Top

Published in:

2021 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

5. Foreign-Policy Schools of Thought and Debates in the IRI

Author : Ali Fathollah-Nejad

Published in: Iran in an Emerging New World Order

Publisher: Springer Singapore

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

By exploring the IRI’s foreign-policy schools of thought, this chapter will deal with “geostrategic discourses”, defined as ‘particular discursive speech acts about “national security”, and the “strategic interests” of the state’, and “geopolitical discourses”, defined as the ‘crafting and design of a particular spatial account of international affairs by institutions, and by practitioners of foreign policy’. Before doing so, Part A will first outline the specific framework of institutions relevant to foreign-policy decision-making in the IRI. Part B will then set the stage of our ensuing discussion by introducing the most important foreign-policy schools of thought in the IRI and their views on regional and global geopolitics, which expands on the analysis offered by Farhi and Lotfian. Part C will then delve into important foreign-policy debates and controversies of the 2000s, bringing the various schools into conversation with each other.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

previous chapter The Islamic Republic of Iran: State–Society Complex and the Political Elite’s Political and Geopolitical Culture

next chapter Iran’s International Relations in the Face of U.S. Imperial Hubris: From “9/11” to the Iraq War

Toal 2004: 98, Table 6.6.

Sadeghi-Boroujerdi 2014: 14–15.

Author’s interview with Sonboli.

Sadeghi-Boroujerdi 2014: 16.

See Rozen 2012.

See ibid.

Some argue that the Chairman of the Majlis National Security and Foreign Policy Committee acts as mouthpiece for the Supreme Leader.

See also Buchta 2000: 47–52.

Khajehpour et al. 2013.

Posch 2011d.

Sadeghi-Boroujerdi 2014: 47–48.

Barzegar 2010a: 184.

For the SNSC’s composition in the context of nuclear decision-making in the 2000s, see Entessar 2009a: 31–32. For its composition during the Rouhani administration, see Sadeghi-Boroujerdi 2014: 17–18.

Khalaji 2014: 44–46.

Ibid.: 49.

‘Zarif, “Supreme National Security Council is in charge of decision-making on nuclear issue”’ (in Persian), Etelaat, 10 September 2013; cited in Khalaji 2014: 50.

One key conclusion from these meetings was that a chief nuclear negotiator should be nominated, who would then also coordinate efforts with other sections in charge of political, technical and legal aspects (Rouhani 2012: 110). In fact, Rohani himself was appointed to assume this role and served as such between 6 October 2003 and 15 August 2005. For the role of the SNSC in national security and foreign policy decision-making, see ibid.: 83–89.

See Wehrey et al. 2009: ch. 4.

Throughout the “nuclear crisis”, the Parliament’s authority to ratify the Additional Protocol to the NPT or conversely opt out of the NPT itself has been consistently highlighted by Iranian officials and by parliamentarians alike as a way to put pressure on their negotiating counterparts.

See Seyfzadeh 2008.

Therme 2012: 4.

Therme 2012: 3.

Gerami 2014: ch. 2.

Tabnak, 6 August 2012; cited in Posch 2013a: 10.

Sonboli 2010b.

Therme 2012: 2.

Sonboli 2010b.

Author’s interview with Sonboli.

Half of its budget comes from the MFA.

Khajehpour et al. 2013: 14. See also Beehner 2006</CitationRef>.

Barzegar 2014: 89–93.

Posch 2013a: 14.

Farhi and Lotfian 2012.

On this, see Fearon 1998; Schultz 2001, 2005.

See, for example, Farhi and Lotfian 2013.

Haji-Yousefi 2010c: 3.

See Haji-Yousefi 2010c: 3–4.

Zarghani and Dabiri 2014.

See Lustick 1997.

See Gharayegh Zandi 2007.

Bangash 2014. Emphasis added.

See, for example, Vatanka 2011.

For their Quranic justifications, see Miri 2012 and Zand-Vaikili 2011 respectively.

Gharayegh Zandi 2007</CitationRef>: 70.

Ibid.: 88.

http://www.taqrib.info/english/ [24/11/2014]. According to the website only eight issues of the Al-Taqrib journal were published, with the last one in April 2011. Yet, there is a Persian-language equivalent by the name of Andisheh-e Taqrib that is still in print: http://taqrib.journal.taqrib.info/ [24/11/2014].

See, for example, Shirudi 2012.

For the latter, see Khusrawshahi 2011.

