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2017 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

4. EU Migration

Authors : John Theodore, Jonathan Theodore, Dimitrios Syrrakos

Published in: The European Union and the Eurozone under Stress

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Here, we examine how the migration crisis has surpassed the economic turmoil of the Eurozone to become the European Union’s (EU’s) greatest existential threat. With the migrant crisis, the very boundaries over which free movement should be allowed are being debated – and even what can be meant by the ‘free’ movement or migration of peoples, both from without and within Europe and the EU.
The rising tide of anti-EU and anti-immigrant populism across the continent has made it clear that the problems of migration pose the greatest challenge and potential threat to the stability of the European project.

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Footnotes
1
‘Monthly Arrivals by Nationality to Greece, Italy and Spain’, Refugees/Migrants Emergency Responses (Mediterranean, 31 March 2016).
 
2
‘Record number of over 1.2 million first time asylum seekers registered in 2015’, EUROSTAT.
 
3
COR interviews and Polish commentators.
 
4
Austerity in Greece between 2008 and 2013 led to mass migration of many young professional talent denying the country of the very means skills to grow out of recession and contribute to debt repayment.
 
5
Article 48 Treaty of Rome and the Directive 2004/38/EC on the right to move and reside freely.
 
6
Eurostat figures state 2.12 million Romanians have gone to the EU: Spain 823,000, 888,000 Germany, 160,000 UK 80,000.
 
7
Jean-Claude Junker President of the EU Commission, 1st of November 2014.
 
8
West Germany signed bilateral agreements with a number of European countries (Italy, Greece Spain) and Turkey which allowed for the recruitment of less skilled workers in West Germany’s factories during the boom years of industrial growth known at the time as the German ‘Economic Miracle’.
 
9
Those from Algeria went to France and the UK continued to receive many from the British Commonwealth.
 
10
For Greece (1981) Spain and Portugal (1986) there was a 6 year transitional period.
 
11
Freedom of Movement was one of the original Four ‘Freedoms’ with Capital, Customs and Services.
 
12
Anne White. Post-communist Poland: social change and migration. Polish Families and Migration since EU Accession. Policy Press (2011), p. 27.
 
13
No. of Poles in the UK is 790,000 (ONS estimate 2014) excluding descendants of immigrants after World War 2. No of Polish doctors in the UK NHS 2,300.
 
14
In its determination, the ECJ had to take account of the Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) which re-enforced the concept of ‘family rights’ in freedom of movement rather than the rights of children per se.
 
15
The Metock case was decided by the ECJ in July 2008 on a reference from the Irish High Court in Dublin concerning the interpretation of Directive 2004/38/EC regarding the rights of EU citizens together with family members to freely take up residence in any other member state. The ECJ made it clear that the right of residency extended to those family members that had not been nationals of another member state thereby ruling that the Ireland’s regulations were in breach of the 2004 Directive.
 
16
The definition of worker was expanded to include seasonal and short term contract employees.
 
17
Directive 93/96/EEC.
 
18
Directive 90/365/EEC.
 
19
For more on this see John Theodore and Jonathan Theodore, Cyprus and the Financial Crisis: The Controversial Bailout and What It Means for the Eurozone (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), pp. 19–37.
 
22
Although Turkey is a member of the Customs Union, Progress towards acquiring EU membership has met with obstacles and lack of movement in fulfilling the acqui communitaire.
 
24
A ‘posted worker’ is an employee who is sent by his employer to carry out a service in another EU Member State on a temporary basis.
 
31
Op. cit.
 
32
Op. cit.
 
34
Ibid.
 
35
Research undertaken by Professor Christian Dustmann and Dr Tommaso Frattini of the fiscal consequences of European immigration to the UK, published by the Royal Economic Society in The Economic Journal.
 
37
Financial Time 22nd April 2016.
 
39
The 2005 Savings Tax Directive was to curb tax evasion of in the EU (and European households in Switzerland). Under this program, tax evaders holding interest-yielding accounts in Switzerland have two choices: they can either report their accounts to the fiscal authorities of their resident countries or they can pay a tax upfront and keep their anonymity.
 
40
Seen as a counterbalance to the Franco–German hegemony. The first Blair government 1997–2004 was in the vanguard of those advocating enlargement.
 
41
25,000 was the Home office (by Jack Straw) estimate at the time.
 
50
Yahoo News, 23 September 2015.
 
53
Pre-1939 Poland included a large part of what is western Ukraine ad % of what is now part of Ukraine, i.e. the Catholic part.
 
58
At the Bratislava EU Summit on 16th of September 2016, hosted by the Slovakia, the Visegrad Group called for ‘flexible solidarity’, a policy by which states that do not want to take migrants could contribute financially with equipment and manpower to the EU’s migration policy – as is already the case in the Balkans.
 
59
The Le Touquet Treaty between France and the UK, signed on 4th February 2003 moved the UK border to Calais, but this is under threat if the UK leaves the EU.
 
61
OECD April 2016 controversial report entitled ‘The Economic Consequences of Brexit: A Taxing Decision’ suggested that a Brexit vote would be damaging to the UK with a ‘knock on’ effect on other European countries and also reducing the UK GDP by over 3% by 2020 and 5% by 2030. The report forecasts a decline in foreign direct investment, as the UK would no longer be the conduit allowing for access to the EU internal market. See also the National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) report to be published on 9th May 2016.
 
63
In 2008 the Italian and Libyan governments agreed a treaty to stop uncontrolled migration from Libya to Italy which led to the enforced return of migrants by the Italian coast guard authorities, a policy which fell apart with the advent of civil war against the Gaddafi regime in 2011 but which also led to a ruling by the European Court of Human Rights in 2012 that Italy was in breach of the European Convention of Human Rights for expelling migrants to face potential danger from the regime in Libya.
 
64
Data published by the Internal Telecommunications Union, published 25th May 2015.
 
65
Lebanon and Jordan as well as in the Gulf states.
 
66
EU leaders views on Turkish visas and Acqui Communitaire progression.
 
Metadata
Title
EU Migration
Authors
John Theodore
Jonathan Theodore
Dimitrios Syrrakos
Copyright Year
2017
Book
The European Union and the Eurozone under Stress

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-52291-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-52292-0

Copyright Year: 2017

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52292-0_4