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2018 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

2. Food for Sustainable Growth

Authors : Danielle Nierenberg, Barilla Center for Food and Nutrition

Published in: Nourished Planet

Publisher: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics

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Abstract

Eaters and farmers are beginning to understand that the actions they take today can have long-lasting effects—both positive and negative—on a variety of social, economic, and environmental levels. A successful sustainable food system, one that not only meets the food needs of the population but also promotes public health and protects future generations, is paramount to ensuring a future for everyone, including young and old, rich and poor, farmers and eaters, policymakers and investors.

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Footnotes
1
“Double Pyramid: A Healthy Diet for All and One Sustainable for the Planet,” BCFN (2016), https://​www.​barillacfn.​com/​en/​dissemination/​double_​pyramid/​
 
2
Ibid.; I. Contento, Nutrition Education: Linking Research, Theory, and Practice, 3rd ed., Jones and Bartlett Learning (2016), http://​www.​jblearning.​com/​catalog/​9781284078008/​
 
3
C. Matthews, “Livestock a Major Threat to Environment,” Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (2006), www.​fao.​org/​Newsroom/​en/​news/​2006/​1000448/​index.​html
 
5
Ibid.; BCFN, “Double Pyramid.”
 
6
“Global Report on Diabetes,” World Health Organization, Geneva (2016), http://​apps.​who.​int/​iris/​bitstream/​10665/​204871/​1/​9789241565257_​eng.​pdf; “Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease,” International Diabetes Federation, Brussels, Belgium (2016), www.​idf.​org/​cvd; “Cost of Diabetes Hits 825 Billion Dollars a Year,” Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (2016), https://​www.​hsph.​harvard.​edu/​news/​press-releases/​diabetes-cost-825-billion-a-year/​
 
7
T. White and L. Honig, “Corn and Soybean Production Up in 2016, USDA Reports,” United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service (2017), https://​www.​nass.​usda.​gov/​Newsroom/​2017/​01_​12_​2017.​php
 
8
J.M. Alston, D.A. Sumner, and S.A. Vosti, “Farm Subsidies and Obesity in the United States: National Evidence and International Comparisons,” Food Policy 33, no. 6 (2008): 470–9, http://​www.​sciencedirect.​com/​science/​article/​pii/​S030691920800052​3
 
9
Ibid.
 
10
S. Fields, “The Fat of the Land: Do Agricultural Subsidies Foster Poor Health?,” Environmental Health Perspectives (2004), https://​www.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​pmc/​articles/​PMC1247588/​
 
11
BCFN, “Double Pyramid.”
 
12
“Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions,” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2017), https://​www.​epa.​gov/​ghgemissions/​sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions#agriculture; “BCFN: Protect the Planet and Our Health with a Mediterranean Diet and Local Products,” BCFN Foundation (2016), https://​www.​barillacfn.​com/​en/​media/​bcfn-protect-the-planet-and-our-health-with-a-mediterranean-diet-and-local-products/​
 
13
M. Howe, “Calculating Ecological Footprint Components,” Small Farm Permaculture and Sustainable Living (2017), https://​small-farm-permaculture-and-sustainable-living.​com/​ecological_​footprint_​components/​
 
14
D. Clark, “What’s a Carbon Footprint and How Is It Worked Out?” The Guardian (4 April 2012), https://​www.​theguardian.​com/​environment/​2012/​apr/​04/​carbon-footprint-calculated
 
15
A. Lacis, “CO2: The Thermostat That Controls Earth’s Temperature,” National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Institute for Space Studies (2010), https://​www.​giss.​nasa.​gov/​research/​briefs/​lacis_​01/​; K. Hansen, “Carbon Dioxide Controls Earth’s Temperature,” Phys.Org (2010), https://​phys.​org/​news/​2010-10-carbon-dioxide-earths-temperature.​html#jCp; Clark, “What’s a Carbon Footprint.”
 
16
“Climatarian: The ‘Zero Emissions’ Meal,” BCFN Foundation (2016), https://​www.​barillacfn.​com/​en/​magazine/​food-and-sustainability/​climatarian-the-zero-emissions-meal/​; P. Scarborough, P.N. Appleby, A. Mizdrak, A.D.M. Briggs, R.C. Travis, K.E. Bradbury, and T.J. Key, “Dietary Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Meat-Eaters, Fish-Eaters, Vegetarians and Vegans in the UK,” Climatic Change 125, no. 2 (2014): 179–92.
 
