Top

Published in:

2021 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

4. Fiber-Reinforced Composites for Restituting Automobile Leaf Spring Suspension System

Authors : M. V. Sarath, Swaroop S. Gharde, Odelu Ojjela, Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian

Published in: Recent Advances in Layered Materials and Structures

Publisher: Springer Singapore

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

Leaf springs are employed in automotive suspension systems to absorb vibrations and susceptibility to deflections procreated due to the patchy drive through roads, conjointly providing stability to the vehicle. Steels are widely used for manufacturing of leaf springs as they exhibit high yield strength (~700–1000 MPa); however, they are liable to corrosion and considerably increase the weight of the automobile. Therefore, the industry started pursuing their research on composite materials, which render superior qualities like resistance to corrosion when compared to steels purported for the manufacture of leaves together with showing required strength for bearing the loads. Synthetic fiber composites such as glass fiber-reinforced composites and carbon fiber-reinforced composites have been extensively explored for the leaf spring systems. In this, review gives state of the art of composite and sandwiched-type leaf springs, natural fiber composites, additionally the life cycle assessment (LCA) and finally concludes with the future scope of leaf springs for automotive applications.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

previous chapter Aramid Polycarbonate Resin Film Engineered Composite for Ballistic Protection: Engineered Layered Materials

next chapter Fabrication of Aluminium Metal Matrix Nanocomposites: An Overview

Aggarwal M, Agrawal V, Khan R (2006) A stress approach model for predictions of fatigue life by shot peening of EN45A spring steel. Int J Fatigue 28(12):1845–1853CrossRef

Aggarwal ML (2006) A stress approach model for predictions of fatigue life by shot peening of EN45A spring steel. Int J Fatigue 28:1845–1853

Aher VK, Sonawane PM (2012) Static and fatigue analysis of multi leaf spring used in the suspension system of LCV. Int J Eng Res Appl 2(4):1786–1791

Akiniwa Y, Stanzl-Tschegg S, Mayer H, Wakita M, Tanaka K (2008) Fatigue strength of spring steel under axial and torsional loading in the very high cycle regime. Int J Fatigue 30(12):2057–2063CrossRef

Al-Qureshi HA (2001) Automobile leaf springs from composite materials. J Mater Process Technol 118(1–3):58–61CrossRef

Ås SK, Skallerud B, Tveiten BW (2008) Surface roughness characterization for fatigue life predictions using finite element analysis. Int J Fatigue 30(12):2200–2209CrossRef

Atig A, Ben Sghaier R, Seddik R, Fathallah R (2018) A simple analytical bending stress model of parabolic leaf spring. Proc Instit Mechan Eng Part C: J Mechan Eng Sci 232(10):1838–1850CrossRef

Babu KN, Kumar PS (2016) Design and analysis of jute/e-glass/epoxy/composite mono leaf spring of varying cross-section using Catia V5 and ANSYS 14.5. Int J Innov Eng Technol 7(1):244–254

Badhe Y (2014) Novel hybrid ablative composites of resorcinol formaldehyde as thermal protection systems for re-entry vehicles. RSC Adv 4(55):28956CrossRef

10.

Bae JM, Kim KN, Hattori M, Hasegawa K, Yoshinari M, Kawada E, Oda Y (2004) Fatigue strengths of particulate filler composites reinforced with fibers. Dent Mater J 23(2):166–174CrossRef

11.

Bai Y, Guan S, Flórez-López J (2017) Development of a damage model for assessing fracture failure of steel beam-to-column connections subjected to extremely low-cycle fatigue. Eng Fail Anal 82:823–834CrossRef

12.

Ball DJ, Caswell R (1983) Smoke from diesel-engined road vehicles: An investigation into the basis of british and european emission standards. Atmos Environ 17(1):169–181

13.

Barnat-Hunek D, Smarzewski P, Brzyski P (2017) Properties of hemp-flax composites for use in the building industry. J Nat Fib 14(3):410–425CrossRef

14.

Beardmore P, Johnson CF (1986) Potential Composit Struct Automot Appl 26:251–281

15.

Beaumont PWR (1974) A fracture mechanics approach to failure in fibrous composites. J Adhesion 6(1–2):107–137CrossRef

16.

Ben-Arieh D (2000) Cost estimation system for machined parts. Int J Prod Res 38(17):4481–4494CrossRef

17.

