Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Software and Systems Modeling 5/2021

05-07-2020 | Special Section Paper

Exploring how users engage with hybrid process artifacts based on declarative process models: a behavioral analysis based on eye-tracking and think-aloud

Authors: Amine Abbad Andaloussi, Francesca Zerbato, Andrea Burattin, Tijs Slaats, Thomas T. Hildebrandt, Barbara Weber

Published in: Software and Systems Modeling | Issue 5/2021

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Process design artifacts have been increasingly used to guide the modeling of business processes. To support users in designing and understanding process models, different process artifacts have been combined in several ways leading to the emergence of the so-called “hybrid process artifacts”. While many hybrid artifacts have been proposed in the literature, little is known about how they can actually support users in practice. To address this gap, this work investigates the way users engage with hybrid process artifacts during comprehension tasks. In particular, we focus on a hybrid representation of DCR Graphs (DCR-HR) combining a process model, textual annotations and an interactive simulation. Following a qualitative approach, we conduct a multi-granular analysis exploiting process mining, eye-tracking techniques, and verbal data analysis to scrutinize the reading patterns and the strategies adopted by users when being confronted with DCR-HR. The findings of the coarse-grained analysis provide important insights about the behavior of domain experts and IT specialists and show how user’s background and task type change the use of hybrid process artifacts. As for the fine-grained analysis, user’s behavior was classified into goal-directed and exploratory and different strategies of using the interactive simulation were identified. In addition, a progressive switch from an exploratory behavior to a goal-directed behavior was observed. These insights pave the way for an improved development of hybrid process artifacts and delineate several directions for future work.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
1.
go back to reference Hevner Von Alan, R., March, S.T., Park, J., Ram, S.: Design science in information systems research. MIS Q. 28(1), 75–105 (2004)CrossRef Hevner Von Alan, R., March, S.T., Park, J., Ram, S.: Design science in information systems research. MIS Q. 28(1), 75–105 (2004)CrossRef
2.
go back to reference Dengler, F., Vrandečić, D.: Wiki-Based Maturing of Process Descriptions, pp. 313–328 (2011) Dengler, F., Vrandečić, D.: Wiki-Based Maturing of Process Descriptions, pp. 313–328 (2011)
3.
go back to reference Pinggera, J., Porcham, T., Zugal, S., Weber, B.: LiProMo-Literate process modeling. In: CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 855, pp. 163–170 (2012) Pinggera, J., Porcham, T., Zugal, S., Weber, B.: LiProMo-Literate process modeling. In: CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 855, pp. 163–170 (2012)
4.
go back to reference Zugal, S., Pinggera, J., Weber, B.: Creating declarative process models using test driven modeling suite. In: Nurcan, S. (ed.) IS Olympics: Information Systems in a Diverse World, pp. 16–32. Springer, Berlin (2012) Zugal, S., Pinggera, J., Weber, B.: Creating declarative process models using test driven modeling suite. In: Nurcan, S. (ed.) IS Olympics: Information Systems in a Diverse World, pp. 16–32. Springer, Berlin (2012)
5.
go back to reference Zugal, S., Pinggera, J., Weber, B.: Toward enhanced life-cycle support for declarative processes. J. Softw. Evol. Process 24(3), 285–302 (2012)CrossRef Zugal, S., Pinggera, J., Weber, B.: Toward enhanced life-cycle support for declarative processes. J. Softw. Evol. Process 24(3), 285–302 (2012)CrossRef
6.
go back to reference De Smedt, J., De Weerdt, J., Serral, E., Vanthienen, J.: Improving understandability of declarative process models by revealing hidden dependencies. In: Nurcan, S., Soffer, P., Bajec, M., Eder, J. (eds.) Advanced Information Systems Engineering, pp. 83–98. Springer, Cham (2016)CrossRef De Smedt, J., De Weerdt, J., Serral, E., Vanthienen, J.: Improving understandability of declarative process models by revealing hidden dependencies. In: Nurcan, S., Soffer, P., Bajec, M., Eder, J. (eds.) Advanced Information Systems Engineering, pp. 83–98. Springer, Cham (2016)CrossRef
7.
go back to reference De Smedt, J., De Weerdt, J., Serral, E., Vanthienen, J.: Discovering hidden dependencies in constraint-based declarative process models for improving understandability. Inf. Syst. 74, 40–52 (2018)CrossRef De Smedt, J., De Weerdt, J., Serral, E., Vanthienen, J.: Discovering hidden dependencies in constraint-based declarative process models for improving understandability. Inf. Syst. 74, 40–52 (2018)CrossRef
8.