Bangash 2014.

Khamenei 2014b.

See Sariolghalam 2002.

Ibid.: Pt. 2, 47.

See Rostami-Povey 2010</CitationRef>.

On Turkey’s pan-Islamism, see, for example, Gözaydın 2013.

See, for example, Owens 1999: 62.

Mearsheimer (1995: 80fn4) himself states that ‘it is possible to apply the concept of a system more narrowly and use it to describe particular regions […]’.

Conventionally, since the 2000s, Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Israel and the U.S. are considered as major powers in Southwest Asia (see, e.g. Sonboli 2009).

Waltz 1979: 126.

Toft 2005: 390.

Grieco 1988: 500.

Mearsheimer 2001: 34.

Ibid.: 35.

Ibid.: 21.

Mearsheimer 2002.

Mearsheimer 1994: 12.

Leverett and Mann Leverett 2010: 75. The notion of “Tehran-led camp” does not suggest that Tehran dictates its allies’ actions, but indicates the leverage it possesses towards them.

We can include here websites such as Tabnak, closely linked to Mohsen Rezaee, as well as think-tanks such as the Tabyin Center for Strategic Studies that sees itself as a venue for debate for the third generation of the “Islamic Revolution” (http://tabyincenter.ir/).

For Abbasi (2010), even for the last 30 years, ‘the Western world has found itself in the weakest position vis-à-vis Iran […], and the Islamic Republic has found itself in the best position against Western hostilities’.

More recently, some, however, even see U.S. “soft power” in decline (see e.g. Moradi and Amanlo 2014).

http://www.president.ir/en/11546 [30/06/2014].

Mowlana 2006.

Ibid.

See Mowlana and Mohammadi 2008: 119.

See Leverett and Mann Leverett 2013a.

See, for example, Hersh 2008, 2012.

See Sonboli 2009: pt. 1.

This aspect is highlighted in an open letter by a “concerned Iranian professor” in exile to the IRI leadership in late 2012; see Massarrat 2012b.

Nâ’ini 2012.

See Mowlana and Mohammadi 2008. For a critical view on different aspects of ‘the Mowlana phenomenon’ by sceptics of his appointment as presidential advisor, see Âshnâ 2008.

For example, Knowing America: Rise and Fall of an Empire (in Persian) (Karami 2011).

Press TV 2011.

ISNA, 17 December 2007; cited in MEMRI 2010.

Cited in Taheri 2009.

See the first issue at http://www.swar.ir/quarterly.aspx?qid=36 [25/12/2014]. Officially named Imam Hossein Comprehensive University, it is affiliated with the IRGC, the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology as well as the Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces Logistics.

See Moradi 1999.

See Tahmâsebi-Pour 2011.

For an introduction on the definitions of various game-theory scenarios, see Spangler 2013.

In Abbasi’s view, after the faction that was “supported by the West” lost the 2009 presidential elections, the West opted for a Cold War on Iran (the proof of which is the U.S. opposition to the Iran nuclear deal facilitated by Turkey and Brazil), during which the IRI has deepened the three forms of its strategy of deterrence (bâzdârandegi), namely soft, semi-hard and hard. In this Cold War, the U.S. like other powers ‘is forced to officially recognize the reality of a powerful Iran and in future of an important global player’ (Abbasi 2010).

For an exposition, see Mohammadi (Manouchehr) 2008.

Sadeghi-Boroujerdi 2014: 48.

For an exposition of Offensive Realist thinking, see, for example, Mizân 2014 (published on Supreme Leader Khamenei’s website).

Paraphrased from his in-depth interview given to the Mehrnâmeh periodical (Vol. 3, No. 21, April–May 2012 / Ordibehesht 1391) to mark the publication of his memoir National Security and Nuclear Diplomacy (in Persian). The Paykan, an Iranian-made car, is notoriously known for its unreliability and sub-standard quality.

According to Roberto Toscano, former Italian Ambassador to Iran (2003–08), the CSR has become a bastion for foreign-policy realists in Iran, focussing on ‘the national interest with very little ideology’ (cited in Slavin 2013).

This is, for example, argued by Abbas Maleki (2010: 111), who served as Deputy Foreign Minister (1980–97) before heading IPIS (1989–97).

