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Environmental Earth Sciences
Published in: Environmental Earth Sciences 20/2020

01-10-2020 | Original Article

Ensemble approach to develop landslide susceptibility map in landslide dominated Sikkim Himalayan region, India

Authors: Indrajit Chowdhuri, Subodh Chandra Pal, Alireza Arabameri, Phuong Thao Thi Ngo, Rabin Chakrabortty, Sadhan Malik, Biswajit Das, Paramita Roy

Published in: Environmental Earth Sciences | Issue 20/2020

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Abstract

The landslide is a downward movement of soil and rock, and one of the most destructive geo-hazards that causes losses in lives, environment, and economy all over the world. Landslide susceptibility mapping is a scientific method to evaluate the landslide probability zones and causative factors. The main objective of the present study was to introduce ensemble landslide susceptibility models which are developed on the basis of two statistical models (evidential belief function and geographically weighted regression) and one machine learning model (random forest) for spatial prediction of landslide of the Upper Rangit River Basin, Sikkim, India. Totally, 102 landslide locations have been identified and randomly classified into 70% and 30% as training and validating database, respectively. Total 16 landslide causative factors are considered and grouped into four categories: geomorphological, hydrological, geological, and environmental factors. The evidential belief function (EBF), geographically weighted regression (GWR), and random forest (RF) method and their ensemble methods, RF-EBF, and RF-GWR models have been applied with the help of training landslide and non-landslide dataset and spatial database of landslide causative factors. Five landslide susceptibility maps have been generated by the said model, and the maps have been validated by validating dataset with the help of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, Kappa index, and area under curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) tools. The ensemble methods have the best degree-of-fit and prediction performance than single methods, i.e., RF-EBF and RF-GWR model have 91.8% and 89.9% prediction capabilities. The result of the relative importance of factor showed that land use land cover (LULC), distance to river, soil, drainage density, and road density factors have played the key role in the occurrence of the landslide. The result of the study can be used by local planning, dicession makers, and the methods of landslide susceptibility can be applied in other areas.
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Metadata
Title
Ensemble approach to develop landslide susceptibility map in landslide dominated Sikkim Himalayan region, India
Authors
Indrajit Chowdhuri
Subodh Chandra Pal
Alireza Arabameri
Phuong Thao Thi Ngo
Rabin Chakrabortty
Sadhan Malik
Biswajit Das
Paramita Roy
Publication date
01-10-2020
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Environmental Earth Sciences / Issue 20/2020
Print ISSN: 1866-6280
Electronic ISSN: 1866-6299
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09227-5

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