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2022 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

EU Cyber Diplomacy: Value- and Interest-Driven Foreign Policy with New Focus on the Indo-Pacific

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Abstract

The chapter outlines the development of the EU’s cyber diplomacy and links it to the recent policy papers on the Indo-Pacific. Cyber diplomacy needs an all-in approach, accelerating cooperation to meet the challenges of cyber at the nexus of security and technology. It can make an essential contribution to strategic autonomy. Prime partners are in the Indo-Pacific in promoting digital governance and standard setting, to assure a global, open, free, stable and secure cyberspace for continued prosperity and protection of fundamental human rights in cyberspace. Cyber diplomacy fulfils three major functions: it supports externally the EU’s internal policies; protects the interests of the EU and the relevant stakeholders; and gives the EU through the Cyber Diplomacy Toolbox an offensive instrument to defend its interest more effectively. South Korea has an interest to participate in multilateral restrictive measures/sanctions especially when faced with attributable attacks by major forces.

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Footnotes
1
Shaun Riordan and Mario Torres Jarrín, Global Policy Perspective Report: Cyberdiplomacy (Salamanca-Stockholm: European Institute of International Studies, 2020), 4, http://www.ieeiweb.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Cyberdiplomacy_enero.pdf .
 
2
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3
 
4
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5
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6
EU Council, Council Conclusions on Cyber Diplomacy (Brussels: February 15, 2015), http://​data.​consilium.​europa.​eu/​doc/​document/​ST-6122-2015-INIT/​en/​pdf.
 
7
EU Council, Draft Council Conclusions on a Framework for a Joint EU Diplomatic Response to Malicious Cyber Activities (“Cyber Diplomacy Toolbox”) (Brussels: June 7, 2017), http://​data.​consilium.​europa.​eu/​doc/​document/​ST-9916-2017-INIT/​en/​pdf.
 
8
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9
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10
EU Council, Draft, 5, para. 4.
 
11
Bruno Lété, “Cooperation in cyberspace,” in The EU and NATO: the essential partners, ed. Gustav Lindstrom and Thierry Tardy (Paris: European Union Institute for Security Studies, 2019), 28; “European Union and NATO work together to tackle growing cyber threats,” European Union External Action Service (EEAS), December 11, 2018, https://​eeas.​europa.​eu/​topics/​economic-relations-connectivity-innovation/​55217/​european-union-and-nato-work-together-tackle-growing-cyber-threats_​en.
 
12
BBC News, “NATO: Cyber-attack on one nation is attack on all,” BBC News, August 27, 2019, https://​www.​bbc.​com/​news/​technology-49488614.
 
13
Daniel Fiott, The Yearbook of European Security 2019 (Paris: EUISS, 2019), 92-93 and Annex, https://​www.​iss.​europa.​eu/​sites/​default/​files/​EUISSFiles/​yes2019.​pdf.
 
14
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15
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16
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17
Council Press Release (Brussels 19 October 2021). Cybersecurity: Council adopts conclusions on exploring the potential of a joint cyber unit. https://​www.​consilium.​europa.​eu/​en/​press/​press-releases/​2021/​10/​19/​cybersecurity-council-adopts-conclusions-on-exploring-the-potential-of-a-joint-cyber-unit/​.
 
18
EPSC, Rethinking, 8–9.
 
19
Daniel Fiott, “Strategic autonomy: towards ‘European sovereignty’ in defence?,” EUISS Brief 12 (2018), 6, https://​www.​iss.​europa.​eu/​content/​strategic-autonomy-towards-%E2%80%98european-sovereignty%E2%80%99-defence.
 
20
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21
EU Council, EU Cyber Defence Policy Framework (2018 update) (Brussels: November 19, 2018), https://​data.​consilium.​europa.​eu/​doc/​document/​ST-14413-2018-INIT/​en/​pdf.
 
22
EC – Joint Communication to the European Parliament and the Council, The EU’s Cybersecurity Strategy for the Digital Decade (Brussels: December 16, 2020), https://​digital-strategy.​ec.​europa.​eu/​en/​library/​eus-cybersecurity-strategy-digital-decade-0.
 
23
EC, EU Security Union Strategy (July 24, 2020).
 
24
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25
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26
These sectors are energy, transport, banking, financial market infrastructures, health, drinking water, waste water, digital infrastructure, public administration, space.
 
