Skip to main content
Top

2024 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Environmental Assessment of Household Greywater in Chattogram City, Bangladesh: A Scoping Study

Authors : Samiha Mannan, Sayed Mohammad Nazim Uddin, Samiha Sabur, Muhammad Abu Bakar, Saiful Islam

Published in: Emerging Technologies in Biological and Hybrid Wastewater Treatment: Lessons from Developed to Enhancing Practices in Developing Countries

Publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Untreated greywater that negatively impacts our environment is directly discharged even though it has the potential to be treated. Unlike traditional wastewater which requires a large-scale centralized treatment plants with huge infrastructural costs, greywater can be treated in a small-scale manner for use in irrigation. Hence, this chapter examines the primary quality of greywater present in Chattogram city by conducting an environmental assessment. 10 greywater samples were collected for chemical analysis and 5 for microbial examination from 5 different locations in Chattogram City. Water parameters like pH, Total Dissolved solids (TDS), Electrical conductivity (EC), Total hardness, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Oxidation–Reduction potential, and other chemical analysis such as fluoride, chloride, phosphates, Sulphate, and nitrate levels were tested. Total coliforms and fecal coliforms were also evaluated through MPN tests and again cultured on EMB agar. Water parameters like Total hardness, Fluoride, Nitrates, and Sulfates conformed international standards which makes the water suitable for reuse. However, due to the exceeded turbidity and chloride levels found in the greywater, targeted treatment procedures are necessary for its reuse in irrigation. All samples were found to be contaminated with fecal matter (104 CFU/100 ml) and total coliform (1100 CFU/100 ml) that could cause diseases. In this regard, the chapter further reviews low-cost treatment systems from Kenya, India and Egypt which could be used in a developing country like Bangladesh. Moreover, this chapter gives recommendations for proper management approaches towards greywater reuse.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
1.
go back to reference Abdel-Shafy H, El-Khateeb M, Shehata M (2013) Greywater treatment using different designs of sand filters. Desalin Water Treat 52(28–30):5237–5242 Abdel-Shafy H, El-Khateeb M, Shehata M (2013) Greywater treatment using different designs of sand filters. Desalin Water Treat 52(28–30):5237–5242
2.
go back to reference Abedin SB, Rakib ZB (2013) Generation and quality analysis of greywater at Dhaka city. Environ Res Eng Manage 64(2):29–41CrossRef Abedin SB, Rakib ZB (2013) Generation and quality analysis of greywater at Dhaka city. Environ Res Eng Manage 64(2):29–41CrossRef
3.
go back to reference Ahmed MA, Saiek ZM, Chowdhury OR, Tamanna M, Tewari S (2018) Sustainable wastewater management for underdeveloped communities-a hands-on method forqualitative and quantitative analysis of greywater. Int J Environ Sustain Dev 17(1):93–109CrossRef Ahmed MA, Saiek ZM, Chowdhury OR, Tamanna M, Tewari S (2018) Sustainable wastewater management for underdeveloped communities-a hands-on method forqualitative and quantitative analysis of greywater. Int J Environ Sustain Dev 17(1):93–109CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Akpor OB (2011) Wastewater effluent discharge: effects and treatment processes. Int Proc Chem Biol Environ Eng 20:85–91 Akpor OB (2011) Wastewater effluent discharge: effects and treatment processes. Int Proc Chem Biol Environ Eng 20:85–91
5.
go back to reference Ali K, Sarraz A, Roy P, Nahar A, Jubae A, Das S, Mallick R (2017) Environmental assessment of industrial wastewater in Chittagong city, Bangladesh. Int J Sci Technol 6(3):733–741 Ali K, Sarraz A, Roy P, Nahar A, Jubae A, Das S, Mallick R (2017) Environmental assessment of industrial wastewater in Chittagong city, Bangladesh. Int J Sci Technol 6(3):733–741
6.
go back to reference Al-Jayyousi O (2002) Focused environmental assessment of greywater reuse in Jordan. Environ Eng Policy 3(1):67–73CrossRef Al-Jayyousi O (2002) Focused environmental assessment of greywater reuse in Jordan. Environ Eng Policy 3(1):67–73CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Andreadakis A, Noutsopoulos C, Mantziaras I, Kouris N (2015) Grey water characterization and treatment. In: IWA Balkan Young Water Professionals conference, Hellenic Water Association, Athens, Greece, pp 328–334 Andreadakis A, Noutsopoulos C, Mantziaras I, Kouris N (2015) Grey water characterization and treatment. In: IWA Balkan Young Water Professionals conference, Hellenic Water Association, Athens, Greece, pp 328–334
8.
