induces volumetric bone regeneration. Biomaterials 104:168–181CrossRef Bouyer M, Guillot R, Jonathan L (2016) Surface delivery of tunable doses of BMP-2 from an adaptable polymeric scaffold induces volumetric bone regeneration. Biomaterials 104:168–181CrossRef
176.
go back to reference Newman MR, Benoit DSW (2016) Local and targeted drug delivery for bone regeneration. Curr Opin Biotechnol 40:125–132CrossRef Newman MR, Benoit DSW (2016) Local and targeted drug delivery for bone regeneration. Curr Opin Biotechnol 40:125–132CrossRef
177.
go back to reference Draenert FG, Nonnenmacher A, Ka PW (2012) BMP-2 and bFGF release and in vitro effect on human osteoblasts after adsorption to bone grafts and biomaterials. Clin Oral Implant Res 24:750–757CrossRef Draenert FG, Nonnenmacher A, Ka PW (2012) BMP-2 and bFGF release and in vitro effect on human osteoblasts after adsorption to bone grafts and biomaterials. Clin Oral Implant Res 24:750–757CrossRef
178.
go back to reference Masters KS (2011) Covalent growth factor immobilization strategies for tissue repair and regeneration. Macromol Biosci 11:1149–1163CrossRef Masters KS (2011) Covalent growth factor immobilization strategies for tissue repair and regeneration. Macromol Biosci 11:1149–1163CrossRef
179.
go back to reference Di Luca A, Klein-gunnewiek M, Vancso JG (2017) Covalent binding of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and transforming growth factor-β3 to 3D plotted scaffolds for osteochondral tissue regeneration. Biotechnol J 12:1700072CrossRef Di Luca A, Klein-gunnewiek M, Vancso JG (2017) Covalent binding of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and transforming growth factor-β3 to 3D plotted scaffolds for osteochondral tissue regeneration. Biotechnol J 12:1700072CrossRef
180.
go back to reference Madl CM, Mehta M, Duda GN (2013) Presentation of BMP-2 mimicking peptides in 3D hydrogels directs cell fate commitment in osteoblasts and mesenchymal stem cells. Biomacromol 15:445–455CrossRef Madl CM, Mehta M, Duda GN (2013) Presentation of BMP-2 mimicking peptides in 3D hydrogels directs cell fate commitment in osteoblasts and mesenchymal stem cells. Biomacromol 15:445–455CrossRef
181.
go back to reference Karageorgiou V, Meinel L, Hofmann S (2004) Bone morphogenetic protein-2 decorated silk fibroin films induce osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 71A:528–537CrossRef Karageorgiou V, Meinel L, Hofmann S (2004) Bone morphogenetic protein-2 decorated silk fibroin films induce osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 71A:528–537CrossRef
182.
go back to reference Lee H, Dellatore SM, Miller WM, Messersmith PB (2007) Mussel-inspired surface chemistry for multifunctional coatings. Science (80-) 318:426–431CrossRef Lee H, Dellatore SM, Miller WM, Messersmith PB (2007) Mussel-inspired surface chemistry for multifunctional coatings. Science (80-) 318:426–431CrossRef
183.
go back to reference Lee GH, Paul K, Lee B (2017) Development of BMP-2 immobilized polydopamine mediated multichannelled biphasic calcium phosphate granules for improved bone regeneration. Mater Lett 208:122–125CrossRef Lee GH, Paul K, Lee B (2017) Development of BMP-2 immobilized polydopamine mediated multichannelled biphasic calcium phosphate granules for improved bone regeneration. Mater Lett 208:122–125CrossRef
184.
go back to reference Geiger M, Li RH, Friess W (2003) Collagen sponges for bone regeneration with rhBMP-2. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 55:1613–1629CrossRef Geiger M, Li RH, Friess W (2003) Collagen sponges for bone regeneration with rhBMP-2. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 55:1613–1629CrossRef
185.
go back to reference Upton Z, Cuttle L, Noble A (2008) Vitronectin: growth factor complexes hold potential as a wound therapy approach. J Invest Dermatol 128:1534–1544CrossRef Upton Z, Cuttle L, Noble A (2008) Vitronectin: growth factor complexes hold potential as a wound therapy approach. J Invest Dermatol 128:1534–1544CrossRef
186.