Bhowmick M, Mukhopadhyay S, Alagirusamy R (2012) Mechanical properties of natural fibre-reinforced composites. Text Progr 44(2):85–140CrossRef

18.

Biron M (2004) Composites. Thermosets Compos 343–463

19.

Bledzki A (1999) Composites reinforced with cellulose based fibres. Prog Polym Sci 24(2):221–274CrossRef

20.

Bos H, Van Den Oever M, Peters O (2002) Tensile and compressive properties of flax fibres for natural fibre reinforced composites. J Mater Sci 37:1683–1692CrossRef

21.

Brammer AJ, Von Gierke HE (2002). Effects of shock and vibration on humans

22.

Burdzik R (2017) Novel method for research on exposure to nonlinear vibration transferred by suspension of vehicle. Int J Non-Linear Mech 91:170–180CrossRef

23.

Businaro UL (1983) The automotive industry needs research. Interdisc Sci Rev 8(2):146–157CrossRef

24.

Carlsson LA, Adams DF, Pipes RB (2013) Basic experimental characterization of polymer matrix composite materials. Polym Rev 53(2):277–302CrossRef

25.

Carriage Springs (1857) Sci Am 12(18):144–144

26.

Chan KS (2010) Roles of microstructure in fatigue crack initiation. Int J Fatigue 32(9):1428–1447CrossRef

27.

28.

Chen Y-C, Chiang H-C, Hsu C-Y, Yang T-T, Lin T-Y, Chen M-J et al (2016) Ambient PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Changhua County, central Taiwan: Seasonal variation, source apportionment and cancer risk assessment. Environ Pollut 218:372–382CrossRef

29.

Clarke CK, Borowski GE (2005) Evaluation of a leaf spring failure. J Fail Anal Prev 5(6):54–63CrossRef

30.

Crolla DA, Lang AM (1991) Paper VII (i) Brake Noise and Vibration—The State of the Art. In: Tribology Series vol 18, pp 165–174

31.

Sameer Kumar D, Sajja R, Suman KNS (2011) Improved design optimization of a composite leaf spring using swarm intelligence. Int J Appl Eng Res 6(2):193–200

32.

Das SK, Mukhopadhyay NK, Kumar BR, Bhattacharya DK (2007) Failure analysis of a passenger car coil spring. Eng Fail Anal 14(1):158–163CrossRef

33.

Delicano JA (2018) A review on abaca fiber reinforced composites. Compos Interfaces 25(12):1039–1066CrossRef

34.

Demers CE (1998) Fatigue strength degradation of E-glass FRP composites and carbon FRP composites. Constr Build Mater 12(5):311–318CrossRef

35.

Derwent RG, Stewart HNM (1973) Air pollution from the oxides of nitrogen in the United Kingdom. Atmosph Environ (1967) 7(4):385–401

36.

Drissi-Habti M, Suzuki K, Nakano K, Kanno Y (1999) Cost-Effectiveness Concept applied to the development of advanced materials. Adv Compos Mater 8(1):87–96CrossRef

37.

Eberspächer P, Lechler A, Verl A (2016) Control-integrated consumption graph-based optimisation method for energy reduction of machine tools with automated parameter optimisation. Int J Comput Integr Manuf 29(12):1307–1316CrossRef

38.

Ehlers BWA (1917) I-Ieat treatment of metals. The art of treating low and high carbon steel with gaseous fuel (2179)

39.

Elkington M, Bloom D, Ward C, Chatzimichali A, Potter K (2015) Hand layup: understanding the manual process. Adv Manuf Polym Composit Sci 1(3):138–151

40.

Elkington M, Ward C, Chatzimichali A, Potter K (2015) Studying effects of preshearing on hand layup. Adv Manuf Polym Composit Sci 1(2):80–93

41.

Fatigue Phenomena in Metals (1920) Sci Am 1(3):221–228

42.

Feest EA, Group T, Laboratoo H, Ora OXII (1986) Metal matrix composites for industrial application 7:58–64

43.

Fragoudakis R, Savaidis G, Michailidis N (2017) Optimizing the development and manufacturing of 56SiCr7 leaf springs. Int J Fatigue 103:168–175CrossRef

44.

Friedrich K, Almajid AA (2013) Manufacturing aspects of advanced polymer composites for automotive applications. Appl Compos Mater 20(2):107–128CrossRef

45.

