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Published in:
The Case for Climate Policy Integration Read chapter Read first chapter

2022 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

5. Four Cases of Climate Policy Integration: Energy and LUCF Sectors of Mexico and Indonesia

Author : Heiner von Lüpke

Published in: Climate Policy Integration

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The Indonesian energy sector shows a low degree of CPI, strikingly not only at the political but also at the administrative level. Reasons include that the political economy of coal precludes policy windows from opening, and in its course, international support and public administration cannot find integration pathways into the sector. Mexico’s energy sector shows medium degrees of CPI, mainly due to the promulgation success of the energy transition law. However, the vertical public administration structure does not facilitate integration. Indonesia’s LUCF sector features low to medium degrees of CPI with an opening policy window for improving land use governance, albeit insufficiently used by climate policy actors. Mexico’s LUCF CPI degree is low, mostly due to lack of political attention to the sector, while international support does not contribute to sufficient integration.

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previous chapter Introduction to Countries and Sectors: Energy and LUCF Sectors of Mexico and Indonesia
next chapter Toward a CPI Typology
Footnotes
1
Speech by president SBY at the climate conference UNFCCC, 2009: https://​www.​reuters.​com/​article/​idUSSP495601
 
3
President SBY delivers Annual Address at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London (2012):
 
4
Ekawati (2019) confirms in her discourse analysis of president Yudhoyono’s speeches on climate change, that a major motivation was for him to exert influence and power over the international community by delivering a series of speeches between 2007 and 2012. This was done mostly as an expression of his desire to position himself as a foreign policy actor and his belief in the international urgency of the climate issue, rather than influencing policies on domestic levels.
 
5
Purnomo Yusgiantoro served as president of OPEC from 2000–2004 and did not speak up for environment and climate change topics. This changed only recently, when a foundation under his name was created (https://​www.​purnomoyusgianto​rocenter.​org/​category/​publication/​).
 
6
ASEAN (2011) “Joint Ministerial Statement of the 30th ASEAN Ministers of Energy Meeting (AMEM),” in. Available at: https://​asean.​org/​joint-ministerial-statement-of-the-30thasean-ministers-of-energy-meeting-amem/​ (Accessed: August 12, 2020).
Kementerian ESDM RI - Media Center - Arsip Berita - Indonesia Dukung Kerja Sama Amankan Pasokan Energi (no date). Available at: https://​www.​esdm.​go.​id/​id/​media-center/​arsip-berita/​indonesia-dukung-kerja-sama-amankan-pasokan-energi (Accessed: August 12, 2020).
Wildau, B. (2011) Energy and Environment Partnership Between Finland and Indonesia - ScandAsia, ScandAsia. Available at: https://​scandasia.​com/​8931-energy-and-environment-partnership-between-finland-and-indonesia/​ (Accessed: August 12, 2020).
 
7
In general, policy-related discourses in Indonesia follow mostly a top-down direction, which is owing to the structure of government and direction of policy planning.
 
8
This is a quote from a policy actor from ESDM during a workshop on the energy transition in Indonesia, December 2019.
 
9
While coal was also important in previous administration of President SBY, President Jokowi even exceeded the coal-based expansion plans than would have been necessary, according to technical experts (Sources: interviews govt, TT).
 
10
Pidato Presiden Joko Widodo Saat Peluncuran Program Pembangunan Pembangkit 35.000 MW, di Bantul, DI Yogyakarta, 4 Mei 2015
 
11
Naskah Lengkap Pidato Presiden Jokowi di Sidang Tahunan MPR RI 2018
 
14
Author’s own observations as participant in the RAN GRK consultative meetings during the period 2010–2011.
 
15
Listed as LUCF sector interview 24, but statement refers to energy sector.
 
16
Listed as LUCF sector interview 24, but statement refers to energy sector.
 
17
Listed as LUCF sector interview 24, but statement refers to energy sector.
 
18
Listed as LUCF sector interview 14, but statement refers to energy sector.
 
19
According to a previous top-level official of SEMARNAT, this interest was inherited by President Calderón’s father, Luis Calderón Vega, who was a local politician with an active interest in the environment and an early advocate for climate change.
 
21
Translation: “For this commission to fulfil its purpose, it is required that the energy sector of all society is transformed.”
 
22
This division of roles was also frequently mentioned by interviewees from the energy sector (ex-govt SENER).
 
23
A special commission is, in the Mexican legislative system, a non-permanent body with a lifetime defined by the achievement of the special objective.
 
24
This is because the level of a cap in emission trading correlates to the pressure on trading participants to reduce emissions.
 