go back to reference Schultz GS, Wysocki A (2009) Interactions between extracellular matrix and growth factors in wound healing. Wound Repair Regen 17:153–162CrossRef Schultz GS, Wysocki A (2009) Interactions between extracellular matrix and growth factors in wound healing. Wound Repair Regen 17:153–162CrossRef
187.
go back to reference Martino MM, Briquez PS, Ranga A (2013) Heparin-binding domain of fibrin(ogen) binds growth factors and promotes tissue repair when incorporated within a synthetic matrix. Proc Natl Acad Sci 110:4563–4568CrossRef Martino MM, Briquez PS, Ranga A (2013) Heparin-binding domain of fibrin(ogen) binds growth factors and promotes tissue repair when incorporated within a synthetic matrix. Proc Natl Acad Sci 110:4563–4568CrossRef
188.
go back to reference Yue B (2014) Biology of the extracellular matrix: an overview. J Glaucoma 23:S20–S23CrossRef Yue B (2014) Biology of the extracellular matrix: an overview. J Glaucoma 23:S20–S23CrossRef
189.
go back to reference Capila I, Linhardt RJ (2002) Heparin-protein interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed 41:390–412CrossRef Capila I, Linhardt RJ (2002) Heparin-protein interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed 41:390–412CrossRef
190.
go back to reference Macri L, Silverstein D, Clark RAF (2007) Growth factor binding to the pericellular matrix and its importance in tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 59:1366–1381CrossRef Macri L, Silverstein D, Clark RAF (2007) Growth factor binding to the pericellular matrix and its importance in tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 59:1366–1381CrossRef
191.
go back to reference Billings PC, Yang E, Mundy C, Pacifici M (2018) Domains with highest heparan sulfate-binding affinity reside at opposite ends in BMP2/4 versus BMP5/6/7: implications for function. J Biol Chem 293:14371–14383CrossRef Billings PC, Yang E, Mundy C, Pacifici M (2018) Domains with highest heparan sulfate-binding affinity reside at opposite ends in BMP2/4 versus BMP5/6/7: implications for function. J Biol Chem 293:14371–14383CrossRef
192.
go back to reference Kim T, Yun Y, Park Y, Lee S (2014) In vitro and in vivo evaluation of bone formation using solid freeform fabrication-based bone morphogenic protein-2 releasing PCL/PLGA scaffolds. Biomed Mater 9:025008CrossRef Kim T, Yun Y, Park Y, Lee S (2014) In vitro and in vivo evaluation of bone formation using solid freeform fabrication-based bone morphogenic protein-2 releasing PCL/PLGA scaffolds. Biomed Mater 9:025008CrossRef
193.
go back to reference Martino MM, Tortelli F, Mochizuki M (2011) Engineering the growth factor microenvironment with fibronectin domains to promote wound and bone tissue healing. Sci Transl Med 3:100ra89CrossRef Martino MM, Tortelli F, Mochizuki M (2011) Engineering the growth factor microenvironment with fibronectin domains to promote wound and bone tissue healing. Sci Transl Med 3:100ra89CrossRef
194.
go back to reference Sakiyama-elbert SE, Hubbell JA (2000) Development of fibrin derivatives for controlled release of heparin-binding growth factors. J Control Release 65:389–402CrossRef Sakiyama-elbert SE, Hubbell JA (2000) Development of fibrin derivatives for controlled release of heparin-binding growth factors. J Control Release 65:389–402CrossRef
195.
go back to reference Jha AK, Mathur A, Svedlund FL (2015) Molecular weight and concentration of heparin in hyaluronic acid-based matrices modulates growth factor retention kinetics and stem cell fate. J Control Release 209:308–316CrossRef Jha AK, Mathur A, Svedlund FL (2015) Molecular weight and concentration of heparin in hyaluronic acid-based matrices modulates growth factor retention kinetics and stem cell fate. J Control Release 209:308–316CrossRef
196.