go back to reference López, H.A., Debois, S., Hildebrandt, T.T., Marquard, M.: The process highlighter: from texts to declarative processes and back. In: BPM (Dissertation/Demos/Industry), pp. 66–70 (2018) López, H.A., Debois, S., Hildebrandt, T.T., Marquard, M.: The process highlighter: from texts to declarative processes and back. In: BPM (Dissertation/Demos/Industry), pp. 66–70 (2018)
9.
go back to reference Andaloussi, A.A., Buch-Lorentsen, J., López, H.A., Slaats, T., Weber, B.: Exploring the modeling of declarative processes using a hybrid approach. In: Laender, A.H.F., Pernici, B., Lim, E.-P., de Oliveira, J.P.M. (eds.) Conceptual Modeling, pp. 162–170. Springer, Cham (2019)CrossRef Andaloussi, A.A., Buch-Lorentsen, J., López, H.A., Slaats, T., Weber, B.: Exploring the modeling of declarative processes using a hybrid approach. In: Laender, A.H.F., Pernici, B., Lim, E.-P., de Oliveira, J.P.M. (eds.) Conceptual Modeling, pp. 162–170. Springer, Cham (2019)CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Andaloussi, A.A., Burattin, A., Slaats, T., Petersen, A.C.M., Hildebrandt, T.T., Weber, B.: Exploring the understandability of a hybrid process design artifact based on DCR graphs. In: Reinhartz-Berger, I., Zdravkovic, J., Gulden, J., Schmidt, R. (eds.) Enterprise, Business-Process and Information Systems Modeling, pp. 69–84. Springer, Cham (2019)CrossRef Andaloussi, A.A., Burattin, A., Slaats, T., Petersen, A.C.M., Hildebrandt, T.T., Weber, B.: Exploring the understandability of a hybrid process design artifact based on DCR graphs. In: Reinhartz-Berger, I., Zdravkovic, J., Gulden, J., Schmidt, R. (eds.) Enterprise, Business-Process and Information Systems Modeling, pp. 69–84. Springer, Cham (2019)CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Andaloussi, A.A., Burattin, A., Slaats, T., Kindler, E., Weber, B.: On the declarative paradigm in hybrid business process representations: a conceptual framework and a systematic literature study. Inf. Syst. 91, 101505 (2020)CrossRef Andaloussi, A.A., Burattin, A., Slaats, T., Kindler, E., Weber, B.: On the declarative paradigm in hybrid business process representations: a conceptual framework and a systematic literature study. Inf. Syst. 91, 101505 (2020)CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Reichert, M., Weber, B.: Enabling Flexibility in Process-Aware Information Systems. Springer, Berlin (2012)MATHCrossRef Reichert, M., Weber, B.: Enabling Flexibility in Process-Aware Information Systems. Springer, Berlin (2012)MATHCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Zugal, S., Pinggera, J., Weber, B.: The impact of testcases on the maintainability of declarative process models. In: Halpin, T., Nurcan, S., Krogstie, J., Soffer, P., Proper, E., Schmidt, R., Bider, I. (eds.) Enterprise, Business-Process and Information Systems Modeling, pp. 163–177. Springer, Berlin (2011)CrossRef Zugal, S., Pinggera, J., Weber, B.: The impact of testcases on the maintainability of declarative process models. In: Halpin, T., Nurcan, S., Krogstie, J., Soffer, P., Proper, E., Schmidt, R., Bider, I. (eds.) Enterprise, Business-Process and Information Systems Modeling, pp. 163–177. Springer, Berlin (2011)CrossRef
14.
go back to reference De Smedt, J., De Weerdt, J., Vanthienen, J., Poels, G.: Mixed-paradigm process modeling with intertwined state spaces. Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng. 58(1), 19–29 (2016)CrossRef De Smedt, J., De Weerdt, J., Vanthienen, J., Poels, G.: Mixed-paradigm process modeling with intertwined state spaces. Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng. 58(1), 19–29 (2016)CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Pesic, M., Schonenberg, H., van der Aalst, W.M.P.: DECLARE: full support for loosely-structured processes. In: 11th IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference (EDOC 2007), pp. 287–287. IEEE (2007) Pesic, M., Schonenberg, H., van der Aalst, W.M.P.: DECLARE: full support for loosely-structured processes. In: 11th IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference (EDOC 2007), pp. 287–287. IEEE (2007)
16.
