Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 2/2020

24-07-2019 | Original Paper

Expected wastewater volumes associated with unconventional oil and gas exploitation in South Africa and the management thereof

Authors: R. Williamson, S. Esterhuyse

Published in: Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment | Issue 2/2020

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Unconventional oil and gas (UOG) exploitation may generate large volumes of wastewater, with dire environmental consequences if not properly managed. We systematically reviewed literature, reports, and fracking databases to determine possible volumes of wastewater that may be generated during UOG extraction. We then determined ranges of expected UOG extraction wastewater volumes for different UOG production scenarios in South Africa. Based on the results, we discuss associated wastewater management implications for South Africa, where UOG exploitation is planned in the future. The recommendations emanating from this article are equally important for other countries already extracting UOG resources, or that plan to do so in the future.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
go back to reference Ahmadun F, Alireza P, Luqman CA, Dayang RAB, Sayed SM, Zurina ZA (2009) Review of technologies for oil and gas produced water treatment. J Hazard Mater 170:530–551 Ahmadun F, Alireza P, Luqman CA, Dayang RAB, Sayed SM, Zurina ZA (2009) Review of technologies for oil and gas produced water treatment. J Hazard Mater 170:530–551
go back to reference Alzahrani S, Mohammad AW (2014) Challenges and trends in membrane technology implementation for produced water treatment: a review. J Water Process Eng 4:107–133 Alzahrani S, Mohammad AW (2014) Challenges and trends in membrane technology implementation for produced water treatment: a review. J Water Process Eng 4:107–133
go back to reference Andreasson S (2018) The bubble that got away? Prospects for shale development in South Africa. Extract Ind Soc 5:453–460 Andreasson S (2018) The bubble that got away? Prospects for shale development in South Africa. Extract Ind Soc 5:453–460
go back to reference Atkinson D, Schenk R, Matebesi Z, Badenhorst K, Umejesi I, Pretorius L (2016) Impacts on social fabric. In: Scholes R, Lochner P, Schreiner G, Snyman-Van der Walt L, de Jager M (eds) Shale gas development in the Central Karoo: a scientific assessment of the opportunities and risks. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria Atkinson D, Schenk R, Matebesi Z, Badenhorst K, Umejesi I, Pretorius L (2016) Impacts on social fabric. In: Scholes R, Lochner P, Schreiner G, Snyman-Van der Walt L, de Jager M (eds) Shale gas development in the Central Karoo: a scientific assessment of the opportunities and risks. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria
go back to reference Bai B, Goodwin S, Carlson K (2013) Modeling of frac flowback and produced water volume from Wattenberg oil and gas field. J Pet Sci Eng 108:383–392 Bai B, Goodwin S, Carlson K (2013) Modeling of frac flowback and produced water volume from Wattenberg oil and gas field. J Pet Sci Eng 108:383–392
go back to reference Balashov VN, Engelder T, Gu X, Fantle MS, Brantley SL (2015) A model describing flowback chemistry changes with time after Marcellus Shale hydraulic fracturing. AAPG Bull 99(1):143–154 Balashov VN, Engelder T, Gu X, Fantle MS, Brantley SL (2015) A model describing flowback chemistry changes with time after Marcellus Shale hydraulic fracturing. AAPG Bull 99(1):143–154
go back to reference Barbot E, Vidic NS, Gregory KB, Vidic RD (2013) Spatial and temporal correlation of water quality parameters of produced waters from Devonian-age shale following hydraulic fracturing. Environ Sci Technol 47(6):2562–2569 Barbot E, Vidic NS, Gregory KB, Vidic RD (2013) Spatial and temporal correlation of water quality parameters of produced waters from Devonian-age shale following hydraulic fracturing. Environ Sci Technol 47(6):2562–2569