go back to reference Vieira S, Vial S, Reis RL, Oliveira JM (2017) Nanoparticles for bone tissue engineering. Biotechnol Prog 33:590–611CrossRef Vieira S, Vial S, Reis RL, Oliveira JM (2017) Nanoparticles for bone tissue engineering. Biotechnol Prog 33:590–611CrossRef
197.
go back to reference Chiellini F, Piras AM, Errico C (2008) Micro/nanostructured polymeric systems for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Nanomedicine 3:367–393CrossRef Chiellini F, Piras AM, Errico C (2008) Micro/nanostructured polymeric systems for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Nanomedicine 3:367–393CrossRef
198.
go back to reference Wang Z, Wang K, Lu X (2014) BMP-2 encapsulated polysaccharide nanoparticle modified biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 103:1520–1532CrossRef Wang Z, Wang K, Lu X (2014) BMP-2 encapsulated polysaccharide nanoparticle modified biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 103:1520–1532CrossRef
199.
go back to reference Kim B, Yang S, Sang C (2018) Incorporation of BMP-2 nanoparticles on the surface of a 3D-printed hydroxyapatite scaffold using an ε -polycaprolactone polymer emulsion coating method for bone tissue engineering. Colloids Surf B 170:421–429CrossRef Kim B, Yang S, Sang C (2018) Incorporation of BMP-2 nanoparticles on the surface of a 3D-printed hydroxyapatite scaffold using an ε -polycaprolactone polymer emulsion coating method for bone tissue engineering. Colloids Surf B 170:421–429CrossRef
200.
go back to reference Eimori K, Endo N, Uchiyama S, Takahashi Y (2016) Disrupted bone metabolism in long-term bedridden patients. PLoS ONE 11:e0156991CrossRef Eimori K, Endo N, Uchiyama S, Takahashi Y (2016) Disrupted bone metabolism in long-term bedridden patients. PLoS ONE 11:e0156991CrossRef
201.
go back to reference Wittkowske C, Reilly GC, Lacroix D, Perrault CM (2016) In vitro bone cell models: impact of fluid shear stress on bone formation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 4:87CrossRef Wittkowske C, Reilly GC, Lacroix D, Perrault CM (2016) In vitro bone cell models: impact of fluid shear stress on bone formation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 4:87CrossRef
202.
go back to reference Mishra R, Bishop T, Valerio IL (2016) The potential impact of bone tissue engineering in the clinic. Regen Med 11:571–587CrossRef Mishra R, Bishop T, Valerio IL (2016) The potential impact of bone tissue engineering in the clinic. Regen Med 11:571–587CrossRef
203.
go back to reference Volkmer E, Drosse I, Otto S (2008) Hypoxia in static and dynamic 3D culture systems for tissue engineering of bone. Tissue Eng Part A 14:1331–1340CrossRef Volkmer E, Drosse I, Otto S (2008) Hypoxia in static and dynamic 3D culture systems for tissue engineering of bone. Tissue Eng Part A 14:1331–1340CrossRef
204.
go back to reference Grellier M, Bareille R, Bourget C (2009) Responsiveness of human bone marrow stromal cells to shear stress. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2:302–309CrossRef Grellier M, Bareille R, Bourget C (2009) Responsiveness of human bone marrow stromal cells to shear stress. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2:302–309CrossRef
205.
go back to reference Yourek G, McCormick SM, Mao JJ, Reilly GC (2010) Shear stress induces osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Regen Med 5:713–724CrossRef Yourek G, McCormick SM, Mao JJ, Reilly GC (2010) Shear stress induces osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Regen Med 5:713–724CrossRef
206.
go back to reference Singh H, Hutmacher DW (2009) Bioreactor studies and computational fluid dynamics. In: Advances in biochemical engineering/biotechnology series, pp 231–250CrossRef Singh H, Hutmacher DW (2009) Bioreactor studies and computational fluid dynamics. In: Advances in biochemical engineering/biotechnology series, pp 231–250CrossRef
207.
go back to reference Rauh J, Ph D, Milan F (2011) Bioreactor systems for bone tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 17:263–280CrossRef Rauh J, Ph D, Milan F (2011) Bioreactor systems for bone tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 17:263–280CrossRef
208.