go back to reference Debois, S., Hildebrandt, T., Marquard, M., Slaats, T.: Hybrid process technologies in the financial sector. In: Proceedings of the Industry Track at the 13th International Conference on Business Process Management 2015, vol. 4, pp. 107–119 (2015) Debois, S., Hildebrandt, T., Marquard, M., Slaats, T.: Hybrid process technologies in the financial sector. In: Proceedings of the Industry Track at the 13th International Conference on Business Process Management 2015, vol. 4, pp. 107–119 (2015)
17.
go back to reference Hildebrandt, T.T., Mukkamala, R.R.: Declarative event-based workflow as distributed dynamic condition response graphs. Electron. Proc. Theor. Comput. Sci. 69, 59–73 (2011)CrossRef Hildebrandt, T.T., Mukkamala, R.R.: Declarative event-based workflow as distributed dynamic condition response graphs. Electron. Proc. Theor. Comput. Sci. 69, 59–73 (2011)CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Marquard, M., Shahzad, M., Slaats, T.: Web-based modelling and collaborative simulation of declarative processes. In: Motahari-Nezhad, H.R., Recker, J., Weidlich, M. (eds.) Business Process Management, pp. 209–225. Springer, Cham (2016) Marquard, M., Shahzad, M., Slaats, T.: Web-based modelling and collaborative simulation of declarative processes. In: Motahari-Nezhad, H.R., Recker, J., Weidlich, M. (eds.) Business Process Management, pp. 209–225. Springer, Cham (2016)
19.
go back to reference Holmqvist, K., Nyström, M., Andersson, R., Dewhurst, R., Jarodzka, H., van de Weijer, J.: Eye Tracking: A Comprehensive Guide to Methods and Measures. OUP, Oxford (2011) Holmqvist, K., Nyström, M., Andersson, R., Dewhurst, R., Jarodzka, H., van de Weijer, J.: Eye Tracking: A Comprehensive Guide to Methods and Measures. OUP, Oxford (2011)
20.
go back to reference Bergstrom, J.R., Schall, A.: Eye Tracking in User Experience Design. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2014) Bergstrom, J.R., Schall, A.: Eye Tracking in User Experience Design. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2014)
21.
go back to reference Buscher, G., Dengel, A., Biedert, R., Elst, L.V.: Attentive documents: eye tracking as implicit feedback for information retrieval and beyond. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. (TiiS) 1(2), 9 (2012) Buscher, G., Dengel, A., Biedert, R., Elst, L.V.: Attentive documents: eye tracking as implicit feedback for information retrieval and beyond. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. (TiiS) 1(2), 9 (2012)
22.
go back to reference Van Der Aalst, W.M.P.: Process Mining: Discovery, Conformance, and Enhancement of Business Processes. Springer, Berlin (2010)MATH Van Der Aalst, W.M.P.: Process Mining: Discovery, Conformance, and Enhancement of Business Processes. Springer, Berlin (2010)MATH
23.
go back to reference Blascheck, T., Kurzhals, K., Raschke, M., Burch, M., Weiskopf, D., Ertl, T.: Visualization of eye tracking data: a taxonomy and survey. In: Computer Graphics Forum, vol. 36, pages 260–284. Wiley Online Library, London (2017) Blascheck, T., Kurzhals, K., Raschke, M., Burch, M., Weiskopf, D., Ertl, T.: Visualization of eye tracking data: a taxonomy and survey. In: Computer Graphics Forum, vol. 36, pages 260–284. Wiley Online Library, London (2017)
24.
go back to reference Janiszewski, C.: The influence of display characteristics on visual exploratory search behavior. J. Consum. Res. 25(3), 290–301 (1998)CrossRef Janiszewski, C.: The influence of display characteristics on visual exploratory search behavior. J. Consum. Res. 25(3), 290–301 (1998)CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Pfeiffer, J., Meißner, M., Prosiegel, J., Pfeiffer, T.: Classification of goal-directed search and exploratory search using mobile eye-tracking. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems (2014) Pfeiffer, J., Meißner, M., Prosiegel, J., Pfeiffer, T.: Classification of goal-directed search and exploratory search using mobile eye-tracking. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems (2014)
26.
go back to reference Maalej, W., Nayebi, M., Johann, T., Ruhe, G.: Toward data-driven requirements engineering. IEEE Softw. 33(1), 48–54 (2016)CrossRef Maalej, W., Nayebi, M., Johann, T., Ruhe, G.: Toward data-driven requirements engineering. IEEE Softw. 33(1), 48–54 (2016)CrossRef
27.
