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2022 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Finanzmanagement und -controlling in Familienunternehmen

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Zusammenfassung

Familienunternehmen stellen einen essenziellen volkswirtschaftlichen Faktor in vielen Ländern dar. Zurecht hat daher die wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit diesem Unternehmenstypus in den letzten Jahren deutlich an Dynamik gewonnen. In diesem Zusammenhang identifizierte Aronoff bereits im Jahr 1998 in der führenden Zeitschrift für Familienunternehmensforschung, der Family Business Review, ein fortschrittliches Finanzmanagement („financial sophistication“) als einen der zehn zentralen Erfolgsfaktoren bzw. Trends im Management von Familienunternehmen. Allerdings lässt die hohe Bedeutung nicht finanzieller Zielsetzungen für Eigentümerfamilien Zweifel daran aufkommen, ob Familienunternehmen diesem Anspruch in jedem Fall gerecht werden können. Der vorliegende Beitrag versucht daher, den theoretischen und empirischen Forschungsstand zum Finanzmanagement und -controlling von Familienunternehmen zu skizzieren.

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Footnotes
1
Während Familienunternehmen in Europa bspw. etwa 40 bis 50 % der Arbeitsplätze schaffen, liegt ihr Beitrag zum BIP je nach untersuchtem Land zwischen 20 und 70 % (Mandl (2008), S. 39). In den USA wiederum liegt ihr Anteil am BIP bei Anwendung einer breiten Familienunternehmensdefinition bei 64 %, ihr Beitrag zur Beschäftigung bei 62 % (Astrachan/Shanker (2003), S. 211 ff.)
 
2
Vgl. Aronoff (1998), S. 181 ff.
 
3
Bspw. Gómez-Mejía et al. (2007), S. 106 ff.
 
4
Vgl. Drukarcyzk et al. (2002), S. 558 ff.; Guserl/Pernsteiner (2015), S. 1.
 
5
Vgl. Perridon et al. (2017), S. 8 f., 646 f.; Guserl/Pernsteiner (2015), S. 18 ff.
 
6
Vgl. Drukarcyzk et al. (2002), S. 558 ff.
 
7
Siehe dazu auch Guserl/Pernsteiner (2015), S. V bzw. 30 ff.
 
8
Vgl. Gillenkirch (2002), S. 531 ff.
 
9
Vgl. Jensen/Meckling (1976), S. 305 ff.
 
10
Bspw. Villalonga/Amit (2006), S. 385 ff.
 
11
Vgl. Fama/Jensen (1983), S. 306; Anderson/Reeb (2003a), S. 1301 ff.
 
12
Vgl. DeAngelo/DeAngelo (1985), S. 54; Anderson/Reeb (2003a), S. 1301 ff.
 
13
Bspw. Morck et al. (1988), S. 293 ff.; Shleifer/Vishny (1997), S. 758 f.; Faccio et al. (2001), S. 54; Villalonga/Amit (2006), S. 385 ff.
 
14
Bspw. Schulze et al. (2003b), S. 180 f.; Dyer (2006), S. 260 f.
 
15
Bspw. Schulze et al. (2001), S. 100 ff.; Anderson/Reeb (2003a), S. 1301 f.; Lubatkin et al. (2005), S. 320.
 
16
Bspw. Schulze et al. (2001), S. 102 f.; Schulze et al. (2003a), S. 473 ff.; Dyer (2006), S. 261 f.
 
17
Bspw. Fama/Jensen (1983), S. 306; Coleman/Carsky (1999), S. 73 f.; Thomsen/Pedersen (2000), S. 693; Anderson/Reeb (2003a), S. 1301 ff.; Anderson et al. (2003), S. 263 ff. In diesem Zusammenhang weisen beispielsweise Anderson et al. (2003), S. 267 darauf hin, dass Familien, die sich auf der Forbes-Liste der reichsten US-Amerikaner wiederfinden, ihr Vermögen zu mehr als 69 % in ihrem Familienunternehmen gebunden haben.
 
18
Vgl. Shleifer/Vishny (1997), S. 758.
 
19
Vgl. Demsetz/Lehn (1985), S. 1158; Shleifer/Vishny (1997), S. 758; Fama/Jensen (1985), S. 101 ff.
 
20
Vgl. Fueglistaller/Zellweger (2005), S. 10.
 
21
Vgl. Mishra/McConaughy (1999), S. 53 ff.; Bauguess/Stegemoller (2008), S. 553.
 
22
Vgl. Fama/Jensen (1985), S. 101 ff.
 
23
Bspw. Rajan/Zingales (1995), S. 1449; Anderson/Reeb (2003b), S. 653 ff.; Andres (2008), S. 434.
 
24
Bspw. Tagiuri/Davis (1992), S. 43 ff.; Lee/Rogoff (1996), S. 423 ff.; Chrisman et al. (2012), S. 267 ff.; Chua et al. (2015), S. 173 ff.
 