go back to reference Broderick J, Anderson K, Wood R, Gilbert P, Sharmina M (2011) Shale gas: an updated assessment of environmental and climate change impacts. A report commissioned by The Co-operative and undertaken by researchers at the Tyndall Centre, University of Manchester, available at: http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/shalegasreport Broderick J, Anderson K, Wood R, Gilbert P, Sharmina M (2011) Shale gas: an updated assessment of environmental and climate change impacts. A report commissioned by The Co-operative and undertaken by researchers at the Tyndall Centre, University of Manchester, available at: http://www.​tyndall.​ac.​uk/​shalegasreport
go back to reference Burns M, Atkinson D, Barker O, Davis C, Day L, Dunlop A, Esterhuyse S, Hobbs P, McLachlan I, Neethling H, Rossouw N, Todd S, Snyman-Van der Walt L, Van Huyssteen E, Adams S, de Jager M, Mowzer Z, Scholes R (2016) Scenarios and activities. In: Scholes R, Lochner P, Schreiner G, Snyman-Van der Walt L, de Jager M (eds) Shale gas development in the Central Karoo: a scientific assessment of the opportunities and risks. CSIR/IU/021MH/EXP/2016/003/A, ISBN 978-0-7988-5631-7. CSIR, Pretoria Burns M, Atkinson D, Barker O, Davis C, Day L, Dunlop A, Esterhuyse S, Hobbs P, McLachlan I, Neethling H, Rossouw N, Todd S, Snyman-Van der Walt L, Van Huyssteen E, Adams S, de Jager M, Mowzer Z, Scholes R (2016) Scenarios and activities. In: Scholes R, Lochner P, Schreiner G, Snyman-Van der Walt L, de Jager M (eds) Shale gas development in the Central Karoo: a scientific assessment of the opportunities and risks. CSIR/IU/021MH/EXP/2016/003/A, ISBN 978-0-7988-5631-7. CSIR, Pretoria
go back to reference Clark CE, Veil JA (2009) Produced water volumes and management practices in the United States Rep. Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont Clark CE, Veil JA (2009) Produced water volumes and management practices in the United States Rep. Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont
go back to reference Clark CE, Horner RM, Harto CB (2013) Life cycle water consumption for shale gas and conventional natural gas. Environ Sci Technol 47(20):11,829–11,836 Clark CE, Horner RM, Harto CB (2013) Life cycle water consumption for shale gas and conventional natural gas. Environ Sci Technol 47(20):11,829–11,836
go back to reference Davies R, Foulger G, Bindley A, Styles P (2013) Induced seismicity and hydraulic fracturing for the recovery of hydrocarbons. Mar Pet Geol 45:171–185 Davies R, Foulger G, Bindley A, Styles P (2013) Induced seismicity and hydraulic fracturing for the recovery of hydrocarbons. Mar Pet Geol 45:171–185
go back to reference De Kock MO, Beukes NJ, Adeniyi EO, Cole D, Gotz AE, Geel C, Ossa FG (2017) Deflating the shale gas potential of South Africa’s Main Karoo basin. S Afr J Sci 113(9–10):1–12 De Kock MO, Beukes NJ, Adeniyi EO, Cole D, Gotz AE, Geel C, Ossa FG (2017) Deflating the shale gas potential of South Africa’s Main Karoo basin. S Afr J Sci 113(9–10):1–12
go back to reference Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) (2012) National waste management strategy. GN 344 Government Gazette 35306 of 4 May 2012 Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) (2012) National waste management strategy. GN 344 Government Gazette 35306 of 4 May 2012
go back to reference Department of Science and Technology (DST) (2013) South African waste sector. 2012. An analysis of the formal private and public waste sectors in South Africa. Department of Science and Technology, Pretoria Department of Science and Technology (DST) (2013) South African waste sector. 2012. An analysis of the formal private and public waste sectors in South Africa. Department of Science and Technology, Pretoria
go back to reference Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) (2007) Best Practice Guideline No. H4: Water Treatment. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) (2007) Best Practice Guideline No. H4: Water Treatment. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria
