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2022 | Book

Forced Displacement and Migration: Introduction and Overview Read chapter Read first chapter

Forced Displacement and Migration

Approaches and Programmes of International Cooperation

Editors: Dr. Hans-Joachim Preuß, Dr. Christoph Beier, Prof. Dirk Messner

Publisher: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden

Part of: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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About this book

This book presents effective long-term solutions for displacement and migration against the background of the current debates. It offers insights on practical suggestions for dealing with displacement and migration due to violence, examines ideas for the management of global migration movements and looks into the integration of refugees and migrants.

Throughout the chapters, experts from science, politics and practice shed light on the causes of global migration and the consequences of migration on a political, economic and social level. The focus of the discussion is not the avoidance of migratory movements, but above all the use of positive effects in countries of origin, transit and destination.
The book is a must-read for researchers, policy-makers and politicians, interested in international cooperation and in a better understanding of causes, consequences and solutions of displacement and forced migration.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Forced Displacement and Migration: Introduction and Overview
Abstract
In this first chapter, the editors introduce the topic and the related challenges for politics and society in countries of origin, transit and destination of migrants, give an overview of basic concepts and the extent of migration movements and present the contributions of the book.
Hans-Joachim Preuß, Christoph Beier, Dirk Messner
Chapter 2. Trends, Drivers, and Dynamics of Flight and Migration
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of current trends in international migration and displacement. Nearly all countries in the world experience significant out- or in-migration, however, the majority of migrants reside in a few countries, while a few major emigration countries account for a large share of the global emigrant stock. In addition to a brief demographic profile, the chapter discusses drivers and migration motivations, climate and environmentally induced migration, categories of entry, irregular migration, and unsafe migration routes.
Daniel Naujoks
Chapter 3. Displacement Crises, Fragile States and Development Cooperation: Why Governance Support is Needed to Reduce Reasons to Flee
Abstract
When people flee their country, this usually indicates that their government has given up on parts of its population. In order to prevent displacement crises, this kind of state fragility needs to be countered. Fragility is a governance failure that cannot be overcome without transforming political institutions. Development cooperation must be geared towards addressing state fragility more comprehensively, with governance support playing a key role in this context.
Jörn Grävingholt
Chapter 4. Humanitarian–Development Integration? Comparing ‘Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development’, ‘Early Recovery’, ‘Resilience’ and the ‘Triple Nexus’
Abstract
The debate about whether and how to integrate humanitarian action and development cooperation – also known as ‘bridging the gap’ – has been ongoing for several decades. A number of approaches to engendering integration have been tried. This chapter assesses the four main ones. First, Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development (LRRD) is mainly limited to the European Commission, whilst the second approach, Early Recovery, is especially used within the United Nations (UN)-led cluster system. And third, especially since the Kyoto Protocol, resilience seemed to offer an opportunity to bring together the two types of action. After the 2016 World Humanitarian Summit and the arrival of UN Secretary-General Guterres at the UN, the Triple Nexus came into vogue. This chapter examines and compares the deficiencies (or gaps) in knowledge about and institutionalisation of humanitarian action and development that hamper – in overlapping, but different ways – the four approaches. We also look at the situation of South Sudanese refugees in settlement camps in northern Uganda to assess to which degree these four approaches have functioned in practice. We conclude that it is unlikely that all the deficiencies can ever be overcome.
Dennis Dijkzeul, Annalisa Addis
Chapter 5. Entrepreneurship and Innovation: How Institutional Voids Shape Economic Opportunities in Refugee Camps
Abstract
Refugee camps tend to be conceptualized as spaces that provide safety and aid to victims of forced displacement. Often overlooked, refugee camps are also vibrant spaces characterized by entrepreneurship, innovation, and lively market activity. This chapter examines how refugee entrepreneurs build businesses despite social, normative, and legal constraints of the refugee camp. I introduce three types of institutional voids that interface to constitute what I term the Humanitarian Institutional Arrangement typical of refugee camps. The chapter then explains how refugee camp entrepreneurs navigate these institutional voids in order to create sustainable businesses.
Marlen de la Chaux
Chapter 6. Beyond Emergencies: Towards a More Nuanced Understanding of the Various Impacts of Crises on Migrants
Abstract