go back to reference Slaats, T.: Declarative and hybrid process discovery: recent advances and open challenges. J. Data Semant. 9, 1–18 (2020)CrossRef Slaats, T.: Declarative and hybrid process discovery: recent advances and open challenges. J. Data Semant. 9, 1–18 (2020)CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Pesic, M.: Constraint-based workflow management systems: shifting control to users. Ph.D. thesis, TU Eindhoven (2008) Pesic, M.: Constraint-based workflow management systems: shifting control to users. Ph.D. thesis, TU Eindhoven (2008)
29.
go back to reference Fahland, D., Lübke, D., Mendling, J., Reijers, H., Weber, B., Weidlich, M., Zugal, S.: Declarative versus imperative process modeling languages: the issue of understandability. In: Proceedings of EMMSAD, pp. 353–366. Springer, Berlin (2009) Fahland, D., Lübke, D., Mendling, J., Reijers, H., Weber, B., Weidlich, M., Zugal, S.: Declarative versus imperative process modeling languages: the issue of understandability. In: Proceedings of EMMSAD, pp. 353–366. Springer, Berlin (2009)
30.
go back to reference Fahland, D., Mendling, J., Reijers, H.A., Weber, B., Weidlich, M., Zugal, S.: Declarative versus imperative process modeling languages: the issue of maintainability. In: Rinderle-Ma, S., Sadiq, S., Leymann, F. (eds.) Business Process Management Workshops, pp. 477–488. Springer, Berlin (2010)CrossRef Fahland, D., Mendling, J., Reijers, H.A., Weber, B., Weidlich, M., Zugal, S.: Declarative versus imperative process modeling languages: the issue of maintainability. In: Rinderle-Ma, S., Sadiq, S., Leymann, F. (eds.) Business Process Management Workshops, pp. 477–488. Springer, Berlin (2010)CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Miller, G.A.: The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychol. Rev. 63(2), 81 (1956)CrossRef Miller, G.A.: The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychol. Rev. 63(2), 81 (1956)CrossRef
32.
go back to reference Debois, Søren, Hildebrandt, T., Marquard, M., Slaats, T.: Bridging the valley of death: a success story on danish funding schemes paving a path from technology readiness level 1 to 9. In: Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Software Engineering Research and Industrial Practice, Piscataway, NJ, USA, pp. 54–57. IEEE Press (2015) Debois, Søren, Hildebrandt, T., Marquard, M., Slaats, T.: Bridging the valley of death: a success story on danish funding schemes paving a path from technology readiness level 1 to 9. In: Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Software Engineering Research and Industrial Practice, Piscataway, NJ, USA, pp. 54–57. IEEE Press (2015)
33.
go back to reference Slaats, T.: Flexible process notations for cross-organizational case management systems. Ph.D. thesis, IT University of Copenhagen (2015) Slaats, T.: Flexible process notations for cross-organizational case management systems. Ph.D. thesis, IT University of Copenhagen (2015)
34.
go back to reference Debois, S., Hildebrandt, T.T., Marquard, M., Slaats, T.: The DCR graphs process portal. In: BPM (Demos), pp. 7–11 (2016) Debois, S., Hildebrandt, T.T., Marquard, M., Slaats, T.: The DCR graphs process portal. In: BPM (Demos), pp. 7–11 (2016)
35.
go back to reference Kurzhals, K., Fisher, B., Burch, M., Weiskopf, D.: Eye tracking evaluation of visual analytics. Inf. Vis. 15(4), 340–358 (2016)CrossRef Kurzhals, K., Fisher, B., Burch, M., Weiskopf, D.: Eye tracking evaluation of visual analytics. Inf. Vis. 15(4), 340–358 (2016)CrossRef
36.
go back to reference Holmqvist, K., Nyström, M., Mulvey, F.: Eye tracker data quality: what it is and how to measure it. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications, pp. 45–52. ACM, London (2012) Holmqvist, K., Nyström, M., Mulvey, F.: Eye tracker data quality: what it is and how to measure it. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications, pp. 45–52. ACM, London (2012)
37.
go back to reference Gulden, J., Burattin, A., Andaloussi, A.A., Weber, B.: From analytical purposes to data visualizations: a decision process guided by a conceptual framework and eye tracking. Softw. Syst. Model. 19, 531–554 (2020)CrossRef Gulden, J., Burattin, A., Andaloussi, A.A., Weber, B.: From analytical purposes to data visualizations: a decision process guided by a conceptual framework and eye tracking. Softw. Syst. Model. 19, 531–554 (2020)CrossRef
38.