Fuqua MA, Huo S, Ulven CA (2012) Natural fiber reinforced composites. Polym Rev 52(3):259–320CrossRef

46.

Furuya Y, Matsuoka S, Abe T (2004) Inclusion-controlled fatigue properties of 1800 MPA-class spring steels. Metall Mater Trans Phys Metall Mater Sci 35(12):3737–3744

47.

Ganesh P, Sundar R, Kumar H, Kaul R, Ranganathan K, Hedaoo P et al (2014) Studies on fatigue life enhancement of pre-fatigued spring steel specimens using laser shock peening. Mater Des 54:734–741CrossRef

48.

Gao B, Zhang R, Wang C (2016). Enhanced mechanical properties of carbon fiber composites by grafting different structural poly (amido amine) onto fiber surface. Polym Test

49.

George AM, Sarathdas S (2017) Design and analysis of leaf spring by using hybrid composite material. Int Res J Eng Technol (IRJET) 2235–2241

50.

George SM, Kandasubramanian B (2019) Advancements in MXene-Polymer composites for various biomedical applications. Ceram Int

51.

Gharde S, Goud R, Nimje S, Kandasubramanian B (2019) Aggrandized flexural properties of assorted natural biological materials. In Kumar K, Davim JP (eds) Biodegradable composites, pp 111–140

52.

Gharde S, Kandasubramanian B (2019) Mechanothermal and chemical recycling methodologies for the fibre reinforced plastic (FRP). Environ Technol Innov 14:100311CrossRef

53.

Gharde S, Surendren A, Korde JM, Saini S, Deoray N, Goud R et al (2019) Recent advances in additive manufacturing of bio-inspired materials. Biomanufacturing, pp 35–68

54.

Gobble MM (2010) Industry-defined fundamental research: creating an agenda for basic research. Res Technol Manage 53(5):55–62CrossRef

55.

Golovoy A, Cheung MF, Oene H Van (1984) The impact behavior of glass and carbon fiber composites. Polym-Plast Technol Eng 23(2):217–227CrossRef

56.

Gore PM, Kandasubramanian B (2018) Functionalized aramid fibers and composites for protective applications: a review. Ind Eng Chem Res 57(49):16537–16563CrossRef

57.

Goswami T (1997) Low cycle fatigue life prediction—a new model. Int J Fatigue 19(2):109–115CrossRef

58.

Goud R, Yadav R, Wang X, Naebe M, Kandasubramanian B (2020) Mollusk-inspired 3D printing of polycarbonate via fused deposition modelling. In: Handbook of polymer and ceramic nanotechnology, pp 1–12

59.

Gupta R, Kandasubramanian B (2015) Hybrid caged nanostructure ablative composites of octaphenyl-POSS/RF as heat shields. RSC Adv 5(12):8757–8769CrossRef

60.

Gustafson C, Echtermeyer A (2006) Long-term properties of carbon fibre composite tethers. Int J Fatigue 28(10):1353–1362CrossRef

61.

Assarudeen H (2015) Structural analysis of Banana/E-Glass woven fiber reinforced epoxy based hybrid composite on mono leaf spring using FEA. J Chem Pharm Sci 7:253–257

62.

Harada Y, Tanaka S, Itoh M, Nakatani M (2014) Effect of microshot peening on fatigue life of spring steel SUP9. Procedia Eng 81:1493–1498CrossRef

63.

Herrera EJ, Fuentes JJ, Aguilar HJ (2009) Premature fracture in automobile leaf springs 16:648–655

64.

Hou JP, Cherruault JY, Nairne I, Jeronimidis G, Mayer RM (2007) Evolution of the eye-end design of a composite leaf spring for heavy axle loads. Compos Struct 78(3):351–358CrossRef

65.

Howe AA, Farrugia DCJ (1999) Alloy design: from composition to through process models. Mater Sci Technol 15(1):15–21CrossRef

66.

Howell LL, Midha A, Norton TW (2016) L. L Howell 118(March 1996):126–131

67.

Hufenbach W, Böhm R, Thieme M, Winkler A, Mäder E, Rausch J, Schade M (2011) Polypropylene/glass fibre 3D-textile reinforced composites for automotive applications. Mater Des 32(3):1468–1476CrossRef

68.

Huston RL, Kelly FA (2014) Another look at the static stability factor (SSF) in predicting vehicle rollover. Int J Crashworthiness 19(6):567–575CrossRef

69.