go back to reference Sladkova M, De Peppo GM (2014) Bioreactor systems for human bone tissue engineering. Processes 2:494–525CrossRef Sladkova M, De Peppo GM (2014) Bioreactor systems for human bone tissue engineering. Processes 2:494–525CrossRef
209.
go back to reference Martin I, Wendt D, Heberer M (2004) The role of bioreactors in tissue engineering. Trends Biotechnol 22:10–12CrossRef Martin I, Wendt D, Heberer M (2004) The role of bioreactors in tissue engineering. Trends Biotechnol 22:10–12CrossRef
210.
go back to reference Gaspar DA, Gomide V, Monteiro FJ (2012) The role of perfusion bioreactors in bone tissue engineering the role of perfusion bioreactors in bone tissue engineering. Biomatter 2:1–9CrossRef Gaspar DA, Gomide V, Monteiro FJ (2012) The role of perfusion bioreactors in bone tissue engineering the role of perfusion bioreactors in bone tissue engineering. Biomatter 2:1–9CrossRef
211.
go back to reference Sikavitsas VI, Bancroft GN, Mikos AG (2002) Formation of three-dimensional cell/polymer constructs for bone tissue engineering in a spinner flask and a rotating wall vessel bioreactor. J Biomed Mater Res 62:136–148CrossRef Sikavitsas VI, Bancroft GN, Mikos AG (2002) Formation of three-dimensional cell/polymer constructs for bone tissue engineering in a spinner flask and a rotating wall vessel bioreactor. J Biomed Mater Res 62:136–148CrossRef
212.
go back to reference Meinel L, Karageorgiou V, Fajardo R (2004) Bone tissue engineering using human mesenchymal stem cells: effects of scaffold material and medium flow. Ann Biomed Eng 32:112–122CrossRef Meinel L, Karageorgiou V, Fajardo R (2004) Bone tissue engineering using human mesenchymal stem cells: effects of scaffold material and medium flow. Ann Biomed Eng 32:112–122CrossRef
213.
go back to reference Kim HJ, Kim U, Leisk GG (2007) Bone regeneration on macroporous aqueous-derived silk 3-D scaffolds. Macromol Biosci 7:643–655CrossRef Kim HJ, Kim U, Leisk GG (2007) Bone regeneration on macroporous aqueous-derived silk 3-D scaffolds. Macromol Biosci 7:643–655CrossRef
214.
go back to reference Stiehler M, Bunger C, Baatrup A (2008) Effect of dynamic 3-D culture on proliferation, distribution, and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res, Part A 89:96–107 Stiehler M, Bunger C, Baatrup A (2008) Effect of dynamic 3-D culture on proliferation, distribution, and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res, Part A 89:96–107
215.
go back to reference Song K, Liu T, Cui Z (2007) Three-dimensional fabrication of engineered bone with human bio-derived bone scaffolds in a rotating wall vessel bioreactor. J Biomed Mater Res, Part A 86A:323–332CrossRef Song K, Liu T, Cui Z (2007) Three-dimensional fabrication of engineered bone with human bio-derived bone scaffolds in a rotating wall vessel bioreactor. J Biomed Mater Res, Part A 86A:323–332CrossRef
216.
go back to reference Wang T, Wu H, Wang H (2009) Regulation of adult human mesenchymal stem cells into osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages by different bioreactor systems. J Biomed Mater Res, Part A 88A:935–946CrossRef Wang T, Wu H, Wang H (2009) Regulation of adult human mesenchymal stem cells into osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages by different bioreactor systems. J Biomed Mater Res, Part A 88A:935–946CrossRef
217.
go back to reference Mccoy RJ, Eng D, Brien FJO, Ph D (2010) Influence of shear stress in perfusion bioreactor cultures for the development of three-dimensional bone tissue constructs: a review. Tissue Eng Part B 16:587–601CrossRef Mccoy RJ, Eng D, Brien FJO, Ph D (2010) Influence of shear stress in perfusion bioreactor cultures for the development of three-dimensional bone tissue constructs: a review. Tissue Eng Part B 16:587–601CrossRef
218.