Mohammadi (Manouchehr) 2008: 17

http://goo.gl/I1gWdP [26/12/2014]. The PCCI office publishes the monthly magazine Farhang-e Omoumi whose first issue in December 2010 helps situate it among the IRI’s extreme right-wing, as it prominently features an interview with Ayatollah Mesbah-Yazdi, another interview that alleges that the pro-reform magazine Mehrnâmeh serves as mouthpiece for the regime-change opposition, and other articles such as ‘Why and how does liberal imperialism conduct a coup d’état?’ and ‘Important points that someone resisting soft war ought to know’ (http://pcci.ir/component/content/article?id=1036 [26/12/2014]).

‘Sa’idi: Sepâh dar entekhâbât dekhâlat nadâsht’ [Saeedi: The Sepah did not intervene in the elections], Tabnak, 27 October 2010 / 5 Âbân 1389.

Corrigan, Sean J. [U.S. Army Colonel] (2011) Exploitable Vulnerabilities of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College (USAWC Civilian Research Project), p. 6, https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a568444.pdf; Taheri, Amir (2006) ‘The Frightening Truth of Why Iran Wants a Bomb’, The Telegraph, 16 April. See also [Hassan Abbasi: They call me the “Kissinger of Islam”], Aftabnews, 16 November 2010 / 25 Âbân 1389.

100

Speech at Karaj College, cited in ‘Iran Faces Hard Realities after the IAEA Vote’, EurasiaNet, 8 October 2005.

101

Author’s conversation with a prominent Iranian pundit at the sidelines of the July 2012 expert meeting in Beirut.

102

See Fars News 2014.

103

Sadeghi-Boroujerdi 2014: 13. See also Matin 2013a.

104

Abbasi and Mohammadi 2014.

105

See also Ghaffari 2014.

106

See Sadeghi-Boroujerdi 2014.

107

Khamenei 2008b. For an overview of his statements on “strategic depth” made between 2004 and 2014, see http://farsi.khamenei.ir/newspart-index?tid=1034 [05/12/2014].

108

See, for example, Lotfian 2010.

109

Di Rocco 2012; Taj 2012; Berman 2012.

110

See, for example, Pahlavi 2012; Humire and Berman 2014.

111

Di Rocco 2012: 15.

112

Cited in Vezârati 2009.

113

See Mohseni 2014.

114

Mowlana 2006.

115

Interview with Bagheri, originally published in Hamshahri, special issue, 19 March 2011; cited in Farhi and Lotfian 2012: 129–130. For a similar quote, see Bagheri cited in Khalaji 2014: 47–49.

116

Hadian and Hormozi 2011: 48–49.

117

Ibid.: 49.

118

See Parsi 2012a, 2012b; Fathollah-Nejad 2010: 33–36.

119

Takeyh 2009: 208.

120

Haji-Yousefi 2010b, c: 14–15.

121

Khalaji 2010. See also Ansari 2012: 278–282; Ahdiyyih 2008; Savyon and Mansharof 2007.

122

See Ansari 2012: 264–266.

123

See Haji-Yousefi 2010b.

124

Mohseni 2014.

125

Cited in Karami 2014.

126

Barzegar 2009b: 126–127.

127

Sariolghalam 2002.

128

See ibid.: pt. 2.

129

See Posch 2013a: 14; Sariolghalam 2002; interview with Walter Posch (Shargh 2014); Hadian 2004: 57–58.

130

Amirpur 2013: 20–21; Abrahamian 2008a: 65–66; Pear 1988.

131

See, for example, Abedin 2011.

Abbasi, Hassan (2010) ‘Az Khomeini-sme tâ Khamenei-sme’ [From Khomeini-ism to Khamenei-ism], interviewed, mashreghnews.ir, 17 July / 26 Tir 1389.

Abbasi, Majid & Mohammadi, Vahdi (2014) ‘A Realist Explanation of the International Conflict in Syria and Its Consequences for the Security of the Islamic Republic of Iran’ (in Persian), Pezhohesh-nâmeh-ye Irâni-e Siâsat-e Beyn-ol-mellal (Iranian Research Letter of International Politics), Vol. 1, No. 2 (Spring–Summer), pp. 70–93.

Abedin, Mahan (2011) ‘The Domestic Determinants of Iranian Foreign Policy: Challenges to Consensus’, Strategic Analysis, Vol. 35, No. 4 (July), pp. 613–628.

Abrahamian, Ervand (2008a) A History of Modern Iran, New York: Cambridge University Press.

Ahdiyyih, Mohebat (2008) ‘Ahmadinejad and the Mahdi’, Middle East Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 4 (Fall), pp. 27–36.