go back to reference Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) (2014) Green Drop Progress report. Department of Water and Sanitation, Pretoria Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) (2014) Green Drop Progress report. Department of Water and Sanitation, Pretoria
go back to reference DiGiulio DC, Wilkin RT, Miller C, Oberley G (2011) Draft: Investigation of groundwater contamination near Pavillion, Wyoming, US. Environmental Protection Agency, Oklahoma DiGiulio DC, Wilkin RT, Miller C, Oberley G (2011) Draft: Investigation of groundwater contamination near Pavillion, Wyoming, US. Environmental Protection Agency, Oklahoma
go back to reference Elbel J, Britt L (2000) Fracture treatment design. In: Economides MJ, Nolte KG (eds) Reservoir stimulation. John Wiley, West Sussex Elbel J, Britt L (2000) Fracture treatment design. In: Economides MJ, Nolte KG (eds) Reservoir stimulation. John Wiley, West Sussex
go back to reference Esterhuyse S, Avenant M, Watson M, Redelinghuys N, Kijko A, Glazewski J, Plit LA, Kemp M, Smit A, Sokolic F, Vos AT (2014) Development of an interactive vulnerability map and monitoring framework to assess the potential environmental impact of unconventional oil and gas extraction by means of hydraulic fracturing. Water Research Commission Report (2149/1) Esterhuyse S, Avenant M, Watson M, Redelinghuys N, Kijko A, Glazewski J, Plit LA, Kemp M, Smit A, Sokolic F, Vos AT (2014) Development of an interactive vulnerability map and monitoring framework to assess the potential environmental impact of unconventional oil and gas extraction by means of hydraulic fracturing. Water Research Commission Report (2149/1)
go back to reference Esterhuyse S, Redelinghuys N, Kemp M (2016b) Unconventional oil and gas extraction in South Africa: water linkages within the population–environment–development nexus and its policy implications. Water Int 41(3):409–425 Esterhuyse S, Redelinghuys N, Kemp M (2016b) Unconventional oil and gas extraction in South Africa: water linkages within the population–environment–development nexus and its policy implications. Water Int 41(3):409–425
go back to reference Estrada JM, Bhamidimarri R (2016) A review of the issues and treatment options for wastewater from shale gas extraction by hydraulic fracturing. Fuel 182:292–303 Estrada JM, Bhamidimarri R (2016) A review of the issues and treatment options for wastewater from shale gas extraction by hydraulic fracturing. Fuel 182:292–303
go back to reference Fakir S, Davies E (2016) The economics of shale gas fracking in the Karoo: what can the American experience teach us. In: Glazewski J, Esterhuyse S (eds) Proposed hydraulic fracturing in the Karoo: critical legal and environmental perspectives (chapter 8). JUTA, Cape Town, pp 164–175 Fakir S, Davies E (2016) The economics of shale gas fracking in the Karoo: what can the American experience teach us. In: Glazewski J, Esterhuyse S (eds) Proposed hydraulic fracturing in the Karoo: critical legal and environmental perspectives (chapter 8). JUTA, Cape Town, pp 164–175
go back to reference Ferrar KJ, Michanowicz DR, Christen CL, Mulcahy N, Malone SL, Sharma RK (2013) Assessment of effluent contaminants from three facilities discharging Marcellus Shale wastewater to surface waters in Pennsylvania. Environ Sci Technol 47(7):3472–3481 Ferrar KJ, Michanowicz DR, Christen CL, Mulcahy N, Malone SL, Sharma RK (2013) Assessment of effluent contaminants from three facilities discharging Marcellus Shale wastewater to surface waters in Pennsylvania. Environ Sci Technol 47(7):3472–3481
go back to reference Finkel ML, Hays J (2013) The implications of unconventional drilling for natural gas: a global public health concern. Public Health 127(10):889–893 Finkel ML, Hays J (2013) The implications of unconventional drilling for natural gas: a global public health concern. Public Health 127(10):889–893