go back to reference Kurzhals, K., Fisher, B., Burch, M., Weiskopf, D.: Evaluating visual analytics with eye tracking. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Beyond Time and Errors: Novel Evaluation Methods for Visualization, BELIV ’14, pp. 61–69. ACM, New York (2014) Kurzhals, K., Fisher, B., Burch, M., Weiskopf, D.: Evaluating visual analytics with eye tracking. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Beyond Time and Errors: Novel Evaluation Methods for Visualization, BELIV ’14, pp. 61–69. ACM, New York (2014)
39.
go back to reference Zhao, F., Schnotz, W., Wagner, I., Gaschler, R.: Eye tracking indicators of reading approaches in text-picture comprehension. Frontline Learn. Res. 2(5), 46–66 (2014) Zhao, F., Schnotz, W., Wagner, I., Gaschler, R.: Eye tracking indicators of reading approaches in text-picture comprehension. Frontline Learn. Res. 2(5), 46–66 (2014)
40.
go back to reference Zugal, S.: Applying cognitive psychology for improving the creation, understanding and maintenance of business process models. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Innsbruck (2013) Zugal, S.: Applying cognitive psychology for improving the creation, understanding and maintenance of business process models. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Innsbruck (2013)
41.
go back to reference Figl, K.: Comprehension of procedural visual business process models. Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng. 59(1), 41–67 (2017)CrossRef Figl, K.: Comprehension of procedural visual business process models. Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng. 59(1), 41–67 (2017)CrossRef
42.
go back to reference Garcia, F., Ruiz, F., Visaggio, C.A.: A proposal and empirical validation of metrics to evaluate the maintainability of software process models. In: 2006 IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings, pp. 1093–1097 (2006) Garcia, F., Ruiz, F., Visaggio, C.A.: A proposal and empirical validation of metrics to evaluate the maintainability of software process models. In: 2006 IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings, pp. 1093–1097 (2006)
43.
go back to reference Claes, J., Vanderfeesten, I., Gailly, F., Grefen, P., Poels, G.: The structured process modeling theory (SPMT) a cognitive view on why and how modelers benefit from structuring the process of process modeling. Inf. Syst. Front. 17(6), 1401–1425 (2015)CrossRef Claes, J., Vanderfeesten, I., Gailly, F., Grefen, P., Poels, G.: The structured process modeling theory (SPMT) a cognitive view on why and how modelers benefit from structuring the process of process modeling. Inf. Syst. Front. 17(6), 1401–1425 (2015)CrossRef
44.
go back to reference Zugal, S., Haisjackl, C., Pinggera, J., Weber, B.: Empirical evaluation of test driven modeling. Int. J. Inf. Syst. Model. Des. 4(2), 23–43 (2013)CrossRef Zugal, S., Haisjackl, C., Pinggera, J., Weber, B.: Empirical evaluation of test driven modeling. Int. J. Inf. Syst. Model. Des. 4(2), 23–43 (2013)CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Duchowski, A.T.: Eye Tracking Methodology: Theory and Practice. Springer, Berlin (2007)MATH Duchowski, A.T.: Eye Tracking Methodology: Theory and Practice. Springer, Berlin (2007)MATH
46.
go back to reference Petrusel, R., Mendling, J.: Eye-tracking the factors of process model comprehension tasks. In: Salinesi, C., Norrie, M.C., Pastor, Ó. (eds.) Advanced Information Systems Engineering, pp. 224–239. Springer, Berlin (2013) Petrusel, R., Mendling, J.: Eye-tracking the factors of process model comprehension tasks. In: Salinesi, C., Norrie, M.C., Pastor, Ó. (eds.) Advanced Information Systems Engineering, pp. 224–239. Springer, Berlin (2013)
47.
go back to reference Object Management Group OMG. Business Process Modeling Notation V 2.0. (2006) Object Management Group OMG. Business Process Modeling Notation V 2.0. (2006)
48.
go back to reference Bera, P., Soffer, P., Parsons, J.: Using eye tracking to expose cognitive processes in understanding conceptual models. MIS Q. Manag. Inf. Syst. 43, 1105–1126 (2019) Bera, P., Soffer, P., Parsons, J.: Using eye tracking to expose cognitive processes in understanding conceptual models. MIS Q. Manag. Inf. Syst. 43, 1105–1126 (2019)
49.