Hwang W, Han KS (1986) Fatigue of composites—fatigue modulus concept and life prediction. J Compos Mater 20(2):154–165CrossRef

70.

Inamdar A, Cherukattu J, Anand A, Kandasubramanian B (2018) Thermoplastic-toughened high-temperature cyanate esters and their application in advanced composites. Ind Eng Chem Res 57(13):4479–4504CrossRef

71.

Jancirani J, Assarudeen H (2015) A review on structural analysis and experimental investigation of fiber reinforced composite leaf spring

72.

Jeffries R (1971) Prospects for carbon fibres. Nature 232(5309):304–307CrossRef

73.

Jiang R, Karpasitis N, Gao N, Reed PAS (2015) Effects of microstructures on fatigue crack initiation and short crack propagation at room temperature in an advanced disc superalloy. Mater Sci Eng 641:148–159CrossRef

74.

Karditsas S, Savaidis G, Malikoutsakis M (2015) Advanced leaf spring design and analysis with respect to vehicle kinematics and durability. Int J Struct Integr 6(2):243–258CrossRef

75.

Karlus EN, Himte RL, Rathore RK (2014) Optimization of mono parabolic leaf spring. Int J Adv Eng Technol 7(1):283–291

76.

Karus M, Kaup M (2002) Natural fibres in the european automotive industry. J Indus Hemp 7(1):119–131CrossRef

77.

Kashyap S, Kabra S, Kandasubramanian B (2020). Graphene aerogel-based phase changing composites for thermal energy storage systems. J Mater Sci

78.

Khatavkar N, Kandasubramanian B (2016) Composite materials for supersonic aircraft radomes with ameliorated radio frequency transmission-a review. RSC Adv 6(8):6709–6718CrossRef

79.

King RL (1982) A production engineers view of advanced composite materials. Part 2 The manufacture of advanced composites, components and structures. Mater Des 3(5):580–588

80.

Kirschen M, Risonarta V, Pfeifer H (2009) Energy efficiency and the influence of gas burners to the energy related carbon dioxide emissions of electric arc furnaces in steel industry. Energy 34(9):1065–1072CrossRef

81.

Kong YS, Omar MZ, Chua LB, Abdullah S (2013) Explicit nonlinear finite element geometric analysis of parabolic leaf springs under various loads

82.

Kosugi K, Maekawa S, Hirose Y, Sana T, Hatakeyama T, Tamura H (2001) Low cost manufacturing approach for composite outer wing of SST. Adv Compos Mater 10(2–3):229–236CrossRef

83.

Krall S, Zemann R (2015) Investigation of the dynamic behaviour of CFRP leaf springs. Procedia Eng 100:646–655CrossRef

84.

Krason W, Wysocki J (2017) Investigation of friction in dual leaf spring. J Frict Wear 38(3):214–220CrossRef

85.

Kretschmer J (1988) Composites in automotive applications–state of the art and prospects. Mater Sci Technol 4(9):757–767CrossRef

86.

Kueh JJ, Faris T (2012) Finite element analysis on the static and fatigue characteristics of composite multi-leaf spring. J Zhejiang Univ Sci A 13(3):159–164CrossRef

87.

Kumar CV, Kandasubramanian B (2019) Advances in ablative composites of carbon based materials: a review. Ind Eng Chem Res 58(51):22663–22701CrossRef

88.

Kumar K, Aggarwal ML (2017) Science direct optimization of various design parameters for EN45A flat leaf spring. Mater Today: Proc 4(2):1829–1836

89.

Kumar K, Aggarwal ML (2015) Simulation for optimized modelling of En45A leaf spring. Int J Recent Adv Mechan Eng 4(3):129–142CrossRef

90.

Kurihara Y (1995) Polymer matrix composite materials in automobile industries. Adv Compos Mater 4(3):209–219CrossRef

91.

Kwofie S, Chandler HD (2007) Fatigue life prediction under conditions where cyclic creep-fatigue interaction occurs. Int J Fatigue 29(12):2117–2124CrossRef

92.

Lee DG, Lee CS, Lee HG, Hwang HY, Kim JW (2004) Novel applications of composite structures to robots, machine tools and automobiles. Compos Struct 66(1–4):17–39CrossRef

93.

Ling S, Kaplan DL, Buehler MJ (2018) Nanofibrils in nature and materials engineering. Nat Rev Mater 3(4):18016CrossRef

94.