Amirpur, Katajun (2013) ‘Iran: Die goldene Chance’ [Iran: The golden opportunity], Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik, No. 11/2013 (November), pp. 19–22.

Ansari, Ali M. (2012) The Politics of Nationalism in Modern Iran, New York: Cambridge University Press.

Âshnâ, Hessâm-ol-din (2008) ‘Neveshteh-ye tâzeh-e Dr. Âshnâ dar bâreh-ye »Padideh-ye Molânâ«’ [Dr. Âshnâ's new text about the »Mowlana phenomenon«], Tabnak, 27 September.

Bangash, Zafar (2014) ‘Takfiris, Saudis and the Struggle for the Soul of Islam’, taqrib.info , The World Forum for Proximity of the Islamic Schools of Thought, Iran, 29 November. [Also published in Crescent International: News Magazine of the Islamic Movement (Institute of Contemporary Islamic Thought), November.]

Barzegar, Keyhan (2009b) ‘Iran’s Foreign Policy from the Viewpoint of Offensive and Defensive Realism’ (in Persian), Fasl-nâmeh-ye Beyn-ol-mellali-e Ravâbet-e Khâreji, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Spring 1388), pp. 113–153.

Barzegar, Keyhan (2010a) ‘Iran’s Foreign Policy Strategy after Saddam’, The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 1 (January), pp. 173–189.

Barzegar, Keyhan (2014) ‘Iran’s Perception of the U.S. Policy toward the Region’, in: Maleki, Abbas & Tirman, John (eds.) U.S.–Iran Perceptions: A Dialogue, New York & London: Bloomsbury, pp. 89–109.

Beehner, Lionel (2006) ‘Iran’s Multifaceted Foreign Policy’, CFR.org, New York: Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), 7 April.

Berman, Ilan (2012) ‘Iran Courts Latin America’, Middle East Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Summer), pp. 63–69.

Buchta, Wilfried (2000) Who Rules Iran? The Structure of Power in the Islamic Republic, Washington, DC: Washington Institute for Near East Policy & Konrad Adenauer Foundation (KAS).

Di Rocco, Massimo (2012) No News from Tehran: HispanTV First Voyage to Latin America, Buenos Aires: Centro Argentino de Estudios Internacionales (CAEI) (Programa Medio Oriente, Working Paper, No. 31), 7 September.

Entessar, Nader (2009a) ‘Iran’s Nuclear Decision-Making Calculus’, Middle East Policy, Vol. 16, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 26–38.

Farhi, Farideh & Lotfian, Saideh [Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Tehran] (2012) ‘Iran’s Post-Revolution Foreign Policy Puzzle’, in: Nau, Henry R. & Ollapally, Deepa M. (eds.) Worldviews of Aspiring Powers: Domestic Foreign Policy Debates in China, India, Iran, Japan, and Russia, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 114–145. [An earlier version was prepared for presentation to the conference »Worldviews of Rising Powers: Domestic Foreign Policy Debates«, Sigur Center for Asian Studies, Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 25 April 2011.]

Farhi, Farideh & Lotfian, Saideh [Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Tehran] [Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Tehran] (2013) ‘Iranian Foreign Policy After the Election: Realists and Islamic Idealists Face Off’, Foreign Affairs (online), 13 June.

Fathollah-Nejad, Ali (2010) Der Iran-Konflikt und die Obama-Regierung: Alter Wein in neuen Schläuchen? [The Iran conflict and the Obama administration: Old wine in new skins?], Potsdam (Germany): Potsdam University Press (WeltTrends-Papiere, No. 12), reprinted in 2011.

Fearon, James D. (1998) ‘Domestic Politics, Foreign Policy, and Theories of International Relations’, Annual Review of Political Science, Vol. 1 (June), pp. 289–313.

Gerami, Nima (2014) Leadership Divided? The Domestic Politics of Iran’s Nuclear Debate, Washington, DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy (Policy Brief, No. 134, February).

Ghaffari, Karim (2014) ‘From the Trench to the Negotiating Table’ (in Persian), Hamshahri-e Diplomatique (Tehran), No. 81, pp. 72–77.

Gharayegh Zandi, Davoud (2007) ‘Conceptualization of Islamic Solidarity in the Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran’, The Iranian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. XX, No. 1 (Winter 2007/08), pp. 69–91.