go back to reference Ayers R, Westcot D (1985) FAO Irrigation and drainage paper. In: Water quality for agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy Ayers R, Westcot D (1985) FAO Irrigation and drainage paper. In: Water quality for agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
10.
go back to reference Dakua M, Mahmood M, Bhowmik S, Khaled F (2016) Potential of grey water recycling in water scarce urban areas in Bangladesh. Int J Environ Sci Dev 7(8):563CrossRef Dakua M, Mahmood M, Bhowmik S, Khaled F (2016) Potential of grey water recycling in water scarce urban areas in Bangladesh. Int J Environ Sci Dev 7(8):563CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Drechsel P, Keraita B, Seidu R, Abaidoo RC (2014) Human health risks from wastewater-irrigated vegetable farming. In: Drechsel P, Keraita B (eds) Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation. International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka, pp 104–115 Drechsel P, Keraita B, Seidu R, Abaidoo RC (2014) Human health risks from wastewater-irrigated vegetable farming. In: Drechsel P, Keraita B (eds) Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation. International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka, pp 104–115
12.
go back to reference Edokpayi JN, Odiyo JO, Durowoju OS (2017) Impact of wastewater on surface water quality in developing countries: a case study of South Africa. Water Quality, pp 401–416 Edokpayi JN, Odiyo JO, Durowoju OS (2017) Impact of wastewater on surface water quality in developing countries: a case study of South Africa. Water Quality, pp 401–416
13.
go back to reference Farrell J, Rose A (1967) Temperature effects on microorganisms. Annu Rev Microbiol 21(1):101–120CrossRef Farrell J, Rose A (1967) Temperature effects on microorganisms. Annu Rev Microbiol 21(1):101–120CrossRef
14.
go back to reference Grumbles BH, Gilman P, Schafer JE (2004) Guidelines for water reuse, Report EPA/625/R-04/108 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Agency for international development, Washington DC, USA Grumbles BH, Gilman P, Schafer JE (2004) Guidelines for water reuse, Report EPA/625/R-04/108 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Agency for international development, Washington DC, USA
15.
go back to reference Holtman W, Van Duijn B, Blaakmeer A, Blok C (2005) Optimalization of oxygen levels in root systems as effective cultivation tool. In: Gavilán MU (ed) International symposium on soilless culture and hydroponics. Acta Horticulturae, Almeria, Spain, vol 697, pp 57–64 Holtman W, Van Duijn B, Blaakmeer A, Blok C (2005) Optimalization of oxygen levels in root systems as effective cultivation tool. In: Gavilán MU (ed) International symposium on soilless culture and hydroponics. Acta Horticulturae, Almeria, Spain, vol 697, pp 57–64
16.
go back to reference Imhof B, Mühlemann J (2005) Greywater treatment on household level in developing countries—a state of the art review. Report, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland Imhof B, Mühlemann J (2005) Greywater treatment on household level in developing countries—a state of the art review. Report, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
17.
go back to reference Jeong H, Kim H, Jang T (2016) Irrigation water quality standards for indirect wastewater reuse in agriculture: a contribution toward sustainable wastewater reuse in South Korea. Water 8(169):1–18 Jeong H, Kim H, Jang T (2016) Irrigation water quality standards for indirect wastewater reuse in agriculture: a contribution toward sustainable wastewater reuse in South Korea. Water 8(169):1–18
18.
go back to reference Kariuki F, Kotut K, Ngángá V (2011) The Potential of a low cost technology for the greywater treatment. Open Environ Eng J 4:32–39CrossRef Kariuki F, Kotut K, Ngángá V (2011) The Potential of a low cost technology for the greywater treatment. Open Environ Eng J 4:32–39CrossRef
19.
go back to reference Matos C, Pereira S, Amorim EV, Bentes I, Briga-Sá A (2014) Wastewater and greywater reuse on irrigation in centralized and decentralized systems—an integrated approach on water quality, energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Sci Total Environ 493:463–471CrossRef Matos C, Pereira S, Amorim EV, Bentes I, Briga-Sá A (2014) Wastewater and greywater reuse on irrigation in centralized and decentralized systems—an integrated approach on water quality, energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Sci Total Environ 493:463–471CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Meda A, Cornel P (2010) Aerated bio-filter with seasonally varied operation modes for the production of irrigation water. Water Sci Technol 61(5):1173–1181CrossRef Meda A, Cornel P (2010) Aerated bio-filter with seasonally varied operation modes for the production of irrigation water. Water Sci Technol 61(5):1173–1181CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Oteng-Peprah M, Acheampong MA, Devries NK (2018) Greywater characteristics, treatment systems, reuse strategies and user perception-a review. Water Air Soil Pollut 229(8):255 Oteng-Peprah M, Acheampong MA, Devries NK (2018) Greywater characteristics, treatment systems, reuse strategies and user perception-a review. Water Air Soil Pollut 229(8):255
22.