Liu M, Guo Y, Wang J, Yergin M (2018) Corrosion avoidance in lightweight materials for automotive applications. NPJ Mater Degrad 2(1):24CrossRef

95.

Lukaszewicz DHJA, Ward C, Potter KD (2012) The engineering aspects of automated prepreg layup: history, present and future. Compos B Eng 43(3):997–1009CrossRef

96.

Mahdi E (2006) Light composite elliptic springs for vehicle suspension 75:24–28

97.

Malikoutsakis M, Savaidis G, Savaidis A, Schwaiger F (2016) Design, analysis and multi-disciplinary optimization of high-performance front leaf springs design, analysis and multi-disciplinary optimization of high. Theor Appl Fract Mechan

98.

Mallick PK (2007) Fiber-reinforced

99.

Mansfield NJ (2012) Human response to vehicle vibration. In: Automotove ergonomics: driver-vehicle interaction, pp 77–94

100.

Marines I (2003) An understanding of very high cycle fatigue of metals. Int J Fatigue 25(9–11):1101–1107CrossRef

101.

Marsh G (2002) Composites strengthen aerospace hold. Reinf Plast 46(7–8):40–43CrossRef

102.

Mathijsen D (2016) Thermoplastic composites keep gaining momentum in the automotive industry. Reinf Plast 60(6):408–412CrossRef

103.

Matsuzaki R, Ueda M, Namiki M, Jeong T-K, Asahara H, Horiguchi K et al (2016) Three-dimensional printing of continuous-fiber composites by in-nozzle impregnation. Sci Rep 6(1):23058CrossRef

104.

Mazaheri Y, Meratian M, Emadi R, Najarian AR (2013) Materials Science & Engineering: a comparison of microstructural and mechanical properties of Al–TiC, Al–B4C and Al–TiC–B4C composites prepared by casting techniques. Mater Sci Eng A 560(4):278–287CrossRef

105.

Mills A (2001) Automation of carbon fibre preform manufacture for affordable aerospace applications. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 32(7):955–962CrossRef

106.

Mithari R, Patil A, Aitavade EN (2012) Analysis of composite leaf spring by using analytical & FEA. Int J Eng Sci Technol (IJEST) 4(12):4809–4814

107.

Mohanty AK, Misra M (1995) Studies on jute composites—a literature review. Polym-Plast Technol Eng 34(5):729–792CrossRef

108.

Morris D (1895) Commercial fibers. Sci Am 40(1042):16659–16661

109.

Mountcastle VB, LaMotte RH, Carli G (1972) Detection thresholds for stimuli in humans and monkeys: comparison with threshold events in mechanoreceptive afferent nerve fibers innervating the monkey hand. J Neurophysiol 35(1):122–136CrossRef

110.

Mousa E, Wang C, Riesbeck J, Larsson M (2016) Biomass applications in iron and steel industry: an overview of challenges and opportunities. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 65:1247–1266CrossRef

111.

Muhammed L, Ismaeel A (2015) Optimization and static stress analysis of hybrid fiber reinforced composite leaf spring

112.

Murakami Y (2002) Spring steels. In: Metal fatigue, pp 163–183

113.

Narici L, Casolino M, Di Fino L, Larosa M, Picozza P, Rizzo A, Zaconte V (2017) Performances of Kevlar and polyethylene as radiation shielding on-board the international space station in high latitude radiation environment. Sci Rep 7(1):1644CrossRef

114.

Neubrand J (2014) Possibilities of coil springs and fiber-reinforced suspension parts. In: Encyclopedia of automotive engineering, pp 1–11

115.

Novovic D, Dewes RC, Aspinwall DK, Voice W, Bowen P (2004) The effect of machined topography and integrity on fatigue life. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 44(2–3):125–134CrossRef

116.

O’rourke BP (2000) Formula 1 applications of composite materials. In: Comprehensive composite materials, pp 381–393

117.

Omar MA, Shabana AA, Mikkola A, Loh WYI, Basch R (2004) Multibody system modeling of leaf springs. JVC/J Vibr Control 10(11):1601–1638CrossRef

118.

Pandey J, Agrawal M (1994) Growth responses of tomato plants to low concentrations of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. Sci Hortic 58(1–2):67–76CrossRef

119.