Gözaydın Savaşır, İştar (2013) ‘Ahmet Davutoğlu: Role as an Islamic Scholar Shaping Turkey’s Foreign Policy’, in: Adiong, Nassef Manabilang (ed.) Islam and International Relations: Diverse Perspectives, Newcastle upon Tyne (UK): Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 50–59.

Grieco, Joseph M. (1988) ‘Anarchy and the Limits of Cooperation: A Realist Critique of the Newest Liberal Internationalism’, International Organization, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 485–507.

Hadian, Nasser (2004) ‘Iran’s Nuclear Program: Contexts and Debates’, in: Kemp, Geoffrey (ed.) Iran’s Bomb: American and Iranian Perspectives, Washington, DC: The Nixon Center, pp. 51–67.

Hadian, Nasser & Hormozi, Shani (2011) ‘Iran’s New Security Envoironment Imperatives: Counter Containment or Engagement with the US’, Iran Review of International Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 4 (Winter), pp. 13–55.

Haji-Yousefi, Amir Mohammad (2010b) ‘Iran’s Foreign Policy during Ahmadinejad: From Confrontation to Accommodation’, paper presented to the Annual Conference of the Canadian Political Science Association (CPSA), 2–3 June, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.

——— (2010c) ‘Iran’s Foreign Policy during Ahmadinejad: From Confrontation to Accommodation’, Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 9, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 1–23.

Hersh, Seymour M. (2008) ‘Preparing the Battlefield: The Bush Administration steps up its secret moves against Iran’, The New Yorker, 7 July.

Hersh, Seymour M. (2012) ‘Our Men in Iran?’, The New Yorker (online), 6 April.

Humire, Joseph M. & Berman, Ilan (eds.) (2014) Iran’s Strategic Penetration of Latin America, London: Lexington Books.

Karami, Arash (2011) ‘»A Media All on His Own«: Ahmadinejad’s Twilight Stand’, Tehran Bureau, 29 September.

Karami, Arash (2014) ‘IRGC Denies Negotiations Are Source of Iran’s Security’, Al-Monitor, 4 December.

Khajehpour, Bijan. Marashi, Reza & Parsi, Trita (2013) »Never Give In and Never Give Up«: The Impact of Sanctions on Tehran’s Nuclear Calculations, Washington, DC: National Iranian American Council (NIAC), March. [For a critical review, see Lucas, Scott (2013) ‘Iran Special: Sanctions, »Analysis«, and the Never-Ending Circle of Propaganda – From NIAC to the Neo-Cons’, EA WorldView, 29 March.]

Khalaji, Mehdi (2010) ‘Apocalyptism as a Political Discourse’ (in Persian), Iran Nameh, Vol. 25. No. 4 (Winter).

Khalaji, Mehdi (2014) Tightening the Reins: How Khamenei Makes Decisions, Washington, DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy (Policy Focus, No. 126, March/April).

Khamenei, Ali (2008b) ‘Supreme Leader’s Speech in Meeting with Professors and Students of University of Science and Technology’, khamenei.ir, 14 December. For the Persian original, see http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=4992.

Khamenei, Ali (2014b) ‘Imam Khamenei Condemns Takfiris and Their Backers’, speech delivered on 25 November 2014 in a meeting with participants of the International Congress on »Extremist and Takfiri Orientations from the Viewpoint of Islamic Scholars«, taqrib.info , 29 November.

Khusrawshahi, Sayyid Hadi (2011) ‘Iran and Egypt on the Path to Proximity’, Al-Taqrib, No. 8 (April), pp. 157–170. [The Persian original was published in the quarterly Andisheh-e Taqrib, Vol. 6 (Spring 2006)].

Leverett, Flynt & Mann Leverett, Hillary (2010) ‘The United States, Iran, and the Middle East’s New »Cold War«’, The International Spectator: Italian Journal of International Affairs, Rome: Instituto Affari Internazionali, Vol. 45, No. 1 (March), pp. 75–87.

Leverett, Flynt & Mann Leverett, Hillary (2013a) Going to Tehran: Why the United States Must Come to Terms with the Islamic Republic, New York: Metropolitan Books. [For book reviews, see Secor, Laura (2013) ‘The Iran Syndrome’, New York Times, 1 March; Porter, Gareth (2013) ‘Former Insiders Criticise Iran Policy as U.S. Hegemony’, IPS, 25 February; Cohen, Roger (2013) ‘Ruthless Iran: Can a Deal Be Made?’, New York Review of Books, Vol. 60, No. 10 (6 June).]