17
“Climate Change,” Global Footprint Network: Advancing the Science of Sustainability, (2017), http://​www.​footprintnetwork​.​org/​our-work/​climate-change/​; C. Davenport and M. Landler, “US to Give $3 Billion to Climate Fund to Help Poor Nations, and Spur Rich Ones,” New York Times (14 November 2014), https://​www.​nytimes.​com/​2014/​11/​15/​us/​politics/​obama-climate-change-fund-3-billion-announcement.​html
 
18
B. Buchner and J. Wilkinson, “The Paris Agreement Is a Signal to Unlock Trillions in Climate Finance,” Climate Policy Initiative (2015), https://​climatepolicyini​tiative.​org/​2015/​12/​14/​the-paris-agreement-is-a-signal-to-unlock-trillions-in-climate-finance/​
 
19
“The Emissions Gap Report,” UNEP (2015), uneplive.​unep.​org/​media/​docs/​theme/​13/​EGR_​2015_​ES_​English_​Embargoed.​pdf; K. Levin and T. Fransen, “Why Are INDC Studies Reaching Different Temperature Estimates?,” World Resources Institute (2015), http://​www.​wri.​org/​blog/​2015/​11/​insider-why-are-indc-studies-reaching-different-temperature-estimates
 
20
R. Valentini, “Feed 9 Billion People Respecting the 2°C Limit?,” in Eating Planet: Food and Sustainability: Building Our Future, BCFN Foundation (2016), https://​www.​barillacfn.​com/​media/​pdf/​Barilla_​Eating_​planet-2016_​Eng_​S_​abstract.​pdf
 
21
M. Shear, “Trump Will Withdraw US from Paris Climate Agreement,” New York Times (1 June 2017), https://​www.​nytimes.​com/​2017/​06/​01/​climate/​trump-paris-climate-agreement.​html; N. Prupis, “Obama Sends $500 Million to Green Climate Fund, Signaling End to Era,” Common Dreams (17 January 2017), https://​www.​commondreams.​org/​news/​2017/​01/​17/​obama-sends-500-million-green-climate-fund-signaling-end-era
 
22
“Trump Withdraws U.S. from Paris Agreement; Andrew Cuomo, Barack Obama, Scott Pruitt, More Respond,” Newsday (2 June 2017), www.​newsday.​com/​news/​nation/​trump-withdraws-u-s-from-paris-agreement-andrew-cuomo-barack-obama-scott-pruitt-more-respond-1.​13700637
 
23
Ibid.
 
24
J. Horowitz and S. Strom, “Obama Speaks in Milan, with Food as Text and Politics as Subtext,” New York Times (9 May 2017), https://​www.​nytimes.​com/​2017/​05/​09/​world/​europe/​obama-food-milan-seeds-chips.​html
 
25
“Biomimicry, Food, and Climate Change: An Interview with Anna Lappé,” The Biomimicry Institute, Biomimicry and Climate Change Leaders series (2017), https://​biomimicry.​org/​biomimicry-food-climate-change-interview-anna-lappe/​
 
26
“Regenerative Organic Agriculture and Climate Change: A Down-to-Earth Solution to Global Warming,” Rodale Institute (2017), https://​rodaleinstitute.​org/​assets/​WhitePaper.​pdf
 
27
Ibid.
 
28
“What Is a Water Footprint?,” Water Footprint Network (2017), http://​waterfootprint.​org/​en/​water-footprint/​what-is-water-footprint/​
 
29
A. Muhammad-Muaz and M.H. Marlia, “Water Footprint Assessment of Oil Palm in Malaysia: A Preliminary Study,” American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings 1618, no. 803 (2014); B. Bras, F. Tejada, J. Yen, J. Zullo, and T. Guldberg, “Quantifying the Life Cycle Water Consumption of a Passenger Vehicle,” SAE Technical Paper Series (2012).
 