25
Vgl. Gómez-Mejía et al. (2007), S. 106 ff.
 
26
Vgl. Kahneman/Tversky (1979), S. 263 ff.
 
27
Vgl. Tversky/Kahneman (1991), S. 1039 ff.
 
28
Bspw. Gómez-Mejía et al. (2007), S. 106 ff.; Chrisman et al. (2012), S. 267 ff.; Cruz et al. (2014), S. 1295 ff.; Vardaman/Gondo (2014), S. 1317 ff.
 
29
Vgl. Berrone et al. (2012), S. 258 ff.; Chrisman et al. (2012), S. 267 ff.
 
30
Vgl. Berrone et al. (2012), S. 258 ff.
 
31
Bspw. Vardaman/Gondo (2014), S. 1317 ff.
 
32
Bspw. Berrone et al. (2012), S. 258 ff.; Cruz et al. (2014), S. 1295 ff.; Martin et al. (2016), S. 453 ff.
 
33
Vgl. Fueglistaller/Zellweger (2005), S. 9; Achleitner et al. (2008), S. 19; Schraml (2010), S. 270.
 
34
Vgl. Achleitner et al. (2008), S. 19; Schraml (2010), S. 270.
 
35
Fueglistaller/Zellweger (2005), S. 9; Achleitner et al. (2008), S. 19; Schraml (2010), S. 270.
 
36
Vgl. Graham/Harvey (2001), S. 187 ff.
 
37
Vgl. Brounen et al. (2004), S. 71 ff.
 
38
Vgl. Ittner/Larcker (2001), S. 350; Ryan/Trahan (2007), S. 111.
 
39
Vgl. Ryan/Trahan (2007), S. 111.
 
40
Vgl. Modigliani/Miller (1958), S. 261 ff.
 
41
Vgl. Smith/Stulz (1985), S. 392.
 
42
Bspw. Smith/Stulz (1985), S. 391 ff.; May (1995), S. 1291 ff.; Géczy et al. (1997), S. 1323 ff.; Hagelin et al. (2007), S. 721 ff.; Spanò (2007), S. 1245 ff.
 
43
Dies setzt eine konvexe Steuerfunktion voraus, welche beispielsweise bei einem progressiven Steuertarif oder aber auch bei steuerlichen Verlustvorträgen, die erst in späteren Perioden mit Gewinnen verrechnet werden können und somit einen geringeren Barwert aufweisen, zu beobachten ist.
 
44
Bspw. Smith/Stulz (1985), S. 392 ff.; Spanò (2007), S. 1255 f.
 
45
Vgl. Stulz (1990), S. 3 ff.
 
46
Vgl. Froot et al. (1993), S. 1629 ff.
 
47
Vgl. McConaughy et al. (2001), S. 31 ff. (mit diesbezüglichen empirischen Befunden); Miller/Breton-Miller (2006), S. 73 ff.
 
48
Vgl. López-Gracia/Sánchez-Andújar (2007), S. 269 ff.; Schraml (2010) (beide mit diesbezüglichen empirischen Befunden).
 
49
Vgl. Schraml (2010) (mit diesbezüglichen empirischen Befunden).
 
50
Vgl. McConaughy et al. (2001), S. 31 ff. (mit diesbezüglichen empirischen Befunden); Miller/Breton-Miller (2006), S. 73 ff.; López-Gracia/Sánchez-Andújar (2007), S. 269 ff.
 
51
Vgl. McConaughy et al. (2001), S. 31 ff. (mit diesbezüglichen empirischen Befunden).
 
52
Kapitalstruktur- und Dividendenpolitik werden nicht zuletzt auch von weiteren Faktoren beeinflusst. Beispielsweise kann eine höhere – die Stimmrechte der Eigentümerfamilie nicht verwässernde – Verschuldung dem Kontrollerhalt dienen bzw. könnten höhere Dividendenausschüttungen zur Versorgung der Familienmitglieder mit Dividendeneinkommen genutzt werden. Einen diesbezüglichen Literaturüberblick geben beispielsweise zur Kapitalstruktur von Familienunternehmen Dick (2018), S. 37 ff. bzw. Dick/Wagner (2019) sowie zur Dividendenpolitik Dick (2015), S. 65 ff. bzw. Dick (2018), S. 73 ff.
 
53
Siehe dazu auch Dick/Pernsteiner (2015), S. 27 ff.
 
54
Siehe dazu auch – auf eine geringere Bedeutung des Krisenmanagements verweisend – Faghfouri et al. (2015), S. 317 ff.
 
55
Vgl. Anderson et al. (2003), S. 264; Anderson/Reeb (2003a), S. 1301.
 
56
Vgl. Dick/Pernsteiner (2015), S. 31.
 
57
Bspw. Smith/Stulz (1985), S. 391 ff.; Anderson/Reeb (2003b), S. 653 ff.; Hagelin et al. (2006), S. 283 ff.; Schmid et al. (2008), S. 1 ff.
 