go back to reference Gallegos TJ, Varela BA (2015) Trends in hydraulic fracturing distributions and treatment fluids, additives, proppants, and water volumes applied to wells drilled in the United States from 1947 through 2010—data analysis and comparison to the literature: US Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5131, 15p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145131 Gallegos TJ, Varela BA (2015) Trends in hydraulic fracturing distributions and treatment fluids, additives, proppants, and water volumes applied to wells drilled in the United States from 1947 through 2010—data analysis and comparison to the literature: US Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5131, 15p., https://​doi.​org/​10.​3133/​sir20145131
go back to reference Grant L, Chrisholm A (2014) Shale gas and water: an independent review of shale gas exploration and exploitation in the UK with a particular focus on the implications for the water environment. The Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management (CIWEM). Available at: http://www.ciwem.org/shalegas Grant L, Chrisholm A (2014) Shale gas and water: an independent review of shale gas exploration and exploitation in the UK with a particular focus on the implications for the water environment. The Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management (CIWEM). Available at: http://​www.​ciwem.​org/​shalegas
go back to reference Gregory KB, Vidic RD, Dzombak DA (2011) Water management challenges associated with the production of shale gas by hydraulic fracturing. Elements 7(3):181–186 Gregory KB, Vidic RD, Dzombak DA (2011) Water management challenges associated with the production of shale gas by hydraulic fracturing. Elements 7(3):181–186
go back to reference Grout CG, Grimshaw TW (2012) Fact-based regulation for environmental protection in shale gas development. Energy Institute, University of Texas, Austin Grout CG, Grimshaw TW (2012) Fact-based regulation for environmental protection in shale gas development. Energy Institute, University of Texas, Austin
go back to reference Hammer R, VanBriesen J (2012) In fracking’s wake: new rules are needed to protect our health and environment from contaminated waste water. NRDC Document, May 2012 D:12-05-A. NRDC, New York Hammer R, VanBriesen J (2012) In fracking’s wake: new rules are needed to protect our health and environment from contaminated waste water. NRDC Document, May 2012 D:12-05-A. NRDC, New York
go back to reference Holditch SA (2007) Hydraulic fracturing. In: Clegg JD (ed) Petroleum engineering handbook. Production operations engineering, vol. IV, chap. 8. Society of Petroleum Engineers, Richardson, pp 323–366 Holditch SA (2007) Hydraulic fracturing. In: Clegg JD (ed) Petroleum engineering handbook. Production operations engineering, vol. IV, chap. 8. Society of Petroleum Engineers, Richardson, pp 323–366
go back to reference Jackson RB, Vengosh A, Carey JW, Davies RJ, Darrah TH, O'Sullivan F, Petron G (2014) The environmental costs and benefits of fracking. Annu Rev Environ Resour 39:327–367 Jackson RB, Vengosh A, Carey JW, Davies RJ, Darrah TH, O'Sullivan F, Petron G (2014) The environmental costs and benefits of fracking. Annu Rev Environ Resour 39:327–367
go back to reference Kahrilas GA, Blotevogel J, Stewart PS, Borch T (2015) Biocides in hydraulic fracturing fluids: a critical review of their usage, mobility, degradation, and toxicity. Environ Sci Technol 49(1):16–32 Kahrilas GA, Blotevogel J, Stewart PS, Borch T (2015) Biocides in hydraulic fracturing fluids: a critical review of their usage, mobility, degradation, and toxicity. Environ Sci Technol 49(1):16–32
go back to reference Kargbo DM, Wilhelm RG, Campbell DJ (2010) Natural gas plays in the Marcellus Shale: challenges and potential opportunities. Environ Sci Technol 44:5679–5684 Kargbo DM, Wilhelm RG, Campbell DJ (2010) Natural gas plays in the Marcellus Shale: challenges and potential opportunities. Environ Sci Technol 44:5679–5684
go back to reference Kausley SB, Malhotra CP, Pandit AB (2017) Treatment and reuse of shale gas wastewater: electrocoagulation system for enhanced removal of organic contamination and scale causing divalent cations. J Water Proc Eng 16:149–162 Kausley SB, Malhotra CP, Pandit AB (2017) Treatment and reuse of shale gas wastewater: electrocoagulation system for enhanced removal of organic contamination and scale causing divalent cations. J Water Proc Eng 16:149–162