go back to reference Wang Y, Uemura T, Dong J (2003) Application of perfusion culture system improves in vitro and in vivo osteogenesis of bone marrow-derived osteoblastic cells in porous ceramic materials. Tissue Eng 9:1205–1214CrossRef Wang Y, Uemura T, Dong J (2003) Application of perfusion culture system improves in vitro and in vivo osteogenesis of bone marrow-derived osteoblastic cells in porous ceramic materials. Tissue Eng 9:1205–1214CrossRef
219.
go back to reference Bancroft GN, Sikavitsas VI, Mikos AG (2003) Design of a flow perfusion bioreactor system for bone tissue-engineering applications. Tissue Eng 9:549–554CrossRef Bancroft GN, Sikavitsas VI, Mikos AG (2003) Design of a flow perfusion bioreactor system for bone tissue-engineering applications. Tissue Eng 9:549–554CrossRef
220.
go back to reference Bhaskar B, Owen R, Bahmaee H (2017) Design and assessment of a dynamic perfusion bioreactor for large bone tissue engineering scaffolds. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 185:555–563CrossRef Bhaskar B, Owen R, Bahmaee H (2017) Design and assessment of a dynamic perfusion bioreactor for large bone tissue engineering scaffolds. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 185:555–563CrossRef
221.
go back to reference Bouet G, Marchat D, Cruel M (2015) In vitro three-dimensional bone tissue models: from cells to controlled and dynamic environment. Tissue Eng Part B 21:133–156CrossRef Bouet G, Marchat D, Cruel M (2015) In vitro three-dimensional bone tissue models: from cells to controlled and dynamic environment. Tissue Eng Part B 21:133–156CrossRef
222.
go back to reference Nokhbatolfoghahaei H, Rad MR, Khani M-M (2017) Application of bioreactors to improve functionality of bone tissue engineering constructs: a systematic review. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 12:564–599CrossRef Nokhbatolfoghahaei H, Rad MR, Khani M-M (2017) Application of bioreactors to improve functionality of bone tissue engineering constructs: a systematic review. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 12:564–599CrossRef
223.
go back to reference Matziolis D, Tuischer J, Matziolis G (2011) Osteogenic predifferentiation of human bone marrow-derived stem cells by short-term mechanical stimulation. Open Orthop J 5:1–6CrossRef Matziolis D, Tuischer J, Matziolis G (2011) Osteogenic predifferentiation of human bone marrow-derived stem cells by short-term mechanical stimulation. Open Orthop J 5:1–6CrossRef
224.
go back to reference Bölgen N, Yang Y, Korkusuz P (2008) Three-dimensional ingrowth of bone cells within biodegradable cryogel scaffolds in bioreactors at different regimes. Tissue Eng Part A 14:1743–1750CrossRef Bölgen N, Yang Y, Korkusuz P (2008) Three-dimensional ingrowth of bone cells within biodegradable cryogel scaffolds in bioreactors at different regimes. Tissue Eng Part A 14:1743–1750CrossRef
225.
go back to reference Aaron RK, Ciombor DM, Simon BJ (2004) Treatment of nonunions with electric and electromagnetic fields. Clin Orthop Relat Res 02906:21–291CrossRef Aaron RK, Ciombor DM, Simon BJ (2004) Treatment of nonunions with electric and electromagnetic fields. Clin Orthop Relat Res 02906:21–291CrossRef
226.
go back to reference Chalidis B, Sachinis N, Hospital SM, Hospital AG (2011) Stimulation of bone formation and fracture healing with pulsed electromagnetic fields: biologic responses and clinical implications. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 24:17–20CrossRef Chalidis B, Sachinis N, Hospital SM, Hospital AG (2011) Stimulation of bone formation and fracture healing with pulsed electromagnetic fields: biologic responses and clinical implications. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 24:17–20CrossRef
227.