go back to reference Patil YM, Patki VK, Jahagirdar S, Karale R, Angathekar V (2021) Greywater treatment by vegetated vermifilter: a low cost material for rural sanitation in India. Mater Today: Proc 1–5 Patil YM, Patki VK, Jahagirdar S, Karale R, Angathekar V (2021) Greywater treatment by vegetated vermifilter: a low cost material for rural sanitation in India. Mater Today: Proc 1–5
23.
go back to reference Pinto U, Maheshwari BL (2010) Reuse of greywater for irrigation around homes in Australia: understanding community views, issues and practices. Urban Water J 7(2):141–153CrossRef Pinto U, Maheshwari BL (2010) Reuse of greywater for irrigation around homes in Australia: understanding community views, issues and practices. Urban Water J 7(2):141–153CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Ridderstolpe P (2004) Introduction to greywater management. Report 2004/4, Stockholm Environment Institute, EcoSanRes Publication Series, Stockholm, Sweden Ridderstolpe P (2004) Introduction to greywater management. Report 2004/4, Stockholm Environment Institute, EcoSanRes Publication Series, Stockholm, Sweden
25.
go back to reference Siggins A, Burton V, Ross C, Lowe H, Horswell J (2016) Effects of long-term greywater disposal on soil: a case study. Sci Total Environ 557:627–635CrossRef Siggins A, Burton V, Ross C, Lowe H, Horswell J (2016) Effects of long-term greywater disposal on soil: a case study. Sci Total Environ 557:627–635CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Simpson B, France D, Lewis B (2013) Wastewater sampling. U.S Environmental Protection Agency, Science and Ecosystem Support Division, Athens, Georgia, USA Simpson B, France D, Lewis B (2013) Wastewater sampling. U.S Environmental Protection Agency, Science and Ecosystem Support Division, Athens, Georgia, USA
27.
go back to reference Sivakumar M, Ramezanianpour M (2012) Green technology options for greywater treatment. National Convention of Environmental Engineers Mangalore Local Centre, Karnataka Sivakumar M, Ramezanianpour M (2012) Green technology options for greywater treatment. National Convention of Environmental Engineers Mangalore Local Centre, Karnataka
28.
go back to reference Stoner N, Postel E, Kadeli L (2012) Guidelines for water reuse. Report EPA/600/R-12/618 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington DC, USA Stoner N, Postel E, Kadeli L (2012) Guidelines for water reuse. Report EPA/600/R-12/618 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington DC, USA
29.
go back to reference Tamanna M, Jalil MA, Islam S, Anam S (2011) Greywater generation and quality measurement at a specific site in Dhaka city. Undergraduate thesis, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh Tamanna M, Jalil MA, Islam S, Anam S (2011) Greywater generation and quality measurement at a specific site in Dhaka city. Undergraduate thesis, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh
30.
go back to reference Uddin SMN, Li Z, Ulbrich T, Mang H, Adamowski JF, Ryndin R (2016) Household greywater treatment in water-stressed regions in cold climates using an ‘Ice-Block Unit’: perspective from the coldest capital in the world. J Cleaner Prod 133:1312–1317CrossRef Uddin SMN, Li Z, Ulbrich T, Mang H, Adamowski JF, Ryndin R (2016) Household greywater treatment in water-stressed regions in cold climates using an ‘Ice-Block Unit’: perspective from the coldest capital in the world. J Cleaner Prod 133:1312–1317CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Uitto JI (2001) Global freshwater resources. In: Palo M, Uusivuori J, Mery G (eds) World forests, markets and policies, world forests, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 47–58 Uitto JI (2001) Global freshwater resources. In: Palo M, Uusivuori J, Mery G (eds) World forests, markets and policies, world forests, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 47–58
32.
go back to reference WHO (2006) Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater. In: Policy and regulatory aspects. World Health Organization, United Nations Environment Programme, France WHO (2006) Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater. In: Policy and regulatory aspects. World Health Organization, United Nations Environment Programme, France
33.
go back to reference World Health Organization (2006) Overview of greywater management health considerations. Report WHO-EM/CEH/125/E. Centre for Environmental Health Activities, Amman, Jordan World Health Organization (2006) Overview of greywater management health considerations. Report WHO-EM/CEH/125/E. Centre for Environmental Health Activities, Amman, Jordan
Metadata
Title
Environmental Assessment of Household Greywater in Chattogram City, Bangladesh: A Scoping Study
Authors
Samiha Mannan
Sayed Mohammad Nazim Uddin
Samiha Sabur
Muhammad Abu Bakar
Saiful Islam
Copyright Year
2024
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-74515-7_15