go back to reference Keranen KM, Savage HM, Abers GA, Cochran ES (2013) Potentially induced earthquakes in Oklahoma, USA: links between wastewater injection and the 2011 Mw 5.7 earthquake sequence. Geology 41(6):699–702 Keranen KM, Savage HM, Abers GA, Cochran ES (2013) Potentially induced earthquakes in Oklahoma, USA: links between wastewater injection and the 2011 Mw 5.7 earthquake sequence. Geology 41(6):699–702
go back to reference Kijko AN, Kahle B, Smit A, Esterhuyse S, Glazewski J (2016) Hydraulic fracturing, wastewater pumping and seismicity. In: Glazewski J, Esterhuyse S (eds) Proposed hydraulic fracturing in the Karoo: critical legal and environmental perspectives (chapter 13). JUTA, Cape Town, pp 264–277 Kijko AN, Kahle B, Smit A, Esterhuyse S, Glazewski J (2016) Hydraulic fracturing, wastewater pumping and seismicity. In: Glazewski J, Esterhuyse S (eds) Proposed hydraulic fracturing in the Karoo: critical legal and environmental perspectives (chapter 13). JUTA, Cape Town, pp 264–277
go back to reference Kondash AJ, Vengosh A (2015) Water footprint of hydraulic fracturing. Environ Sci Technol Lett 2(10):276–280 Kondash AJ, Vengosh A (2015) Water footprint of hydraulic fracturing. Environ Sci Technol Lett 2(10):276–280
go back to reference Kondash AJ, Albright E, Vengosh A (2016) Quantity of flowback and produced waters from unconventional oil and gas exploration. Sci Total Environ 574:314–321 Kondash AJ, Albright E, Vengosh A (2016) Quantity of flowback and produced waters from unconventional oil and gas exploration. Sci Total Environ 574:314–321
go back to reference Koppelman B, Walker A, Woods E (2012) Shale gas extraction in the UK: a review of hydraulic fracturing. The Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering, Plymouth Koppelman B, Walker A, Woods E (2012) Shale gas extraction in the UK: a review of hydraulic fracturing. The Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering, Plymouth
go back to reference Lauer NE, Harkness JS, Vengosh A (2016) Brine spills associated with unconventional oil development in North Dakota. Environ Sci Technol 50(10):5389–5397 Lauer NE, Harkness JS, Vengosh A (2016) Brine spills associated with unconventional oil development in North Dakota. Environ Sci Technol 50(10):5389–5397
go back to reference Lutz BD, Lewis AN, Doyle MW (2013) Generation, transport, and disposal of wastewater associated with Marcellus Shale gas development. Water Resour Res 49:647–656 Lutz BD, Lewis AN, Doyle MW (2013) Generation, transport, and disposal of wastewater associated with Marcellus Shale gas development. Water Resour Res 49:647–656
go back to reference Mantell ME (2011) Produced water reuse and recycling challenges and opportunities across Major Shale Plays. Paper Presented at EPA Hydraulic Fracturing Study Technical Workshop #4 Water Resources Management, March 29–30 Mantell ME (2011) Produced water reuse and recycling challenges and opportunities across Major Shale Plays. Paper Presented at EPA Hydraulic Fracturing Study Technical Workshop #4 Water Resources Management, March 29–30
go back to reference Maule AL, Makey CM, Benson EB, Burrows IJ, Scammell MK (2013) Disclosure of hydraulic fracturing fluid chemical additives: analysis of regulations. New Solut 23(1):167–187 Maule AL, Makey CM, Benson EB, Burrows IJ, Scammell MK (2013) Disclosure of hydraulic fracturing fluid chemical additives: analysis of regulations. New Solut 23(1):167–187
go back to reference McLaughlin MC, Borch T, Blotevogel J (2016) Spills of hydraulic fracturing chemicals on agricultural topsoil: biodegradation, sorption, and co-contaminant interactions. Environ Sci Technol 50(11):6071–6078 McLaughlin MC, Borch T, Blotevogel J (2016) Spills of hydraulic fracturing chemicals on agricultural topsoil: biodegradation, sorption, and co-contaminant interactions. Environ Sci Technol 50(11):6071–6078