30
Ibid.; “Drinking Water Fact Sheet,” World Health Organization (WHO) (2017), http://​www.​who.​int/​mediacentre/​factsheets/​fs391/​en/​
 
31
Ibid.
 
32
P. Gleick, N. Ajami, et al. (eds.), The World’s Water, Volume 8: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources, Island Press (2014), https://​islandpress.​org/​book/​the-worlds-water-volume-8
 
33
Ibid.
 
34
“Drinking-Water,” World Health Organization (2017), www.​who.​int/​mediacentre/​factsheets/​fs391/​en/​; R.P. Hall, B. Van Koppen, and E. Van Houweling, “The Human Right to Water: The Importance of Domestic and Productive Water Rights.” Science and Engineering Ethics 20, no. 4 (2014): 849–68, https://​www.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​pmc/​articles/​PMC4237907/​
 
35
Hall et al., “The Human Right to Water.”
 
36
Ibid.
 
37
T. Allan, “Virtual Water Between Underconsumption and Poor Management,” in Eating Planet: Food and Sustainability: Building Our Future, BCFN Foundation (2016), https://​www.​barillacfn.​com/​media/​pdf/​Barilla_​Eating_​planet-2016_​Eng_​S_​abstract.​pdf
 
38
D. Wichelns, “An Economic Analysis of the Virtual Water Concept in Relation to the Agri-Food Sector,” Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2010), http://​www.​fao.​org/​fsnforum/​cfs-hlpe/​sites/​cfs-hlpe/​files/​files/​Water/​Wichelns%20​on%20​VW.​pdf
 
39
Ibid.
 
40
D. Michel and A. Pandya, “Troubled Waters: Climate Change, Hydropolitics, and Transboundary Resources,” The Henry L. Stimson Center (2009), https://​www.​globalpolicy.​org/​images/​pdfs/​troubled_​waters-complete.​pdf
 
41
Ibid.
 
42
Ibid.
 
43
S. Varghese, “Privatizing US Water,” Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy (IATP) Trade and Global Governance Program (2015), https://​www.​iatp.​org/​files/​451_​2_​99838.​pdf
 
44
Ibid.
 
45
“Oil and Gas Services: Water Resource Management and Monitoring,” EHS Support (2017), http://​www.​ehs-support.​com/​services/​oil-gas-services/​water-resource-management-monitoring
 
46
J. Specht, “Food Hero Series: Tony Allan, Water Policy Innovator,” Food Tank: The Think Tank for Food (2016), https://​foodtank.​com/​news/​2013/​03/​food-hero-series-tony-allan-water-policy-innovator/​
 
48
E. Nkonya et al. (eds.), “Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement: A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development,” IFPRI (2016), http://​www.​commonland.​com/​_​doc/​5091_​699899401.​pdf; “Earth Day,” The BCFN Foundation and the Milan Center for Food Law and Policy (2017), https://​www.​barillacfn.​com/​en/​media/​earth-day-22nd-april-2017/​
 
49
“Poverty and Climate Change: Reducing the Vulnerability of the Poor through Adaptation,” Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (2003), http://​www.​oecd.​org/​env/​cc/​2502872.​pdf
 
50
A. Tukker and B. Jansen, “Environmental Impacts of Products: A Detailed Review of Studies,” Journal of Industrial Ecology 10, no. 3 (2006), http://​onlinelibrary.​wiley.​com/​doi/​10.​1162/​jiec.​2006.​10.​3.​159/​full; “Prosperous Living for the World in 2050: Insights from the Global Calculator,” Climate-­KIC and International Energy Agency (2015), www.​globalcalculator​.​org/​sites/​default/​files/​Prosperous%20​living%20​for%20​the%20​world%20​in%20​2050%20​-%20​insights%20​from%20​the%20​Global%20​Calculator_​0.​pdf; T. Garnett, “The Food Sustainability Challenge,” Food Climate Research Network (2014), https://​www.​sbs.​ox.​ac.​uk/​sites/​default/​files/​Skoll_​Centre/​Docs/​essay-garnett.​pdf; B. Bajzelj, K. Richards, J. Allwood, P. Smith, J. Dennis, E. Curmi, and C. Gilligan, “Importance of Food-­Demand Management for Climate Mitigation,” Nature Climate Change 4 (2014): 924–­9, https://​www.​nature.​com/​articles/​nclimate2353; R. Oppenlander, Food Choice and Sustainability: Why Buying Local, Eating Less Meat, and Taking Baby Steps Won’t Work, Hillcrest Publishing Group (2013).
 