go back to reference Funk RHW, Monsees T, Nurdan O (2009) Electromagnetic effects-from cell biology to medicine. Prog Histochem Cytochem 43:177–264CrossRef Funk RHW, Monsees T, Nurdan O (2009) Electromagnetic effects-from cell biology to medicine. Prog Histochem Cytochem 43:177–264CrossRef
228.
go back to reference Sun L, Hsieh D, Lin P (2010) Pulsed electromagnetic fields accelerate proliferation and osteogenic gene expression in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells during osteogenic differentiation. Bioelectromagnetics 31:209–219CrossRef Sun L, Hsieh D, Lin P (2010) Pulsed electromagnetic fields accelerate proliferation and osteogenic gene expression in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells during osteogenic differentiation. Bioelectromagnetics 31:209–219CrossRef
229.
go back to reference Tsai M, Chang WH, Chang K (2007) Pulsed electromagnetic fields affect osteoblast proliferation and differentiation in bonetissue engineering. Bioelectromagnetics 28:519–528CrossRef Tsai M, Chang WH, Chang K (2007) Pulsed electromagnetic fields affect osteoblast proliferation and differentiation in bonetissue engineering. Bioelectromagnetics 28:519–528CrossRef
230.
go back to reference Fassina L, Visai L, De Angelis MGC (2007) Surface modification of a porous polyurethane through a culture of human osteoblasts and an electromagnetic bioreactor. Technol Heal Care 15:33–45 Fassina L, Visai L, De Angelis MGC (2007) Surface modification of a porous polyurethane through a culture of human osteoblasts and an electromagnetic bioreactor. Technol Heal Care 15:33–45
231.
go back to reference Liu C, Abedian R, Meister R (2012) Influence of perfusion and compression on the proliferation and differentiation of bone mesenchymal stromal cells seeded on polyurethane scaffolds. Biomaterials 33:1052–1064CrossRef Liu C, Abedian R, Meister R (2012) Influence of perfusion and compression on the proliferation and differentiation of bone mesenchymal stromal cells seeded on polyurethane scaffolds. Biomaterials 33:1052–1064CrossRef
232.
go back to reference Petri M, Ufer K, Toma I (2012) Effects of perfusion and cyclic compression on in vitro tissue engineered meniscus implants. Knee Surg, Sport Traumatol Arthrosc 20:223–231CrossRef Petri M, Ufer K, Toma I (2012) Effects of perfusion and cyclic compression on in vitro tissue engineered meniscus implants. Knee Surg, Sport Traumatol Arthrosc 20:223–231CrossRef
233.
go back to reference Kang KS, Hong JM, Jeong YH (2014) Combined effect of three types of biophysical stimuli for bone regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A 20:1767–1777CrossRef Kang KS, Hong JM, Jeong YH (2014) Combined effect of three types of biophysical stimuli for bone regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A 20:1767–1777CrossRef
234.
go back to reference Huang R-L, Liu K, Li Q (2016) Bone regeneration following the in vivo bioreactor principle: is in vitro manipulation of exogenous elements still needed? Regen Med 11:475–481CrossRef Huang R-L, Liu K, Li Q (2016) Bone regeneration following the in vivo bioreactor principle: is in vitro manipulation of exogenous elements still needed? Regen Med 11:475–481CrossRef
235.
go back to reference Huang R, Kobayashi E, Liu K, Li Q (2016) Bone graft prefabrication following the in vivo bioreactor principle. EBioMedicine 12:43–54CrossRef Huang R, Kobayashi E, Liu K, Li Q (2016) Bone graft prefabrication following the in vivo bioreactor principle. EBioMedicine 12:43–54CrossRef
236.
go back to reference Tatara AM, Wong ME, Mikos AG (2014) In vivo bioreactors for mandibular reconstruction. J Dent Res 93:1196–1202CrossRef Tatara AM, Wong ME, Mikos AG (2014) In vivo bioreactors for mandibular reconstruction. J Dent Res 93:1196–1202CrossRef
237.
go back to reference Stevens MM, Marini RP, Schaefer D (2005) In vivo engineering of organs: the bone bioreactor. Proc Natl Acad Sci 102:11450–11455CrossRef Stevens MM, Marini RP, Schaefer D (2005) In vivo engineering of organs: the bone bioreactor. Proc Natl Acad Sci 102:11450–11455CrossRef
238.