Park H (2016) A study on structural design and analysis of small wind turbine blade with natural fibre (flax) composite. Adv Compos Mater 25(2):125–142CrossRef

120.

Patel SR, Patel RG (1992) Physicomechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Polym-Plast Technol Eng 31(7–8):705–712CrossRef

121.

Pervaiz M, Panthapulakkal S, Birat KC, Sain M, Tjong J (2016) Emerging trends in automotive lightweighting through novel composite materials. Mater Sci Appl 7(1):26–38

122.

Peterson CW (1990) High-performance parachutes. Sci Am 262(5):108–116CrossRef

123.

Pozhilarasu V, Pillai TP (2013) Performance analysis of steel leaf spring with composite leaf spring and fabrication of composite leaf spring. Int J Eng Res Sci Technol 2(August):10

124.

Prahalad P, Badkar S (2013) Design improvements of leaf spring of BEML Tatra 815 VVNC 8 X 8 Truck 3(1):318–324

125.

Punchaipetch P, D’Souza NA, Brostow W, Smith JT (2002) Mechanical properties of glass fiber composites with an epoxy resin modified by a liquid crystalline epoxy. Polym Compos 23(4):564–573CrossRef

126.

Pupurs A (2016) Fiber failure and debonding in composite materials. In: Modeling damage, fatigue and failure of composite materials, pp 173–196

127.

Qian C, Shi W, Chen Z, Yang S, Song Q (2017) Fatigue reliability design of composite leaf springs based on ply scheme optimization. Compos Struct

128.

Qin Y, Wang X, Wang ZL (2008) Microfibre–nanowire hybrid structure for energy scavenging. Nature 451(7180):809–813CrossRef

129.

Rahimi A, García JM (2017) Chemical recycling of waste plastics for new materials production. Nat Rev Chem 1(6):46CrossRef

130.

Rahman MA, Kowser MA (2010) Inelastic deformations of stainless steel leaf springs-experiment and nonlinear analysis. Meccanica 45(4):503–518CrossRef

131.

Rajaguru J, Arunachalam N (2018) Investigation on machining induced surface and subsurface modifications on the stress corrosion crack growth behaviour of super duplex stainless steel. Corros Sci 141:230–242CrossRef

132.

Rajesh S, Bhaskar GB, Venkatachalam J, Pazhanivel K, Sagadevan S (2016) Performance of leaf springs made of composite material subjected to low frequency impact loading. J Mech Sci Technol 30(9):4291–4298

133.

Rajesh V, Rao PMV, Sateesh N (2017) Investigation of carbon composites subjected to different environmental conditions. Mater Today: Proc 4(2):3416–3421

134.

Randall JM (1992) Human subjective response to lorry vibration: implications for farm animal transport. J Agric Eng Res 52:295–307CrossRef

135.

Reis JML (2006) Fracture and flexural characterization of natural fiber-reinforced polymer concrete. Constr Build Mater 20(9):673–678CrossRef

136.

Robson JD, Dodds CJ (1976) Stochastic road inputs and vehicle response. Veh Syst Dyn 5(1–2):1–13CrossRef

137.

Roy DK, Saha KN (2013) Nonlinear analysis of leaf springs of functionally graded materials. Proc Eng 51(NUiCONE 2012):538–543

138.

Sharp RS, Crolla DA (1987) Vehicle suspension system design—a review. Veh Syst Dyn Int J Veh Mechan Mobility 16(June 2013):167–192

139.

Saini Pankaj, Goel Ashish, Kumar D (2013) Design and analysis of composite leaf spring for light vehicles. Int J Innov Res Sci Eng Technol 2(5):1–10

140.

Sancaktar E (2017) Design, analysis, and optimization of composite leaf springs for light vehicle applications, p 8223

141.

Sanoj P, Balasubramanian K (2014) High performance structural nano cellulose composites for motor vehicle spring suspension system. Int J Plast Technol 18(3):383–389CrossRef

142.

Sanoj P, Kandasubramanian B (2013) Hybrid Sandwich composite or leaf spring components in automobiles. In: 4th international conference on recent advances in composite materials, ICRACM-13, International Centre Goa, 18–21 Feb 2013

143.

Sanoj P, Kandasubramanian B (2014) Hybrid carbon-carbon ablative composites for thermal protection in aerospace. J Composit 2014:1–15CrossRef

144.