51
“The State of the World’s Land and Water Resources: Managing Systems at Risk,” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2011), www.​fao.​org/​nr/​solaw/​solaw-home/​en/​
 
53
“The State of the World’s Land and Water Resources: Managing Systems at Risk,” Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (2011), http://​www.​fao.​org/​docrep/​017/​i1688e/​i1688e.​pdf
 
54
P. Sullivan, “Sustainable Soil Management: Soil Systems Guide,” National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service, National Center for Appropriate Technology (2004), http://​cabrillo.​edu/​~dobrien/​soilmgmtATTRA.​pdf; D. Pimentel, “Soil Erosion: A Food and Environmental Threat,” Environment, Development and Sustainability 8, no. 1 (2006), http://​saveoursoils.​com/​userfiles/​downloads/​1368007451-Soil%20​Erosion-David%20​Pimentel.​pdf; N. Heikkinen, “US Bread Basket Shifts Thanks to Climate Change,” Scientific American (23 December 2015), https://​www.​scientificameric​an.​com/​article/​u-s-bread-basket-shifts-thanks-to-climate-change/​
 
55
R. Butler, “Soil Erosion and Its Effects,” Mongabay (22 July 2012), www.​rainforests.​mongabay.​com/​0903.​html; T. Echolls, “Soil Erosion due to Rainforest Deforestation,” Sciencing (25 April 2017), sciencing.​com/​soil-erosion-due-rainforest-deforestation-23042.​html
 
56
“Savory,” Savory (2017), www.​savory.​global
 
57
“Prolinnova: Promoting Local Innovation,” Prolinnova (2017), www.​prolinnova.​net; “SAVE FOOD: Global Initiative on Food Loss and Waste Reduction,” Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (2017), http://​www.​fao.​org/​save-food/​en/​
 
58
“The Library for Food Sovereignty,” A Growing Culture (2017), www.​agrowingculture.​org/​library/​
 
59
“Leadership,” One Acre Fund (2017), https://​oneacrefund.​org/​about-us/​leadership/​
 
60
“SAVE FOOD: Global Initiative on Food Loss and Waste Reduction,” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2017), www.​fao.​org/​save-food/​resources/​keyfindings/​en/​
 
61
Ibid.
 
62
L. Furbank, “59 Organizations Fighting Food Loss and Waste,” Food Tank (2017), https://​foodtank.​com/​news/​2016/​07/​fighting-food-loss-and-waste/​
 
63
“Introducing Commonsense Bill to Standardize Food Date Labeling,” Congresswoman Chellie Pingree, First District of Maine (2016), https://​pingree.​house.​gov/​media-center/​press-releases/​introducing-commonsense-bill-standardaize-food-date-labelng
 
64
E. Broad Leib, C. Rice, A. Chan, M. Cohen, K. Dimri, M. Malavey, K. Sandson, and D. Trudelle, “Opportunities to Reduce Food Waste in the 2018 Farm Bill,” Harvard Food Law and Policy Clinic (2017), www.​chlpi.​org/​wp-content/​uploads/​2013/​12/​Opportunities-to-Reduce-Food-Waste-in-the-2018-Farm-Bill_​May-2017.​pdf
 
65
L. Furbank, “Food Loss and Waste Protocol Partnership Releases First-Ever Global Food Waste Standard,” Food Tank (2017), https://​foodtank.​com/​news/​2016/​09/​food-loss-and-waste-protocol-partnership-releases-first-ever-global-food-wa/​
 
66
Ibid.
 
67
Ibid.
 
68
J.N. Pretty et al., “Resource-Conserving Agriculture Increases Yields in Developing Countries,” Environmental Science Technology 40, no. 4 (2006): 1114–9; “Sustainable Agriculture,” National Geographic Society (2015), https://​www.​nationalgeograph​ic.​com/​environment/​habitats/​sustainable-agriculture/​; “What Is Sustainable Agriculture?,” Agricultural Sustainability Institute at UC Davis (2017), http://​asi.​ucdavis.​edu/​programs/​sarep/​about/​what-is-sustainable-agriculture
 
69
Pretty, “Resource-Conserving Agriculture”; “Sustainable Agriculture,” National Geographic Society; “What Is Sustainable Agriculture?,” Agricultural Sustainability Institute at UC Davis.
 
