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2023 | Book

Introduction Read chapter Read first chapter

Flywheel Energy Storage

in Automotive Engineering

Author: Armin Buchroithner

Publisher: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden

Part of: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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About this book

Storing energy is one of the most important challenges of our time. Energy storage systems are not only essential for switching to renewable energy sources, but also for all mobile applications. Electro-mechanical flywheel energy storage systems (FESS) can be used in hybrid vehicles as an alternative to chemical batteries or capacitors and have enormous development potential. In the first part of the book, the Supersystem Analysis, FESS is placed in a global context using a holistic approach. External influences such as the vehicle, driver and operating strategy, including socio-psychological aspects, are analyzed with regard to their interaction with the memory. From this, optimal application scenarios are derived and the development goals relevant for market success are defined. In the second part, the consideration of the subsystem, those critical components in the FESS are identified which are responsible for the achievement of the technical target properties. From the point of view of maximum cost reduction, specific solutions for the design of the key components are presented and their suitability is validated through empirical studies on the housing, bearing and rotor as well as through overall prototypes.This book is a translation of the original German 1st edition Schwungradspeicher in der Fahrzeugtechnik by Armin Buchroithner published by Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature in 2019.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
1. Introduction
Abstract
This chapter provides a general introduction to the topic of flywheel energy storage systems with a focus on vehicular applications. It touches upon historical aspects, covering not only technological, but also socio-economic issues and explains the motivation for a holistic consideration of the system “energy storage vehicle environment”. The role of the transport sector in the energy revolution is discussed with an emphasis on what future mobility might look like. Beyond that, the structure of the book and its following chapters is described.
Armin Buchroithner
2. Complexity, Importance, and Overall System Dependency of the Vehicle Operating Strategy
Abstract
Energy storage systems always interact with their periphery or supersystem. In the case of automotive flywheel energy storage systems (FESS), interactions and interdependencies with the vehicle, driver, and even the entire transport infrastructure can be oversed and are dealt with in this chapter. The reader finds a well-structured introduction to the physical basics of kinetic energy storage, followed by design considerations at energy storage and vehicle level and an extensive list of successful FESS prototypes. Three representative examples of different flywheel hybrid vehicles are picked out and discussed in detail.
Armin Buchroithner
3. Supersystem of Mobile Flywheel Energy Storage
Abstract
The supersystem of the flywheel energy storage system (FESS) comprises all aspects and components, which are outside the energy storage system itself, but which interact directly or indirectly with the flywheel. This chapter covers the basics of hybrid vehicle technology and presents relevant architectures as well as primary and secondary energy storage options. The effects of charging infrastructure and other aspects related to energy supply and civil engineering on the potential and success of alternative propulsion systems is discussed. Also, psychological (driver and customer) behavior is analyzed from a scientific point of view.
Armin Buchroithner
4. Interaction Between Subsystem and Supersystem of Mobile Flywheel Energy Storage
Abstract
This chapter discusses possibilities of more efficient use of flywheel energy storage systems (FESS) by adapting the FESS’s environment - or the supersystem (according to the system hierarchy presented in Chap. 4, Fig. 4.2) - to given energy storage properties. Different use cases and driver behavior are analyzed with a view on profitability and customer psychology, resulting in a clear differentiation between personal cars and commercial vehicles. Vehicle operating strategies and desirable FESS target properties are evaluated based on an extensive analysis of competing energy storage systems. The definition of so called “threshold specifications” for FESS gives a first indication whether this technology can or will be competitive on the market.
Armin Buchroithner
5. Optimizing the Supersystem of Mobile Energy Storage
Abstract
This chapter discusses possibilities of more efficient use of flywheel energy storage systems (FESS) by adapting the FESS’s environment - or the supersystem (according to the system hierarchy presented in Chap. 4, Fig. 4.​2) - to given energy storage properties. Different use cases and driver behavior are analyzed with a view on profitability and customer psychology, resulting in a clear differentiation between personal cars and commercial vehicles. Vehicle operating strategies and desirable FESS target properties are evaluated based on an extensive analysis of competing energy storage systems. The definition of so called “threshold specifications” for FESS gives a first indication whether this technology can or will be competitive on the market.
Armin Buchroithner
6. Subsystem Optimization
Abstract
In order to reach the desired threshold specifications described in Chap. 5 in this book, certain key components of flywheel energy storage systems must be modified or improved. These critical components, which are predominantly responsible for the achievement of the FESS’s energetic target properties, are identified and their interactions with each other are analyzed. Two representative examples of FESS prototypes, one for a personal car and one for a commercial vehicle, are discussed to give the reader insight in the design and decision-making process.
Armin Buchroithner
7. Rotors for Mobile Flywheel Energy Storage
Abstract
Flywheel rotors are a key component, determining not only the energy content of the entire flywheel energy storage system (FESS), but also system costs, housing design, bearing system, etc. Using simple analytic formulas, the basics of FESS rotor design and material selection are presented. The important differences between isotropic (steel) rotors and (anisotropic) fiber composite flywheels are explained in detail, and many practical examples are given in well-arranged tables. Finally, the design, manufacturing, and testing process of two different FESS rotors is presented, providing the reader with unprecedented insight into the topic.
Armin Buchroithner
8. Flywheel Energy Storage Housing
Abstract
The housing of a flywheel energy storage system (FESS) also serves as a burst containment in the case of rotor failure of vehicle crash. In this chapter, the requirements for this safety-critical component are discussed, followed by an analysis of historical and contemporary burst containment designs. By providing several practical examples, the importance of designing burst containments specifically adjusted to the flywheel rotor material is demonstrated. The currently available analytical calculation methods and design guidelines are compared with numeric simulations and practical burst containment tests conducted by the Graz University of Technology.
Armin Buchroithner
9. Bearings for Flywheel Energy Storage
Abstract
Bearings for flywheel energy storage systems (FESS) are absolutely critical, as they determine not only key performance specifications such as self-discharge and service live, but may cause even safety-critical situations in the event of failure. By analyzing aspects of the FESS supersystem, requirements and load collectives for the bearing system are defined. The reader is introduced to the topic of gyroscopic motion, which is of high relevance for the determination of vehicular FESS bearing loads. The importance of flywheel balancing to reduce radial bearing loads is also presented in an easy to understand way. Rotor dynamics and resonance phenomena are considered, and practical examples of bearing seat designs, which can mitigate effects such as residual unbalance, are given.
Armin Buchroithner
10. Stationary FESS for Modern Mobility
Abstract
Some of the specific challenges of mobile flywheel energy storage systems (FESS) can be mitigated or even completely avoided in stationary applications. This chapter shows how FESS can be an important part of the energy revolution and how they can be improved even further by applying technical approaches which reduce self-discharge while at the same time keeping manufacturing costs low. Representative test bed results conducted at the Graz University of Technology are included to give the reader insight into cutting-edge research. Finally, the concept of an EV fast-charging station with integrated FESS for electrical grid load mitigation is presented.
Armin Buchroithner
11. Summary and Outlook
Abstract
The book Flywheel Energy Storage in Automotive Engineering pursues a consistently holistic approach to the topic. In times of CO2-induced global warming and constantly rising energy prices, it is essential to put even technical details of the hybrid powertrain—such as, for instance, the energy storage system—in a global context.
Armin Buchroithner
Metadata
Title
Flywheel Energy Storage
Author
Armin Buchroithner
Copyright Year
2023
Electronic ISBN
978-3-658-35342-1
Print ISBN
978-3-658-35341-4
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-35342-1

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