go back to reference Keller, G., Nüttgens, M., Scheer, A.W.: Semantische Prozessmodellierung auf der Grundlage “ereignisgesteuerter Prozessketten (EPK)”. Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Wirtschaftsinformatik. Inst. für Wirtschaftsinformatik, Saarbrücken (1992) Keller, G., Nüttgens, M., Scheer, A.W.: Semantische Prozessmodellierung auf der Grundlage “ereignisgesteuerter Prozessketten (EPK)”. Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Wirtschaftsinformatik. Inst. für Wirtschaftsinformatik, Saarbrücken (1992)
50.
go back to reference Wang, W., Indulska, M., Sadiq, S., Weber, B.: Effect of linked rules on business process model understanding. In: Business Process Management, pp. 200–215. Springer, Cham (2017) Wang, W., Indulska, M., Sadiq, S., Weber, B.: Effect of linked rules on business process model understanding. In: Business Process Management, pp. 200–215. Springer, Cham (2017)
51.
go back to reference Sapkota, B., Sinderen, M.V.: Exploiting rules and processes for increasing flexibility in service composition. In: 2010 14th IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference Workshops, pp. 177–185 (2010) Sapkota, B., Sinderen, M.V.: Exploiting rules and processes for increasing flexibility in service composition. In: 2010 14th IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference Workshops, pp. 177–185 (2010)
52.
go back to reference Zimoch, M., Pryss, R., Schobel, J., Reichert, M.: Eye tracking experiments on process model comprehension: lessons learned. In: Reinhartz-Berger, I., Gulden, J., Nurcan, S., Guédria, W., Bera, P. (eds.) Enterprise, Business-Process and Information Systems Modeling, pp. 153–168. Springer, Cham (2017)CrossRef Zimoch, M., Pryss, R., Schobel, J., Reichert, M.: Eye tracking experiments on process model comprehension: lessons learned. In: Reinhartz-Berger, I., Gulden, J., Nurcan, S., Guédria, W., Bera, P. (eds.) Enterprise, Business-Process and Information Systems Modeling, pp. 153–168. Springer, Cham (2017)CrossRef
53.
go back to reference Haisjackl, C., Barba, I., Zugal, S., Soffer, P., Hadar, I., Reichert, M., Pinggera, J., Weber, B.: Understanding declare models: strategies, pitfalls, empirical results. Softw. Syst. Model. 15(2), 325–352 (2016)CrossRef Haisjackl, C., Barba, I., Zugal, S., Soffer, P., Hadar, I., Reichert, M., Pinggera, J., Weber, B.: Understanding declare models: strategies, pitfalls, empirical results. Softw. Syst. Model. 15(2), 325–352 (2016)CrossRef
54.
go back to reference Haisjackl, C., Soffer, P., Lim, S.Y., Weber, B.: How do humans inspect BPMN models: an exploratory study. Softw. Syst. Model. 17(2), 655–673 (2018)CrossRef Haisjackl, C., Soffer, P., Lim, S.Y., Weber, B.: How do humans inspect BPMN models: an exploratory study. Softw. Syst. Model. 17(2), 655–673 (2018)CrossRef
55.
go back to reference Pinggera, J.: The process of process modeling. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Computer Science (2014) Pinggera, J.: The process of process modeling. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Computer Science (2014)
56.
go back to reference Pinggera, J., Soffer, P., Fahland, D., Weidlich, M., Zugal, S., Weber, B., Reijers, H.A., Mendling, J.: Styles in business process modeling: an exploration and a model. Softw. Syst. Model. 14(3), 1055–1080 (2015)CrossRef Pinggera, J., Soffer, P., Fahland, D., Weidlich, M., Zugal, S., Weber, B., Reijers, H.A., Mendling, J.: Styles in business process modeling: an exploration and a model. Softw. Syst. Model. 14(3), 1055–1080 (2015)CrossRef
57.
go back to reference Caldiera, V.R.B.G., Rombach, H.D.: The goal question metric approach. In: Encyclopedia of Software Engineering, pp. 528–532 (1994) Caldiera, V.R.B.G., Rombach, H.D.: The goal question metric approach. In: Encyclopedia of Software Engineering, pp. 528–532 (1994)
58.
go back to reference Charmaz, K.: Constructing Grounded Theory. Introducing Qualitative Methods Series. SAGE Publications, London (2014) Charmaz, K.: Constructing Grounded Theory. Introducing Qualitative Methods Series. SAGE Publications, London (2014)
59.
go back to reference Richardson, D.C., Dale, R.: Looking to understand: the coupling between speakers’ and listeners’ eye movements and its relationship to discourse comprehension. Cogn. Sci. 29(6), 1045–1060 (2005)CrossRef Richardson, D.C., Dale, R.: Looking to understand: the coupling between speakers’ and listeners’ eye movements and its relationship to discourse comprehension. Cogn. Sci. 29(6), 1045–1060 (2005)CrossRef
60.