go back to reference Mohammad J, Mohammad J, Siavash A (2014) Reservoir evaluation in undersaturated oil reservoirs using modern production data analysis; a simulation study. Sci Int 26(3):1089–1094 Mohammad J, Mohammad J, Siavash A (2014) Reservoir evaluation in undersaturated oil reservoirs using modern production data analysis; a simulation study. Sci Int 26(3):1089–1094
go back to reference Mohan AM, Hartsock A, Bibby KJ, Hammack RW, Vidic RD, Gregory KB (2013) Microbial community changes in hydraulic fracturing fluids and produced water from shale gas extraction. Environ Sci Technol 47(22):13141–13150 Mohan AM, Hartsock A, Bibby KJ, Hammack RW, Vidic RD, Gregory KB (2013) Microbial community changes in hydraulic fracturing fluids and produced water from shale gas extraction. Environ Sci Technol 47(22):13141–13150
go back to reference Murray KE (2013) State-scale perspective on water use and production associated with oil and gas operations, Oklahoma, US. Environ Sci Technol 47:4918–4925 Murray KE (2013) State-scale perspective on water use and production associated with oil and gas operations, Oklahoma, US. Environ Sci Technol 47:4918–4925
go back to reference New York State Department of Environmental conservation (NYSDEC) (2015) Final supplemental generic environmental impact statement on the oil, gas and solution mining regulatory program: regulatory program for horizontal drilling and high-volume hydraulic fracturing to develop the Marcellus Shale and other low-permeability gas reservoirs New York State Department of Environmental conservation (NYSDEC) (2015) Final supplemental generic environmental impact statement on the oil, gas and solution mining regulatory program: regulatory program for horizontal drilling and high-volume hydraulic fracturing to develop the Marcellus Shale and other low-permeability gas reservoirs
go back to reference Nicot JP, Scanlon BR (2012) Water use for shale-gas production in Texas, US. Environ Sci Technol 46(6):3580–3586 Nicot JP, Scanlon BR (2012) Water use for shale-gas production in Texas, US. Environ Sci Technol 46(6):3580–3586
go back to reference Nicot JP, Scanlon BR, Reedy RC, Costley RA (2014) Source and fate of hydraulic fracturing water in the Barnett shale: a historical perspective. Environ Sci Technol 48(20):2464–2471 Nicot JP, Scanlon BR, Reedy RC, Costley RA (2014) Source and fate of hydraulic fracturing water in the Barnett shale: a historical perspective. Environ Sci Technol 48(20):2464–2471
go back to reference Oelofse S, Schoonraad J, Baldwin D (2016) Impacts on waste planning and management. In: Scholes R, Lochner P, Schreiner G, Snyman-Van der Walt L, de Jager M (eds) Shale gas development in the Central Karoo: a scientific assessment of the opportunities and risks. CSIR/IU/021MH/EXP/2016/003/A, ISBN 978–0–7988-5631-7. CSIR, Pretoria. Available at http://seasgd.csir.co.za/scientific-assessment-chapters/ Oelofse S, Schoonraad J, Baldwin D (2016) Impacts on waste planning and management. In: Scholes R, Lochner P, Schreiner G, Snyman-Van der Walt L, de Jager M (eds) Shale gas development in the Central Karoo: a scientific assessment of the opportunities and risks. CSIR/IU/021MH/EXP/2016/003/A, ISBN 978–0–7988-5631-7. CSIR, Pretoria. Available at http://​seasgd.​csir.​co.​za/​scientific-assessment-chapters/​
go back to reference Rahm BG, Riha SJ (2012) Toward strategic management of shale gas development: regional, collective impacts on water resources. Environ Sci Pol 17:12–23 Rahm BG, Riha SJ (2012) Toward strategic management of shale gas development: regional, collective impacts on water resources. Environ Sci Pol 17:12–23
go back to reference Rahm BG, Bates JT, Bertoia LR, Galford AE, Yoxtheimer DA, Riha SJ (2013) Wastewater management and Marcellus Shale gas development: trends, drivers, and planning implications. J Environ Manag 120:105–113 Rahm BG, Bates JT, Bertoia LR, Galford AE, Yoxtheimer DA, Riha SJ (2013) Wastewater management and Marcellus Shale gas development: trends, drivers, and planning implications. J Environ Manag 120:105–113