Lotfian, Saideh (2010) ‘The New Role of Latin America in Iran’s Foreign Policy’, Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 3 (Fall), pp. 33–62.

Lustick, Ian S. (1997) ‘The Absence of Middle Eastern Great Powers: Political »Backwardness« in Historical Perspective’, International Organization, Vol. 51, No. 4 (Autumn), pp. 653–683.

Maleki, Abbas (2010) ‘Iran’s Nuclear File: Recommendations for the Future’, Daedalus, Vol. 139, No. 1 (Winter), pp. 105–116.

Massarrat, Mohssen (2012b) ‘Nâmeh-ye Sargoshâdeh beh Rahbarân-e Jomhouri-e Eslâmi’ [Open Letter to the Leaders of the Islamic Republic], 16 November. [A German version has been published as ‘Iran-Krieg trotz Obama? Neunpunkteplan zur Kriegsverhinderung im Mittleren und Nahen Osten’ [Iran War Despite Obama? Nine-Point Plan to Avoid War in the Middle East], NRhZ-Online (Neue Rheinische Zeitung), Online Flyer No. 396 (6 March 2013)].

Matin, Kamran (2013) ‘Iran’s Support for Syria, Why?’ (in Persian), BBC Persian, 4 April.

Mearsheimer, John J. (1994) ‘The False Promise of International Institutions’, International Security, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Winter 1994–1995), pp. 5–49.

Mearsheimer, John J. (1995) ‘Back to the Future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War’, in: Brown, Michael E. & Lynn-Jones, Sean M. & Miller, Steven E. (eds.) The Perils of Anarchy, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 78–129.

Mearsheimer, John J. (2001) The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, New York & London: W.W. Norton & Company.

Mearsheimer, John J. (2002) Video Interview [online], by Harry Kreisler at the Institute of International Studies at the University of California at Berkeley, in Conversations with History: Through the Realist Lens, 8 April, http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people2/Mearsheimer/mearsheimer-con0.html [accessed 28/01/2005].

MEMRI (2010) ‘Iranian-American Advisor to Ahmadinejad and Professor at American University in Washington, DC: Iran Must Improve »Soft Warfare« Capabilities Against U.S., West’, Special Dispatch, No. 2874 (25 March), Washington, DC: Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI).

Miri, Fahimeh (2012/1391) ‘Qor’ân va Vahdat-e Eslâmi’ (Quran and Islamic Unity), Andisheh-e Taqrib, Vol. 8, No. 31 (Summer), pp. 69–84.

Mizân, Hossein (2014) ‘Iran’s Strategic Depth and America’s Bluff of Military Threat’ (in Persian), Khamenei.ir, 8 September.

Mohammadi, Majid (2008) ‘Propaganda and Indoctrination’, in: Kamrava & Dorraj (eds.) loc. cit., pp. 398–403.

Mohammadi, Manouchehr (2008) ‘The Sources of Power in the Islamic Republic of Iran’, The Iranian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. XX, No. 2 (Spring), pp. 1–21.

Mohseni, Payam (2014) ‘The Iranian Elite and the Nuclear Negotiations: My Reflections from Iran’, Iran Matters, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, 19 August.

Moradi, Hojatollah (1999/1388) Power and Soft War (in Persian), 4th edn., Tehran: Revâyat.

Moradi, Hojatollah & Amanlo, Hossein (2014) ‘The Decline of America’s Soft Power’ (in Persian), Fasl-nâmeh-ye Motâleât-e Amaliât-e Ravâni, Vol. 10, No. 37.

Mowlana, Hamid (2006) ‘Estemâr-e fârano va fanâvari-e hasteh-i [Post-modern colonialism and nuclear technology]’, khamenei.ir, 16 March / 25 Esfand 1384. Republished from Kayhan.

Mowlana, Hamid & Mohammadi, Manouchehr (2008/1387) Siâsat-e Khâreji-e Jomhouri-e Eslâmi-e Irân dar Dolat-e Ahmadinezhâd [Foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran during the Ahmadinejad administration], Tehran: Dadgostar Publisher.

Nâ’ini, Ali-Mohammad [IRGC commander & head of Imam Hussein University’s Cultural College] (2012/1391) Tenets and Objects of Soft War (in Persian), Tehran: Revâyat.

Owens, Mackubin Thomas (1999) ‘In Defense of Classical Geopolitics’, Naval War College Review, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Autumn), pp. 59–76.