27
EU Council, Draft Council conclusions on the EU’s Cybersecurity Strategy for the Digital Decade (Brussels, 9 March 2021), https://​data.​consilium.​europa.​eu/​doc/​document/​ST-6722-2021-INIT/​en/​pdf.
 
28
The Digital Europe Program devotes 269 million out of 1.98 billion euros to improving cybersecurity. EURAXESS, Press Release 12 November 2021, https://​euraxess.​ec.​europa.​eu/​worldwide/​south-korea/​commission-invest-nearly-%E2%82%AC2-billion-digital-europe-programme-advance.
 
29
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30
EPRS, Briefing.
 
31
“Code of Practice against disinformation: Commission recognises platforms’ efforts ahead of the European elections,” Press Corner, European Commission, May 17, 2019, https://​europa.​eu/​rapid/​press-release_​STATEMENT-19-2570_​en.​htm; See also Mélanie Scheidt, “The European Union versus External Disinformation Campaigns in the Midst of Information Warfare: Ready for the Battle?,” EU Diplomacy Papers no 1, (August 2019), https://​www.​coleurope.​eu/​study/​eu-international-relations-and-diplomacy-studies/​research-publications/​eu-diplomacy-papers.
 
32
EEAS. Questions and Answers about the East StratCom Task Force News stories (Brussels 28 April 2021), https://​eeas.​europa.​eu/​headquarters/​headquarters-homepage/​2116/​-questions-and-answers-about-the-east-stratcom-task-force_​en.
 
33
EPSC, Rethinking, 3.
 
34
Annegret Bendiek, “The EU as a Force for Peace in International Cyber Diplomacy,” SWP Comment no. 19 (April 2018), https://​www.​swp-berlin.​org/​fileadmin/​contents/​products/​comments/​2018C19_​bdk.​pdf.
 
35
EPSC, Rethinking, 4.
 
36
European Commission, “Commission Recommendation of 26.3.2019 Cybersecurity of 5G networks,” Library, March 26, 2019, https://​digital-strategy.​ec.​europa.​eu/​en/​library/​cybersecurity-5g-networks.
 
37
EC and HRVP contribution to the European Council, “EU-China – A strategic outlook,” March 12, 2019, https://​ec.​europa.​eu/​info/​sites/​default/​files/​communication-eu-china-a-strategic-outlook.​pdf.
 
38
EPSC, Rethinking, 9.
 
39
NIS Cooperation Group, Cybersecurity of 5G networks EU Toolbox of risk mitigating measures (CG Publication, January 29, 2020), https://​ec.​europa.​eu/​digital-single-market/​en/​news/​cybersecurity-5g-networks-eu-toolbox-risk-mitigating-measures.
 
40
EU Council, Enhanced EU Security Cooperation in and with Asia – Council conclusion (9265/1/18 REV 1) (Brussels: May 28, 2018), http://​www.​consilium.​europa.​eu/​media/​35456/​st09265-re01-en18.​pdf.
 
41
EU Council, Enhanced EU Security, Annex para. 6.
 
42
GIZ, Enhancing Security Cooperation in and with Asia, accessed 28 October 2021, https://​www.​giz.​de/​en/​worldwide/​87412.​html. See also Hong and Song in this volume.
 
43
EU Council, Joint press release: Republic of Korea – EU Leaders’ video conference meeting, 30 June 2020, accessed 7 October 2020, https://​www.​consilium.​europa.​eu/​en/​press/​press-releases/​2020/​06/​30/​joint-press-release-republic-of-korea-eu-leaders-video-conference-meeting/​.
 
44
EC – Joint Communication, The EU Strategy Connecting Europe and Asia – Building blocks for an EU Strategy (Brussels: September 19, 2018), https://​eeas.​europa.​eu/​sites/​eeas/​files/​joint_​communication_​-_​connecting_​europe_​and_​asia_​-_​building_​blocks_​for_​an_​eu_​strategy_​2018-09-19.​pdf.
 
45
Joint Communication to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions and the European Investment Bank (2021). The Global Gateway. JOIN (2021) 30 final, 1 December 2021; at https://​ec.​europa.​eu/​info/​sites/​default/​files/​joint_​communication_​global_​gateway.​pdf.
 