A number of recent conflicts and natural disasters have highlighted the particular vulnerability of migrants during crises in countries of destination and transit. A particular catalyst was the Libyan revolution of 2011 and the ensuing violence. In response to this and other crisis a specific initiative – the ‘Migrants in Countries of Crisis initiative’ (MICIC) was launched to address such situations. Designed as an informal process the Initiative aimed at developing guidance on how states and other stakeholders could address situations when migrants are caught by a humanitarian crisis in a destination or transit country. This chapter discusses the origins and focus of the initiative. Drawing on data gathered in a study comparing six crisis situations, the chapter highlights the need for a nuanced understanding of the impacts of crisis on migrants. The chapter shows that there are indeed specific challenges migrants face when confronted with a crisis. These relate to general policies (such as migration policies) shaping experiences during crisis, specific responses to emergencies and societal conditions, including attitudes towards migrants.
Albert Kraler, Lukas Gehrke
Chapter 7. Better Migration Management – A Project implemented in the Horn of Africa
Abstract
Migration management is often a controversial concept and approach in the development cooperation context, which makes it important to clarify and define precisely what we mean. Should German development cooperation engage at all in this area? If so, in what way? What are the limits of our engagement? In 2016, the Better Migration Management (BMM) project confronted the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH with these questions and challenges. Based on experience gained during the design phase of the project, a definition of the term ‘development-oriented migration management’ was created in order to provide guidance for future projects in this sector.
Martin Weiß, Stephanie Deubler
Chapter 8. Reconsidering the Partnership Approach in International Migration Cooperation
Abstract
In the last few years, the importance of cooperating on issues of migration has become ever more apparent. The 2015–16 migration crisis in Europe and successive surges in irregular migration at the US–Mexico border since 2014 have illustrated the limitations of acting unilaterally and demonstrated the role that cooperation can play in managing migration more effectively. As a result, governments in Europe and North America have invested significant resources and political capital in their relationships with key countries of origin and transit. But an initial review suggests that while recent partnerships on migration are distinguished by their scope and ambition, they raise similar questions to their predecessors: namely, how effective they are in achieving their goals and whether they constitute true ‘partnerships’ in the proper sense of the term.
Demetrios G. Papademetriou, Kate Hooper
Chapter 9. Risk, Climate Change and Human Mobility in International Policy
Abstract
This chapter examines observed and potential patterns of migration, displacement, and planned relocation in the context of climate change impacts and risks. International climate change policy has framed human mobility as a risk management issue. The paper reviews the progress of the theme in international climate change policy period between approximately 2010, when Cancún Adaptation Framework paragraph 14(f) introduced human mobility, and 2018 when the Task Force on Displacement delivered its recommendations to the Conference of the Parties (COP) 24. It then examines how issues of climate change and disasters are treated in the Global Compacts on Migration and on Refugees, which also concluded at the end of 2018. The paper highlights some of the ways the work under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change complements the global compacts in preparing countries to manage adverse climate change impacts which may affect people on the move.
Koko Warner
Chapter 10. Displacement and Migration as a Foreign Policy Challenge
Abstract
The chapter focuses on the root causes of forced displacement and the role foreign policy can play in addressing them. The record numbers of refugees and internally displaced persons are a direct consequence of an increasing number of armed conflicts around the globe but in particular in Africa and the Middle East. These conflicts, while each of them has its specific origins, are aggravated by the fact that they take place in a changing international environment with increased great-power competition and shrinking influence of the ‘West’. In addressing these conflicts, international actors have to overcome substantial obstacles both in the international arena and in their domestic politics. Results of international conflict-resolution efforts in the past 30 years are mixed at best. The author argues that successful intervention – on whatever scale – requires well-coordinated efforts and the flexible use of a wide range of instruments in support of a politically defined strategy. It requires the investment of political capital and sustained, often long-term effort. In the end, all conflict resolution is political.
Christian Jetzlsperger
Chapter 11. Legal Pathways for Low-Skilled Migrant Workers
Abstract