Ó Tuathail, Gearóid [aka Toal, Gerard] (2004) ‘Geopolitical Structures and Cultures: Towards Conceptual Clarity in the Study of Critical Geopolitics’, in: Tchantouridze, Lasha (ed.) Geopolitics: Global Problems and Regional Concerns, Winnipeg, MB (Canada): Centre for Defence and Security Studies (Bison Paper, No. 4), pp. 75–102.

Pahlavi, Pierre (2012) ‘Understanding Iran’s Media Diplomacy’, Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, Vol. VI, No. 2, pp. 21–33.

Parsi, Trita (2012a) ‘How Obama Should Talk to Iran’, Washington Post, 14 January.

Parsi, Trita (2012b) A Single Roll of the Dice: Obama’s Diplomacy with Iran, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Pear, Robert (1988) ‘Khomeini Accepts »Poison« of Ending the War with Iraq; U.N. Sending Mission’, New York Times, 21 July, pp. 1 & A8.

Posch, Walter (ed.) (2011d) ‘Der Arabische Frühling: Bestätigung oder Bedrohung der Islamischen Revolution?’ [The Arab Spring: Vindication of or Threat to the Islamic Revolution?], paper presented at the 18th International Congress of DAVO (German Middle East Studies Association for Contemporary Research and Documentation), Free University of Berlin, 6 October.

Posch, Walter (ed.) (2013a) The Third World, Global Islam and Pragmatism: The Making of Iranian Foreign Policy, trans. from the German by M. Newton, Berlin: German Institute for International and Security Affairs of the Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP) (SWP Research Paper, No. 3, April).

Press TV (2011) ‘Ahmadinejad Advisor Warns against West »Soft War«’, 11 March.

Rouhani, Hassan (2012) Amniat-e Melli va Diplomatie-e Hastehi (National Security and Nuclear Diplomacy), Tehran: Center for Strategic Research, winter, 5th edn.

Rostami-Povey, Elaheh (2010) Iran’s Influence: A Religious–Political State and Society in its Region, London & New York: Zed Books.

Rozen, Laura (2012) ‘Buzz Grows Around Veteran Iran Insider, Amid Rumors of US Back Channels’, Al- Monitor, 3 November.

Sadeghi-Boroujerdi, Eskandar (2014) Salvaging the »Axis of Resistance« Preserving Strategic Depth: The Iranian Political Elite and Syria – Parallel Tracks with a Single Objective?, Riyadh: King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies (Dirasat, No. 1, November).

Sariolghalam, Mahmood (Mahmoud) [Professor of International Relations, Shahid Beheshti University (formerly National University of Iran), Tehran] (2002) ‘The Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran: A Theoretical Renewal and a Paradigm for Coalition’, Discourse: An Iranian Quarterly, Vol. 3, No. 3 (Winter), pp. 67–83 [Part 1]; Vol. 3, No. 4 (Summer), pp. 29–64 [Part 2]. [The articles are drawn from the book by the same title in Persian: Siyâsat-e Khâreji-e Jomhouri-e Eslâmi-e Irân, Tehran: Strategic Research Center, 2000/1379; for reviews, see Rahman Ghahremanpour’s in Discourse: An Iranian Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Summer 2002), pp. 283–290; and Mojtaba Maghsoudi (Director-in-Charge, journal of the Iranian Political Science Association) & Mahmoud Maham in Strategic Studies Quarterly (in Persian), Vol. 11, No. 2, Summer 2008, pp. 457–475.]

Savyon, A. & Mansharof, Y. (2007) The Doctrine of Mahdism: In the Ideological and Political Philosophy of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Ayatollah Mesbah-e Yazdi, Washington, DC: The Middle East Media and Research Institute (MEMRI).

Schultz, Kenneth A. (2001) Democracy and Coercive Diplomacy, Cambridge (UK) & New York: Cambridge University Press.

Schultz, Kenneth A. (2005) ‘The Politics of Risking Peace: Do Hawks or Doves Deliver the Olive Branch?’, International Organization, Vol. 59, No. 1 (January), pp. 1–38.

Seyfzadeh, Seyyed Hossein (2008) ‘Naqsh-e Qoveh-e Moqânaneh dar Siâsat-e Khâreji’ [The role of the legislative branch in foreign policy], Politics Quarterly: Journal of Faculty of Law and Political Science (University of Tehran), Vol. 38, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 141–166.