go back to reference Olsen, A.: The Tobii i-vt Fixation Filter. Tobii Technology, Danderyd (2012) Olsen, A.: The Tobii i-vt Fixation Filter. Tobii Technology, Danderyd (2012)
61.
go back to reference IEEE Standard for eXtensible Event Stream (XES) for Achieving Interoperability in Event Logs and Event Streams. IEEE Std 1849-2016, pp. 1–50 (2016) IEEE Standard for eXtensible Event Stream (XES) for Achieving Interoperability in Event Logs and Event Streams. IEEE Std 1849-2016, pp. 1–50 (2016)
62.
go back to reference Process mining with the heuristics miner algorithm: Weijters, A.J.M.M., van der Aalst, W.M.P., Alves De Medeiros, A.K. TU/e Tech. Report 166, 1–34 (2006) Process mining with the heuristics miner algorithm: Weijters, A.J.M.M., van der Aalst, W.M.P., Alves De Medeiros, A.K. TU/e Tech. Report 166, 1–34 (2006)
63.
go back to reference Coombes, K.R., Brock, G., Abrams, Z.B.: Polychrome: creating and assessing qualitative palettes with many colors. J. Stat. Softw. (2019) Coombes, K.R., Brock, G., Abrams, Z.B.: Polychrome: creating and assessing qualitative palettes with many colors. J. Stat. Softw. (2019)
64.
go back to reference Gulden, J.: Visually comparing process dynamics with rhythm-eye views. In: BPM Workshops. LNBIP, pp. 474–485. Springer, Berlin (2016) Gulden, J.: Visually comparing process dynamics with rhythm-eye views. In: BPM Workshops. LNBIP, pp. 474–485. Springer, Berlin (2016)
65.
go back to reference Saldana, J.: The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. SAGE Publications, London (2012) Saldana, J.: The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. SAGE Publications, London (2012)
66.
go back to reference Friese, S.: Qualitative Data Analysis with ATLAS ti. SAGE Publications Limited, London (2019) Friese, S.: Qualitative Data Analysis with ATLAS ti. SAGE Publications Limited, London (2019)
67.
go back to reference Ehmke, C., Wilson, S.: Identifying web usability problems from eye-tracking data. In: Proceedings of the 21st British HCI Group Annual Conference on People and Computers: HCI... But Not as We Know It-Volume 1, pp. 119–128. British Computer Society (2007) Ehmke, C., Wilson, S.: Identifying web usability problems from eye-tracking data. In: Proceedings of the 21st British HCI Group Annual Conference on People and Computers: HCI... But Not as We Know It-Volume 1, pp. 119–128. British Computer Society (2007)
68.
go back to reference Dumas, M., La Rosa, M., Mendling, J., Reijers, H.A.: Fundamentals of Business Process Management. Springer, Berlin (2018)CrossRef Dumas, M., La Rosa, M., Mendling, J., Reijers, H.A.: Fundamentals of Business Process Management. Springer, Berlin (2018)CrossRef
69.
go back to reference Glaholt, M.G., Mei-Chun, W., Reingold, E.M.: Evidence for top-down control of eye movements during visual decision making. J. Vis. 10(5), 15–15 (2010)CrossRef Glaholt, M.G., Mei-Chun, W., Reingold, E.M.: Evidence for top-down control of eye movements during visual decision making. J. Vis. 10(5), 15–15 (2010)CrossRef
70.
go back to reference Burattin, A., Kaiser, M., Neurauter, M., Weber, B.: Learning process modeling phases from modeling interactions and eye tracking data. Data Knowl. Eng. 121, 1–17 (2019)CrossRef Burattin, A., Kaiser, M., Neurauter, M., Weber, B.: Learning process modeling phases from modeling interactions and eye tracking data. Data Knowl. Eng. 121, 1–17 (2019)CrossRef
71.
go back to reference Ottensooser, A., Fekete, A., Reijers, H.A., Mendling, J., Menictas, C.: Making sense of business process descriptions: an experimental comparison of graphical and textual notations. J. Syst. Softw. 85(3), 596–606 (2012). Novel approaches in the design and implementation of systems/software architecture Ottensooser, A., Fekete, A., Reijers, H.A., Mendling, J., Menictas, C.: Making sense of business process descriptions: an experimental comparison of graphical and textual notations. J. Syst. Softw. 85(3), 596–606 (2012). Novel approaches in the design and implementation of systems/software architecture
72.