go back to reference Holt GE, Halpern JL, Dovan TT (2005) Evolution of an in vivo bioreactor. J Orthop Res 23:916–923CrossRef Holt GE, Halpern JL, Dovan TT (2005) Evolution of an in vivo bioreactor. J Orthop Res 23:916–923CrossRef
239.
go back to reference Huang R-L, Tremp M, Ho C-K (2017) Prefabrication of a functional bone graft with a pedicled periosteal flap as an in vivo bioreactor. Sci Rep 7:1–11CrossRef Huang R-L, Tremp M, Ho C-K (2017) Prefabrication of a functional bone graft with a pedicled periosteal flap as an in vivo bioreactor. Sci Rep 7:1–11CrossRef
240.
go back to reference Zhang H, Mao X, Zhao D (2017) Three dimensional printed polylactic acid-hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for prefabricating vascularized tissue engineered bone: an in vivo bioreactor model. Sci Rep 7:1–13CrossRef Zhang H, Mao X, Zhao D (2017) Three dimensional printed polylactic acid-hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for prefabricating vascularized tissue engineered bone: an in vivo bioreactor model. Sci Rep 7:1–13CrossRef
241.
go back to reference Akar B, Tatara AM, Sutradhar A (2018) Large animal models of an in vivo bioreactor for engineering. Tissue Eng 24:317–325CrossRef Akar B, Tatara AM, Sutradhar A (2018) Large animal models of an in vivo bioreactor for engineering. Tissue Eng 24:317–325CrossRef
242.
go back to reference Cheng M-H, Brey EM, Allori AC (2009) Periosteum-guided prefabrication of vascularized bone of clinical shape and volume. Plast Reconstr Surg 124:787–795CrossRef Cheng M-H, Brey EM, Allori AC (2009) Periosteum-guided prefabrication of vascularized bone of clinical shape and volume. Plast Reconstr Surg 124:787–795CrossRef
243.
go back to reference Brey EM, Cheng M-H, Allori A (2007) Comparison of guided bone formation from periosteum and muscle fascia. Plast Reconstr Surg 119:1216–1222CrossRef Brey EM, Cheng M-H, Allori A (2007) Comparison of guided bone formation from periosteum and muscle fascia. Plast Reconstr Surg 119:1216–1222CrossRef
244.
go back to reference Cheng M, Brey EM, Ph D (2005) Ovine model for engineering bone segments. Tissue Eng 11:214–225CrossRef Cheng M, Brey EM, Ph D (2005) Ovine model for engineering bone segments. Tissue Eng 11:214–225CrossRef
245.
go back to reference Warnke PH, Springer ING, Wiltfang J (2004) Growth and transplantation of a custom vascularised bone graft in a man. Lancet 364:766–770CrossRef Warnke PH, Springer ING, Wiltfang J (2004) Growth and transplantation of a custom vascularised bone graft in a man. Lancet 364:766–770CrossRef
246.
go back to reference Wiltfang J, Rohnen M, Egberts A-H (2016) Man as a living bioreactor: prefabrication of a custom vascularized bone graft in the gastrocolic omentum. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 22:740–746CrossRef Wiltfang J, Rohnen M, Egberts A-H (2016) Man as a living bioreactor: prefabrication of a custom vascularized bone graft in the gastrocolic omentum. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 22:740–746CrossRef
247.
go back to reference Warnke PH, Kosmahl M, Russo PAJ (2006) Man as living bioreactor: fate of an exogenously prepared customized tissue-engineered mandible. Biomaterials 27:3163–3167CrossRef Warnke PH, Kosmahl M, Russo PAJ (2006) Man as living bioreactor: fate of an exogenously prepared customized tissue-engineered mandible. Biomaterials 27:3163–3167CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Engineering of Bone: Uncovering Strategies of Static and Dynamic Environments
Authors
Jaya Thilakan
Ruchi Mishra
Sudhir K. Goel
Neha Arya
Copyright Year
2019
Publisher
Springer Singapore
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9977-0_12

Premium Partners