46
EC-Joint Communication to the European Council and European Parliament, The EU strategy for cooperation in the Indo-Pacific (Brussels, September 16, 2021) https://​eeas.​europa.​eu/​headquarters/​headquarters-homepage/​104126/​joint-communication-indo-pacific_​en.
 
47
 
48
EU Council, EU Strategy for cooperation in the Indo-Pacific (Brussels: April 16, 2021), 10, https://​data.​consilium.​europa.​eu/​doc/​document/​ST-7914-2021-INIT/​en/​pdf.
 
49
EC and HRVP, The EU strategy for cooperation in the Indo-Pacific (Brussels: September 21, 2021), 15, https://​ec.​europa.​eu/​info/​sites/​default/​files/​jointcommunicati​on_​indo_​pacific_​en.​pdf.
 
51
EC-International Partnerships, Responsible digitalisation, accessed 26 February 2022, https://international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu/policies/digital-and-infrastructure/responsible-digitalisation_en#related-documents.
 
52
EC (2021). Joint Statement: EU and Singapore agree to strengthen bilateral partnership on digital trade Press release, 7 December 2021; at https://​trade.​ec.​europa.​eu/​doclib/​press/​index.​cfm?​id=​2337.
 
53
Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI) of Singapore. Digital Economy Partnership (DEPA); at https://​www.​mti.​gov.​sg/​Improving-Trade/​Digital-Economy-Agreements/​The-Digital-Economy-Partnership-Agreement (accessed 26 February 2022).
 
55
See Cai in this volume.
 
56
See Christou/Lee in this volume.
 
57
EC – Joint Communication to the European Parliament and the Council, On strengthening the EU’s contribution to rules-based multilateralism (Brussels: February 17, 2021), https://​www.​europarl.​europa.​eu/​meetdocs/​2014_​2019/​plmrep/​COMMITTEES/​AFET/​DV/​2021/​04-12/​COM_​JOIN20210003_​EN.​pdf.
 
58
Ibid., 8.
 
59
Ibid., 10.
 
60
Paris Call For Trust and Security in Cyberspace, https://​pariscall.​international/​en/​ (accessed 13 November 2021).
 
61
Camino Kavanagh et al (2021). Quiet Conversations: Observations from a decade of practice in cyber-related track 1.5 and track 2 diplomacy. EU Cyber Direct, November 2021; https://​eucd.​s3.​eu-central-1.​amazonaws.​com/​eucd/​assets/​Nh3fdYmX/​quiet-conversations-16-11-21.​pdf.
 
62
Ministry of Justice of the People’s Republic of China, China issues outline to promote standardized national development, 11 October 2021; http://​en.​moj.​gov.​cn/​2021-10/​11/​c_​666741.​htm.
 
63
The Strategic Compass presented in November 2021 foresees measures for cyber deterrence in 2022.
 
64
Annegret Bendiek and Matthias Kettemann, “Revisiting the EU Cybersecurity Strategy: A Call for EU Cyber Diplomacy,” SWP Comment no. 16 (February 2021), https://​www.​swp-berlin.​org/​10.​18449/​2021C16/​.
 
65
Matthew P. Goodman, “Time to Align on Digital Governance,” Commentary, Center for Strategic & International Studies, January 24, 2020, https://​www.​csis.​org/​analysis/​time-align-digital-governance.
 
Literature
go back to reference Council of the European Union. Draft Council conclusions on the EU's Cybersecurity Strategy for the Digital Decade. 9 March 2021. Council of the European Union. Draft Council conclusions on the EU's Cybersecurity Strategy for the Digital Decade. 9 March 2021.
go back to reference Lété, Bruno. “Cooperation in cyberspace.” In The EU and NATO: the essential partners, edited by Gustav Lindstrom and Thierry Tardy, 28–36. Paris: European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS), 2019. Lété, Bruno. “Cooperation in cyberspace.” In The EU and NATO: the essential partners, edited by Gustav Lindstrom and Thierry Tardy, 28–36. Paris: European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS), 2019.
Metadata
Title
EU Cyber Diplomacy: Value- and Interest-Driven Foreign Policy with New Focus on the Indo-Pacific
Author
Michael Reiterer
Copyright Year
2022
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08384-6_2

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