In countries whose native-born workforce has become ever more educated and ever more concentrated in medium- and high-skilled industries, many low-wage jobs that cannot be outsourced or automated- such as child and elder care, agriculture, and construction – are filled by immigrants. Yet legal migration pathways are most readily available not to workers who might fill such positions, but to highly skilled professionals with a formal qualification. Where legal pathways for low-skilled migrants are too narrow to meet demand, employers and foreign-born workers alike often look to illegal migration to bridge the gap. The negotiation of a Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration in 2018 represented a unique opportunity for states to take stock of what has and has not worked for low-skilled labour migration pathways in the past, as well as what might add value in the future. Among the key challenges, policymakers will need to address are the need to improve coordination between destination and origin countries, balance clarity of program design with flexibility, and weave the protection of workers’ rights and the evaluation of impact into the fabric of new initiatives.
Kathleen Newland, Andrea Riester
Chapter 12. Community Sponsorship of Refugees
Abstract
This chapter identifies community sponsorship as a promising approach to refugee protection. It situates the potential of sponsorship within the global system; discusses the specific programs that are emerging in Canada, the United Kingdom and Argentina; and explains the key policy settings that underpin each approach. It also notes growing global momentum around community sponsorship and sets out the history, objectives, and evolving role of the Global Refugee Sponsorship Initiative. The piece concludes that although additional longitudinal and comparative research is necessary, a growing body of evidence supports the potential of community sponsorship to improve integration and strengthen host communities.
Jennifer Bond, Gregory A. Maniatis
Chapter 13. Failed Asylum Seekers as Agents of Development? New Approaches to Voluntary Return and Sustainable Reintegration in Germany’s Post-2015 Migration Policy
Abstract
Since the 2015/2016 refugee crisis, the German Government has been under domestic political pressure to accelerate the process for returning failed asylum seekers to their countries of origin. However, repatriation efforts using regulatory instruments are proving insufficient. This article describes how the development cooperation perspective has made inroads into this policy area and how a policy of voluntary and sustainable return can be elaborated further at German and European levels.
Jan Schneider
Chapter 14. Welfare Effects of Regular and Irregular Migration
Abstract
This chapter examines the ways in which regular and irregular migration affects welfare. Net welfare effects concern migrants, countries of origin and host countries to varying degrees and are affected by migrants’ characteristics, especially their legal status. Irregular migration is more likely to result in welfare loss or smaller welfare gains due to unfavourable selection, high uncertainty and below-average labour market outcomes. In order to ensure overall beneficial welfare effects, migration requires governance through coherent cross-departmental policies.
David Benček, Tobias Heidland, Matthias Lücke, Claas Schneiderheinze
Chapter 15. Neither Fortress Nor Open Gate: Proposals for a Humane But Realistic Migration Policy
Abstract
There is broad political consensus that neither closing European borders nor allowing unrestricted freedom of movement can be viewed as a feasible response to the increasing migration pressure around the world. But when it comes to the question of how to regulate migration in a way that adequately considers the legitimate interests of migrants, of the societies in the countries of destination and of the regions of origin, most political parties and academics remain silent if they are asked to be specific about the controversial question of ways and means to invite or restrict migration. Acknowledging that fighting the root causes of forced migration is a necessary but not sufficient contribution, this article aims to contribute to a consolidated development and migration policy composed of the three main pillars of firstly reducing migration pressures in the regions of origin, secondly providing safe legal routes for migrants to Europe and thirdly defining the parameters, i.e., the limitations necessary to keep migration movements within the absorption capacities of the societies and labour markets in the countries of destination. The policy recommendations refer to all motives for migration.
Theo Rauch
Chapter 16. Better Migration Management: Rethinking the Development and Mobility Paradigms
Abstract
Although the outmigration of Africans to Europe has always been a subject of great concern, only in 2015 did the descriptor ‘crisis’ begin to be used to refer to one of biggest movements of refugees and migrants since the Second World War. Efforts have been made by the African Union and the European Union (EU) to enhance the management of migration; however, there is an urgent need to rethink the predominant narrative a nd management approaches by the two bodies. This article draws attention to some of the veritable opportunities for better migration management, such as reconceptualizing mobility and free movement as a political and societal solution to the migration crisis; improved cooperation amongst African countries in finding lasting solutions to migration; diaspora mapping and management; and the possibilities of the EU’s support to African countries and sub-regions for a development-friendly management of migration capable of protecting migrants and enhancing the positive effects of migration such as remittances or knowledge transfers and sustainable reintegration of returning migrants into the labour market.
Michelle Ndiaye
Metadata
Title
Forced Displacement and Migration
Editors
Dr. Hans-Joachim Preuß
Dr. Christoph Beier
Prof. Dirk Messner
Copyright Year
2022
Electronic ISBN
978-3-658-32902-0
Print ISBN
978-3-658-32901-3
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-32902-0