go back to reference Republic of South Africa (RSA) (2015) Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act, 2002 (Act 28 of 2002): regulations for petroleum exploration and production. Government Gazette 38855, Regulation 466 of 3 June 2015 Republic of South Africa (RSA) (2015) Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act, 2002 (Act 28 of 2002): regulations for petroleum exploration and production. Government Gazette 38855, Regulation 466 of 3 June 2015
go back to reference Ridlington E, Norman K, Richardson R (2016) Fracking by the numbers: the damage to our water, land and climate from a decade of dirty drilling. Environment America Research & Policy Center, April 2016 Ridlington E, Norman K, Richardson R (2016) Fracking by the numbers: the damage to our water, land and climate from a decade of dirty drilling. Environment America Research & Policy Center, April 2016
go back to reference Rubinstein JL, Mahani AB (2015) Myths and facts on wastewater injection, hydraulic fracturing, enhanced oil recovery, and induced seismicity. Seismol Res Lett 86:1060–1067 Rubinstein JL, Mahani AB (2015) Myths and facts on wastewater injection, hydraulic fracturing, enhanced oil recovery, and induced seismicity. Seismol Res Lett 86:1060–1067
go back to reference Scanlon BR, Reedy RC, Nicot JP (2014a) Comparison of water use for hydraulic fracturing for shale oil and gas versus conventional oil. Environ Sci Technol 48:12386–12393 Scanlon BR, Reedy RC, Nicot JP (2014a) Comparison of water use for hydraulic fracturing for shale oil and gas versus conventional oil. Environ Sci Technol 48:12386–12393
go back to reference Scholes R, Lochner P, Schreiner G, Snyman-Van der Walt L, de Jager M (eds) (2016) Shale gas development in the Central Karoo: a scientific assessment of the opportunities and risks. CSIR/IU/021MH/EXP/2016/003/A, ISBN 978-0-7988-5631-7. CSIR, Pretoria Scholes R, Lochner P, Schreiner G, Snyman-Van der Walt L, de Jager M (eds) (2016) Shale gas development in the Central Karoo: a scientific assessment of the opportunities and risks. CSIR/IU/021MH/EXP/2016/003/A, ISBN 978-0-7988-5631-7. CSIR, Pretoria
go back to reference Shaffer DL, Arias Chavez LH, Ben-Sasson M, Castrilloín SRV, Yip NY, Elimelech M (2013) Desalination and reuse of high-salinity shale gas produced water: drivers, technologies, and future directions. Environ Sci Technol 47:9569–9583 Shaffer DL, Arias Chavez LH, Ben-Sasson M, Castrilloín SRV, Yip NY, Elimelech M (2013) Desalination and reuse of high-salinity shale gas produced water: drivers, technologies, and future directions. Environ Sci Technol 47:9569–9583
go back to reference Soeder DJ, Kappel WM (2009) Water resources and natural gas production from the Marcellus Shale, fact sheet 2009–3032, 6 pp., US Geol Surv, Baltimore Soeder DJ, Kappel WM (2009) Water resources and natural gas production from the Marcellus Shale, fact sheet 2009–3032, 6 pp., US Geol Surv, Baltimore
go back to reference United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) (2015) Assessment of the potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing for oil and gas on drinking water resources (external review draft). US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC EPA/600/R-15/047 United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) (2015) Assessment of the potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing for oil and gas on drinking water resources (external review draft). US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC EPA/600/R-15/047
go back to reference Valko PP (2009) Assigning value to stimulation in the Barnett Shale: a simultaneous analysis of 7000 plus production histories and well completion records. Paper Presented at SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference, The Woodlands, TX Valko PP (2009) Assigning value to stimulation in the Barnett Shale: a simultaneous analysis of 7000 plus production histories and well completion records. Paper Presented at SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference, The Woodlands, TX
