7. Evolution and Extinction

The chapter delves into the evolutionary history of Large Benthic Foraminifera (LBF), tracing their origins back to the Carboniferous period. It discusses the architectural complexity of LBF and how it benefited algal symbiosis, driving their evolutionary success. The text explores significant evolutionary processes such as phyletic gradualism, punctuated equilibria, and parallel and iterative evolutions. It also examines the impact of Paleozoic glacial-interglacial cycles and Paleogene greenhouse-icehouse climates on LBF diversification and extinction. The chapter highlights the importance of studying the functional advantages of morphological traits and the response of different LBF taxa to nutrient and climate change. It further emphasizes the potential impact of global warming and ocean acidification on the present-day diversity of LBF and the critical role of future research in understanding their physiology as holobiont communities for adaptation and resilience.