70
“Biodiversity and Agriculture,” Healthy and Sustainable Food, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (2017), www.​chgeharvard.​org/​topic/​biodiversity-and-agriculture
 
71
Ibid.
 
72
J. Prisco, “Why Bananas as We Know Them Might Go Extinct (Again),” CNN (2016), www.​cnn.​com/​2015/​07/​22/​africa/​banana-panama-disease/​index.​html
 
73
A. Davis, J. Hill, C. Chase, A. Johanns, and M. Liebman, “Increasing Cropping System Diversity Balances Productivity, Profitability and Environmental Health,” PLoS One (10 October 2012), www.​journals.​plos.​org/​plosone/​article?​id=​10.​1371/​journal.​pone.​0047149
 
74
H. Gould, “10 Things You Need to Know about Sustainable Agriculture,” The Guardian (1 July 2014), https://​www.​theguardian.​com/​sustainable-business/​food-blog/​sustainable-agriculture-10-things-climate-change
 
75
“The Future of Food and Agriculture: Trends and Challenges,” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2017), www.​reliefweb.​int/​report/​world/​future-food-and-agriculture-trends-and-challenges
 
76
Gould, “10 Things You Need to Know.”
 
77
Ibid.
 
78
Ibid.
 
79
E. Salshutz, “Five Examples of Successful Urban Agriculture Done Differently around the World,” Food Tank (2017), https://​foodtank.​com/​news/​2013/​10/​five-different-examples-of-urban-agriculture-from-around-the-world/​
 
80
Ibid.
 
81
K. Devlin, “Local Foods Offer Tangible Economic Benefits in Some Regions,” Penn State News (3 February 2014), www.​news.​psu.​edu/​story/​302490/​2014/​02/​03/​research/​local-foods-offer-tangible-economic-benefits-some-regions
 
82
E. Sorensen, “Major Study Documents Benefits of Organic Farming,” Washington State University (2014), https://​news.​wsu.​edu/​2014/​07/​11/​major-study-documents-benefits-of-organic-farming/​
 
83
O. Balch, “Bread Rationing and Smartcards: Egypt Takes Radical Steps to Tackle Food Waste,” The Guardian (20 March 2015), https://​www.​theguardian.​com/​global-development-professionals-network/​2015/​mar/​20/​bread-rationing-egypt-food-waste-grain-wheat
 
84
F. Allievi, M. Antonelli, and K. Dembska, “The Food Sustainability Index: Fostering the Global Shift towards a More Sustainable Food System,” Food Tank (2017). https://​foodtank.​com/​news/​2017/​05/​food-sustainability-index/​
 
85
H. Samuel, “France Enforces Ban on Unlimited Fizzy Drinks in Crackdown on Obesity,” Telegraph (27 January 2017), www.​telegraph.​co.​uk/​news/​2017/​01/​27/​france-enacts-ban-unlimited-soda-drinks/​
 
86
Ibid.
 
87
Balch, “Bread Rationing”; “Blumberg’s High-Tech Attempt to Ease Egyptian Grain Drain,” Reuters (2016), http://​www.​reuters.​com/​article/​us-egypt-blumberggrain-idUSKCN0X428Z
 
88
H. Worley, “Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Malnutrition in India,” PBR: Population Reference Bureau (2014), http://​www.​prb.​org/​Publications/​Articles/​2014/​india-sanitation-malnutrition.​aspx
 
89
Balch, “Bread Rationing.”
 
90
Allievi et al., “The Food Sustainability Index.”
 
91
“The BCFN Reveals the Results of the Food Sustainability Index (FSI),” Barilla Center for Food & Nutrition (2016), https://​www.​barillacfn.​com/​en/​press_​area/​the-bcfn-reveals-the-results-of-the-food-sustainability-index-fsi-/
 
92
As this book was going to press, the Economist Intelligence Unit released an updated version of the Index, ranking a total of 34 countries. “Food Sustainability Index 2017: Global Executive Summary,” BCFN and The Economist Intelligence Unit (2017). http://​foodsustainabili​ty.​eiu.​com/​wp-content/​uploads/​sites/​34/​2016/​09/​FoodSustainabili​tyIndex2017Globa​lExecutiveSummar​y.​pdf
 
Metadata
Title
Food for Sustainable Growth
Authors
Danielle Nierenberg
Barilla Center for Food and Nutrition
Copyright Year
2018
Publisher
Island Press/Center for Resource Economics
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-895-4_2