go back to reference Van Baalen S (2014) Investigating capacity self-assessment as a catalyst for improved municipal service delivery. Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Engineering Management in the Faculty of Engineering at Stellenbosch University, February 2014 Van Baalen S (2014) Investigating capacity self-assessment as a catalyst for improved municipal service delivery. Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Engineering Management in the Faculty of Engineering at Stellenbosch University, February 2014
go back to reference Veil JA (2010) Options for management of produced water. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 74(12):A1078–A1078 Veil JA (2010) Options for management of produced water. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 74(12):A1078–A1078
go back to reference Veil JA (2015) Produced water volumes and management practices in 2012. Report Prepared for the Groundwater Protection Council Veil JA (2015) Produced water volumes and management practices in 2012. Report Prepared for the Groundwater Protection Council
go back to reference Vengosh A, Jackson RB, Warner NR, Darrah TH, Kondash AJ (2014) A critical review of the risks to water resources from unconventional shale gas development and hydraulic fracturing in the United States. Environ Sci Technol 48:8334–8348 Vengosh A, Jackson RB, Warner NR, Darrah TH, Kondash AJ (2014) A critical review of the risks to water resources from unconventional shale gas development and hydraulic fracturing in the United States. Environ Sci Technol 48:8334–8348
go back to reference Wang F, Zhang S (2014) Production analysis of multi-stage hydraulically fractured horizontal wells in tight gas reservoirs. J Geogr Geol 6(4):58–67 Wang F, Zhang S (2014) Production analysis of multi-stage hydraulically fractured horizontal wells in tight gas reservoirs. J Geogr Geol 6(4):58–67
go back to reference Weible CM, Heikkila T, Carter DP (2017) An institutional and opinion analysis of Colorado’s hydraulic fracturing disclosure policy. J Environ Policy Plan 19(2):115–134 Weible CM, Heikkila T, Carter DP (2017) An institutional and opinion analysis of Colorado’s hydraulic fracturing disclosure policy. J Environ Policy Plan 19(2):115–134
go back to reference Yoxtheimer D (2010) Water treatment solutions for Marcellus natural gas development. In: Proceedings of Legislative Information Session, 29 August, 2010, Pennsylvania State University Yoxtheimer D (2010) Water treatment solutions for Marcellus natural gas development. In: Proceedings of Legislative Information Session, 29 August, 2010, Pennsylvania State University
go back to reference Ziemkiewicz PF, Quaranta JD, Darnell A, Wise R (2014) Exposure pathways related to shale gas development and procedures for reducing environmental and public risk. J Nat Gas Sci Eng 16:77–84 Ziemkiewicz PF, Quaranta JD, Darnell A, Wise R (2014) Exposure pathways related to shale gas development and procedures for reducing environmental and public risk. J Nat Gas Sci Eng 16:77–84
go back to reference Zou C, Zhao Q, Dong D, Yang Z, Qiu Z, Liang F, Wang N, Huang Y, Duan A, Zhang Q, Hu Z (2017) Geological characteristics, main challenges and future prospect of shale gas. J Nat Gas Geosci 2(5–6):273–288 Zou C, Zhao Q, Dong D, Yang Z, Qiu Z, Liang F, Wang N, Huang Y, Duan A, Zhang Q, Hu Z (2017) Geological characteristics, main challenges and future prospect of shale gas. J Nat Gas Geosci 2(5–6):273–288
Metadata
Title
Expected wastewater volumes associated with unconventional oil and gas exploitation in South Africa and the management thereof
Authors
R. Williamson
S. Esterhuyse
Publication date
24-07-2019
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment / Issue 2/2020
Print ISSN: 1435-9529
Electronic ISSN: 1435-9537
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01579-y

Other articles of this Issue 2/2020

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 2/2020 Go to the issue