go back to reference Curtis, B., Sheppard, S.B., Kruesi-Bailey, E., Bailey, J., Boehm-Davis, D.A.: Experimental evaluation of software documentation formats. J. Syst. Softw. 9(2), 167–207 (1989)CrossRef Curtis, B., Sheppard, S.B., Kruesi-Bailey, E., Bailey, J., Boehm-Davis, D.A.: Experimental evaluation of software documentation formats. J. Syst. Softw. 9(2), 167–207 (1989)CrossRef
73.
go back to reference Roth, W.-M., Bowen, G.M.: When are graphs worth ten thousand words? An expert-expert study. Cogn. Instr. 21(4), 429–473 (2003)CrossRef Roth, W.-M., Bowen, G.M.: When are graphs worth ten thousand words? An expert-expert study. Cogn. Instr. 21(4), 429–473 (2003)CrossRef
74.
go back to reference Moher, T.G., Mak, K.H., Blumenthal, B.B., Levanthal, L.M.: Comparing the comprehensibility of textual and graphical programs (1993) Moher, T.G., Mak, K.H., Blumenthal, B.B., Levanthal, L.M.: Comparing the comprehensibility of textual and graphical programs (1993)
75.
go back to reference Haisjackl, C., Zugal, S.: Investigating differences between graphical and textual declarative process models. In: Iliadis, L., Papazoglou, M., Pohl, K. (eds.) Advanced Information Systems Engineering Workshops, pp. 194–206. Springer, Cham (2014)CrossRef Haisjackl, C., Zugal, S.: Investigating differences between graphical and textual declarative process models. In: Iliadis, L., Papazoglou, M., Pohl, K. (eds.) Advanced Information Systems Engineering Workshops, pp. 194–206. Springer, Cham (2014)CrossRef
76.
go back to reference Larkin, J.H., Simon, H.A.: Why a diagram is (sometimes) worth ten thousand words. Cogn. Sci. 11(1), 65–100 (1987)CrossRef Larkin, J.H., Simon, H.A.: Why a diagram is (sometimes) worth ten thousand words. Cogn. Sci. 11(1), 65–100 (1987)CrossRef
77.
go back to reference Moody, D.: The “physics” of notations: toward a scientific basis for constructing visual notations in software engineering. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 35(6), 756–779 (2009)CrossRef Moody, D.: The “physics” of notations: toward a scientific basis for constructing visual notations in software engineering. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 35(6), 756–779 (2009)CrossRef
78.
go back to reference Siau, K.: Informational and computational equivalence in comparing information modeling methods. J. Database Manag. 15, 73–86 (2004)CrossRef Siau, K.: Informational and computational equivalence in comparing information modeling methods. J. Database Manag. 15, 73–86 (2004)CrossRef
79.
go back to reference Paivio, A.: Dual coding theory: retrospect and current status (1991) Paivio, A.: Dual coding theory: retrospect and current status (1991)
80.
go back to reference Many, C.W.W.N., Sufficient, Y.W.W.: Estimating the number of subjects needed for a thinking aloud test. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud. 41, 385–397 (1994)CrossRef Many, C.W.W.N., Sufficient, Y.W.W.: Estimating the number of subjects needed for a thinking aloud test. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud. 41, 385–397 (1994)CrossRef
81.
go back to reference Costain, G.: Cognitive support during object-oriented software development: the case of UML diagrams. Ph.D. thesis, ResearchSpace@ Auckland (2008) Costain, G.: Cognitive support during object-oriented software development: the case of UML diagrams. Ph.D. thesis, ResearchSpace@ Auckland (2008)
82.
go back to reference Kalyuga, S., Ayres, P., Chandler, P., Sweller, J.: The expertise reversal effect. Educ. Psychol. 38(1), 23–31 (2003)CrossRef Kalyuga, S., Ayres, P., Chandler, P., Sweller, J.: The expertise reversal effect. Educ. Psychol. 38(1), 23–31 (2003)CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Exploring how users engage with hybrid process artifacts based on declarative process models: a behavioral analysis based on eye-tracking and think-aloud
Authors
Amine Abbad Andaloussi
Francesca Zerbato
Andrea Burattin
Tijs Slaats
Thomas T. Hildebrandt
Barbara Weber
Publication date
05-07-2020
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Software and Systems Modeling / Issue 5/2021
Print ISSN: 1619-1366
Electronic ISSN: 1619-1374
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10270-020-00811-8

Other articles of this Issue 5/2021

Software and Systems Modeling 5/2021 Go to the issue

Premium Partner