Sanoj P, Kandasubramanian B (2014b) Hybrid Sandwich composites for leaf spring component in automobile suspension system. Adv Manuf Technol

145.

Sanoj P, Kandasubramanian B (2014c) Light weight green composite leafspring with enhanced dynamic response for automotives. In: International APM conference, Bhubhaneshwar

146.

Sapuan SM (2017) Design for sustainability in composite product development. In: Composite materials, pp 273–294

147.

Sarrak VI, Mishin VM (1992) Delayed failure of steels 5:419–420

148.

Schuerch H (1966) Prediction of compressive strength in uniaxial boron fiber-metal matrix composite materials. AIAA J 4(1):102–106CrossRef

149.

Scott B (1997) Stopping bullets. Sci Am 276(3):132CrossRef

150.

Serrano-Munoz I, Buffiere J-Y, Mokso R, Verdu C, Nadot Y (2017) Location, location & size: defects close to surfaces dominate fatigue crack initiation. Sci Rep 7(1):45239CrossRef

151.

Sert E, Boyraz P (2017) Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal Optimization of suspension system and sensitivity analysis for improvement of stability in a midsize heavy vehicle. Eng Sci Technol Int J

152.

Shadmehri F, Hoa SV, Fortin-Simpson J, Ghayoor H (2018) Effect of in situ treatment on the quality of flat thermoplastic composite plates made by automated fiber placement (AFP). Adv Manuf Polym Compos Sci 4(2):41–47

153.

Shaw SJ (1987) High-temperature polymers for adhesive and composite applications. Mater Sci Technol 3(8):589–599CrossRef

154.

Shi W, Qian C, Chen Z, Song Q (2017) Establishment of theoretical model of composite leaf springs by using the mechanics of composite materials, p 5988

155.

Shin J, Lee S, Ryu JH (1999) Correlation of microstructure and fatigue properties of two high-strength spring steels. Int J Fatigue 21:571–579CrossRef

156.

Shokrieh MM, Rezaei D (2003) Analysis and optimization of a composite leaf spring. Compos Struct 60(3):317–325CrossRef

157.

Singh H, Brar GS (2018) Characterization and investigation of mechanical properties of composite materials used for leaf spring. Mater Today: Proc 5(2):5857–5863

158.

Soares BAR, Henriques E, Ribeiro I, Freitas M (2018) Cost analysis of alternative automated technologies for composite parts production. Int J Prod Res 1–14

159.

Sobczak L, Lang RW, Haider A (2012) Polypropylene composites with natural fibers and wood—general mechanical property profiles. Compos Sci Technol 72(5):550–557CrossRef

160.

Sproull RL (1962) The conduction of heat in solids. Sci Am 207(6):92–106CrossRef

161.

Stone V, Donaldson K (2006) Environmental pollutants | overview. In: Encyclopedia of respiratory medicine, pp 90–96

162.

Subbiah R, Tjong J, Nayak SK, Sain M (2017) Effect of natural fiber network on permeability and tensile strength of composites through vacuum infusion process. J Nat Fib 14(2):278–286CrossRef

163.

Subramanian C, Senthilvelan S (2010) Effect of reinforced fiber length on the joint performance of thermoplastic leaf spring. Mater Des 31(8):3733–3741CrossRef

164.

Taylor G, Orowan E (1963) The strength of steel

165.

Thippesh L (2018) Science direct fabrication of hybrid composite mono-leaf spring with unidirectional glass fibers. Mater Today: Proc 5(1):2980–2984

166.

Thite AN, Gerguri S, Coleman F, Doody M, Fisher N (2013) Development of an experimental methodology to evaluate the influence of a bamboo frame on the bicycle ride comfort. Veh Syst Dyn 51(9):1287–1304CrossRef

167.

Murgatroyd T (1922) Patent No. 139,325. United States Patent Office, US

168.

Tirumali M, Kandasubramanian B, Kumaraswamy A, Subramani NK, Suresha B (2018) Fabrication, physicochemical characterizations and electrical conductivity studies of modified carbon nanofiber-reinforced epoxy composites: effect of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid. Polym Plast Technol Eng 57(3):218–228CrossRef

169.

Trailer T (1987) Leaf spring for tank trailer suspensions. J Reinf Plast Compos 6:100–112CrossRef

170.

Vaidya UK, Chawla KK (2008) Processing of fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites. Int Mater Rev 53(4):185–218CrossRef

171.