Shirudi, Mortedha (2012/1391) ‘Bidâri-e Eslâmi dar shomâl-e Âfriqâ: Vaz’iat-e qadim va jadid’ (Islamic Awakening in North Africa: Past and present), Andisheh-e Taqrib, Vol. 8, No. 30 (Spring), pp. 25–44.

Slavin, Barbara (2013) ‘Former Nuclear Negotiator Joins Iranian Presidential Race’, Al-Monitor, 11 April 2013.

Sonboli, Nabi [IPIS] (2009/1389) ‘Châlesh-hâye zohour-e Irân beh onvân-e qodrat-e manteqe’i’ [Challenges to Iran’s emergence as regional power], Jomhouri-ye Eslâmi, Part 1 (24 Mordâd / 2 August) & Part 2 (26 Mordâd / 4 August).

Sonboli, Nabi [IPIS] (2010b) ‘Islam, Iran and Knowledge-Based Decision-Making: The Role of Think Tanks’, paper presented at the 31st German Oriental Congress (20–24 September), University of Marburg (Germany), 23 September.

Spangler, Brad (2013) ‘Win–Win, Win–Lose, and Lose–Lose Situations’, in: Burgess, Guy & Burgess, Heidi (eds.) Beyond Intractability, Conflict Information Consortium, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, original publication in September 2003, updated in January 2013 by Heidi Burgess.

Taheri, Amir (2009) ‘Talking Iran Down the Nuclear Road’, Wall Street Journal, 29 September.

Tahmâsebi-Pour, Amir-Houshang (2011/1390) The Tools of Soft War (in Persian), 4th edn., Tehran: Revâyat.

Taj, Mitra (2012) ‘With HispanTV, the Islamic Republic Habla Español También: New IRI Network Aimed at Latin American Viewership’, Tehran Bureau, 26 January.

Takeyh, Ray (2009) Guardians of the Revolution: Iran and the World in the Age of the Ayatollahs, New York: Oxford University Press.

Therme, Clément (2012) When Tehran Looks at its Regional Environment: Iranian Think Tanks and their Analysis of Central Asia, Iran Regional Forum, No. 2 (November), Central Asia Program (CAP), Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington University, Washington, DC.

Toft, Peter (2005) ‘John J. Mearsheimer: An Offensive Realist Between Geopolitics and Power’, Journal of International Relations and Development, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 381–408.

Vatanka, Alex (2011) ‘The Islamic Republic’s Cross-Sectarian Outreach’, Current Trends in Islamist Ideology, Vol. 11, pp. 25–39.

Vezârati, Mohmmad-Hossein (2009/1387) ‘The path we are taking… / A macro-perspective / Communications is our winning card / Interview with Dr. Manouchehr Mohammadi’ (in Persian), Khamenei.ir, 31 January/12 Bahman.

Waltz, Kenneth N. (1979) Theory of International Politics, Reading, MA & Menlo Park, CA & London & Amsterdam & Don Mills, ON (Canada) & Sydney: Addison-Wesley.

Wehrey, Frederic, Green, Jerrold D., Nichiporuk, Brian, Nader, Alireza, Hansell, Lydia, Nafisi, Rasool & Bohandy, S. R. (2009) The Rise of the Pasdaran: Assessing the Domestic Roles of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps, Prepared for the Office of the Secretary of Defense, Santa Monica, CA & Arlington, VA & Pittsburgh, PA: RAND (National Defense Research Institute) Corporation.

Zand-Vaikili, Mohammad-Reza (2011/1390) ‘Hambastegi-e Eslâmi az didgâh-e Qor’an’ [Islamic Solidarity from the perspective of the Quran], Andisheh-e Taqrib, Vol. 7, No. 28 (Autumn), pp. 51–64.

Zarghani, Seyyed Hadi & Dabiri, Ali-Akbar (2014) ‘Geopolitical Opportunities of the Islamic World in the Organization of Gas Exporting Countries’ (in Persian), Pezhohesh Nâmeh-ye Irâni-e Siâsat-e Beyn-ol-mellal (Iranian Research Letter of International Politics), Vol. 2, No. 1 (Autumn–Winter), pp. 70–94.

Title: Foreign-Policy Schools of Thought and Debates in the IRI
Author: Ali Fathollah-Nejad
Publisher: Springer Singapore
Book: Iran in an Emerging New World Order
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-6073-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-15-6074-3

Copyright Year: 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6074-3_5