2. Formation of Oil and Natural Gas

This chapter delves into the intricate processes behind the formation of oil and natural gas, exploring both inorganic and organic genesis theories. It begins by outlining the historical debate between inorganic and organic origins, highlighting key theories such as the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis and the role of sedimentary organic matter. The text discusses the primary materials involved in oil and gas formation, including lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lignin, and their transformation into kerogen. It also covers the geological characteristics of source rocks, the factors influencing organic matter enrichment, and the methods used to evaluate source rock potential. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding these processes for guiding oil and gas exploration and the ongoing scientific research aimed at resolving the complexities of oil and gas genesis.