58
Vgl. Gómez-Mejía et al. (2007), S. 106 ff.
 
59
Vgl. Dick/Pernsteiner (2015), S. 31 f.
 
60
Vgl. Froot et al. (1993), S. 1629 ff.
 
61
Bspw. Schmid (2013), S. 257 ff.; Dick (2018), S. 44 ff.
 
62
Vgl. Dick/Pernsteiner (2015), S. 30. sowie – auf das Risikomanagement verweisend – Schmid et al. (2008), S. 1 ff.; Paape/Speklé (2012), S. 540; Hiebl et al. (2019), S. 39 ff.
 
63
Vgl. Dick/Pernsteiner (2015), S. 30.
 
64
Bspw. Anderson/Reeb (2003b), S. 653 ff.; Hagelin et al. (2006), S. 283 ff.; Schmid et al. (2008), S. 1 ff.; Aabo et al. (2011), S. 38 ff.
 
65
Vgl. McConaughy et al. (2001), S. 31 ff.
 
66
Vgl. García Pérez de Lema/Duréndez (2007), S. 151 ff.
 
67
Vgl. Dick/Pernsteiner (2015), S. 27 ff.
 
68
Vgl. Becker et al. (2013), S. 5 ff.
 
69
Vgl. Giuli et al. (2011), S. 2931 ff.
 
70
Ein fortschrittliches Finanzmanagement (Working Capital Management bzw. Value Management) geht mit höheren Internationalisierungsmodi wie Direktinvestitionen bei österreichischen und deutschen mittleren sowie großen Familienunternehmen einher (Dick et al. (2017), S. 42 ff.).
 
71
Zwar stellen die Autoren keine Unterschiede im Hedging von Währungsrisiken zwischen Familien- und Nichtfamilienunternehmen fest. Jedoch wirkt sich ein Auseinanderfallen von Anteils- und Kontrollrechten (z. B. über mehrere Aktiengattungen mit unterschiedlichen Stimmrechten) (nur) bei Familienunternehmen negativ auf das Hedging aus. Dies werten die Autoren als Indiz dafür, dass Eigentümerfamilien durch beispielsweise den Einsatz von mehreren Aktiengattungen ihr Vermögen stärker diversifizieren können, ohne die Kontrolle über ihr Unternehmen zu verlieren, und folglich in geringerem Ausmaß auf Währungsrisikomanagement zur Absicherung ihres ansonsten, d. h. bei Gültigkeit des Prinzips „One share – one vote“, relativ undiversifizierten Vermögens setzen müssen (Hagelin et al. (2006), S. 283 ff.).
 
72
Vgl. Hagelin et al. (2007), S. 721 ff.
 
73
Vgl. Schmid et al. (2008), S. 1 ff.
 
74
Vgl. auf eigentümergeführte Unternehmen bezugnehmend Paape/Speklé (2012), S. 533 ff.
 
75
Vgl. Brustbauer (2016), S. 70 ff.
 
76
Vgl. Hiebl et al. (2019), S. 39 ff.
 
77
Vgl. Faghfouri et al. (2015), S. 317 ff.
 
78
Vgl. Anderson/Reeb (2003b), S. 653 ff.
 
79
Vgl. Kim et al. (2014), S. 415 ff.
 
80
Vgl. Aabo et al. (2011), S. 38 ff.
 
81
Vgl. Graham/Harvey (2001), S. 187 ff.
 
82
Vgl. Ryan/Trahan (2007), S. 111.
 
83
Gallo/Vilaseca (1996), S. 387 ff. verweisen in diesem Zusammenhang auf den Einsatz eines breiteren Spektrums an Finanzprodukten bei steigender Unternehmensgröße.
 
84
Vgl. Filbeck/Lee (2000), S. 201 ff.
 
85
Vgl. Giuli et al. (2011), S. 2931 ff.
 
86
Dabei zeigt sich ein negativer Einfluss (reinen) Familieneigentums (und somit ein positiver Effekt externer Eigentümer) auf den Entwicklungsstand des Finanzmanagements generell sowie auf das Value Management, während sich (reines) Familienmanagement negativ (und somit familienfremde Manager positiv) auf das Working Capital Management auswirken (Dick/Pernsteiner (2015), S. 27 ff.).
 
87
Vgl. Filbeck/Lee (2000), S. 201 ff.
 
88
Vgl. Aabo et al. (2011), S. 38 ff.
 
89
Vgl. Kim et al. (2014), S. 415 ff.
 
90
Vgl. Kim et al. (2014), S. 415 ff.
 
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Metadata
Title
Finanzmanagement und -controlling in Familienunternehmen
Author
Markus Dick
Copyright Year
2022
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-35169-4_15

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