Vukelic G, Brcic M (2016) Failure analysis of a motor vehicle coil spring. Proc Struct Integr 2:2944–2950

172.

Wadile PD, Mahajan KA (2017) Experimental investigations of composite leaf spring. IOSR J Mech Civil Eng 17(1):18–23CrossRef

173.

Wambua P, Ivens J, Verpoest I (2003) Natural fibres: can they replace glass in fibre reinforced plastics? Compos Sci Technol 63(9):1259–1264CrossRef

174.

Wang T, Tinsley B, Patel MD, Shabana AA (2018) Nonlinear dynamic analysis of parabolic leaf springs using ANCF geometry and data acquisition. Nonlinear Dyn 93(4):2487–2515CrossRef

175.

Wang X, Chen Y, Niu G (2018) The study on corrosion resistance of high-strength spring steel. Corros Eng Sci Technol 53(1):54–64CrossRef

176.

Wang X, Jiang D, Lang X (2017) Future extreme climate changes linked to global warming intensity. Sci Bull 62(24):1673–1680CrossRef

177.

Wang Z, Subramanian N, Gunasekaran A, Abdulrahman MD, Liu C (2015) Composite sustainable manufacturing practice and performance framework: Chinese auto-parts suppliers’ perspective. Int J Prod Econ 170:219–233CrossRef

178.

Waterman N (1984) Materials for the 80’s and 90’s. Mater Des 5(3):121–125CrossRef

179.

Wei C, Zeng M, Xiong XM, Zhang FA (2010) Thermal and frictional properties of modified sisal fibre/phenolic resin composites. Plast, Rubber Compos 39(2):61–66CrossRef

180.

Weiss MP, Lavi E (2016) Fatigue of metals—what the designer needs? Int J Fatigue 84(November):80–90CrossRef

181.

With the automotive inventors (1927) Sci Am 137(1):62–62

182.

Xu B, Lin B (2016) Assessing CO₂ emissions in China’s iron and steel industry: a dynamic vector autoregression model. Appl Energy 161:375–386CrossRef

183.

Yadav R, Goud R, Dutta A, Wang X, Naebe M, Kandasubramanian B (2018) Biomimicking of hierarchal molluscan shell structure via layer by layer 3D printing. Indus Eng Chem Res acs.iecr.8b01738

184.

Yadav R, Naebe M, Wang X, Kandasubramanian B (2017) Review on 3D prototyping of damage tolerant interdigitating brick arrays of nacre. Ind Eng Chem Res 56(38):10516–10525CrossRef

185.

Younes A, Seidel A, Engler T, Cherif C, Ehlig D (2013) Mechanical behaviour of carbon and glass filament yarns under high temperatures for composite applications. J Text Inst 104(3):251–259CrossRef

186.

Zacby VF (1968). Strong and ductile steels, pp 36–45

187.

Zhang H, Chen MW, Ramesh KT, Ye J, Schoenung JM, Chin ESC (2006) Tensile behavior and dynamic failure of aluminum 6092/B4C composites. Mater Sci Eng, A 433(1–2):70–82CrossRef

188.

Zhang H, Ericson ML, Varna J, Berglund LA (1997) Transverse single-fibre test for interfacial debonding in composites: 1. experimental observations. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf 28(4):309–315

189.

Zhang J, Chaisombat K, He S, Wang CH (2012) Glass/carbon fibre hybrid composite laminates for structural applications in automotive vehicles. In: Sustainable automotive technologies 2012, pp 69–74

190.

Zhang RL, Gao B, Zhang J, Cui HZ, Li DW (2015) Propagation of PAMAM dendrimers on the carbon fiber surface by in situ polymerization: a novel methodology for fiber/matrix composites. Appl Surf Sci 359:812–818CrossRef

191.

Zhang W, Fang K, Hu Y, Wang S, Wang X (2016) Effect of machining-induced surface residual stress on initiation of stress corrosion cracking in 316 austenitic stainless steel. Corros Sci 108:173–184CrossRef

Title: Fiber-Reinforced Composites for Restituting Automobile Leaf Spring Suspension System
Authors: M. V. Sarath
Swaroop S. Gharde
Odelu Ojjela
Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
Publisher: Springer Singapore
Book: Recent Advances in Layered Materials and Structures
Print ISBN: 978-981-334-549-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-334-550-8

Copyright Year: 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4550-8_4

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Premium Partners