25
This section also applies to the section on Mexican LUCF—hence, it is more detailed here, but less detailed in the discussion of the LUCF sector.
 
26
This is based on interview 26 of the Mexican LUCF case but refers to energy.
 
27
With the exception of SEMARNAT interviewees, likely for reasons of institutional affiliation.
 
28
Anexo transversal del Presupuesto de Egresos de la Federación en Materia de Cambio Climático (AT-CC).
 
29
Interview 5 from the Mexican LUCF case, but refers to the energy sector.
 
30
This information was obtained by mirroring interviews with previous working group members from both institutions SENER and SEMARNAT.
 
31
For instance, to connect climate policy with the economic viability of renewable energy: costs of renewable energy were falling and made both climate policy and renewable energy convincing cases for decision makers.
 
32
Through interviews from accounts of policy advocacy actors, academia, government, and international agencies.
 
33
URL to transcript (accessed Dec 24, 2020): www.diputados.gob.mx%2Fcamara%2Fcontent%2Fdownload%2F149082%2F372499%2Ffile%2Fversion%2520estenogr%25C3%25A1fica%2520comparescencia%25204%2520julio.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3VxucayR1OcyITVjApWJ33
 
34
This is because reforestation does not address deforestation processes directly: Reforestation can be a rehabilitation measure after deforestation occurred, and it might fulfil demand for timber, which then does not have to be met by deforestation, but other drivers of deforestation are left unattended.
 
35
GoM (2018) Presidente Peña Nieto firma legado histórico ambiental | Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales | Gobierno | gob.mx. Available at: https://​www.​gob.​mx/​semarnat/​articulos/​presidente-pena-nieto-firma-legado-historico-ambiental?​idiom=​es (Accessed: August 14, 2020).
 
36
The Bonn Challenge is a global effort to bring 150 million hectares of the world’s deforested and degraded land into restoration by 2020, and 350 million hectares by 2030. https://​www.​bonnchallenge.​org/​content/​challenge
 
37
This is originally interview 24 from the Mexican energy sector, but statement refers to LUCF sector as well.
 
38
At the time of conducting the interviews in 2018.
 
39
This was originally interview 18 from the energy sector in Mexico, but the statement refers to the LUCF sector.
 
40
Two interviewees alleged that the approval of legal documents for forest management and land use change permits is given by government institutions, a process which can be very long and cumbersome if the legal way is taken. It usually implies corruption in order to make the process reasonably quick. The bureaucracy is an obstacle for companies that want to do business in Mexico and hence motivated the inclusion of legal mandates to the agency with less power (CONAFOR), under the cover of efficiency arguments, but with the possible true intention to clear the way for quicker land use change approval processes. These are potentially significant allegations, which could not be validated, but are telling for the interest landscape of actors in the LUCF sector.
 
41
This was originally interview 18 from the energy sector in Mexico, but the statement refers to the LUCF sector.
 
42
At the time of writing, March 2020.
 
43
This was originally interview 13 of the Mexican energy sector, but statement refers to the LUCF sector.
 
44
It is challenging to access concrete and specific information; the analysis is still in progress.
 
45
Note: In the early years of REDD+, it was commonly spelled out without “+”.
 
46
This was actually interview 21 of the Indonesian energy sector but the statement refers to the LUCF sector.
 
47
Actually interview 20 of the Indonesian energy sector, but statement refers to the LUCF sector.
 
48
Actually interview 20 of the Indonesian energy sector, but statement refers to the LUCF sector.
 
49
Actually interview 20 of the Indonesian energy sector, but statement refers to the LUCF sector.
 
50
On average, the ministry of environment and forestry on average receives only a fifth of the annual budget of the ministry of agriculture.
 
51
Actually interview 15 of the Indonesian energy sector, but refers to the LUCF sector.
 
52
Actually interview 15 of the Indonesian energy sector, but refers to the LUCF sector.
 
53
Actually, interview 17 of the Indonesian energy sector, but statement refers to the LUCF sector.
 
54
Actually interview 27 of the Indonesian energy sector, but refers to the LUCF sector.
 
55
Actually interview 4 of the Indonesian energy sector, but refers to the LUCF sector.
 
57
Actually interview 27 of the Indonesian energy sector, but refers to the LUCF sector.
 
58
Actually interview 27 of the Indonesian energy sector, but refers to the LUCF sector.
 
59
Agriculture in the RAN GRK comprised for instance methane reduction from rice cultivation or energy saving measures in machinery.
 
60
Actually interview 14 of the Indonesian energy sector, but refers to the LUCF sector.
 
61
Actually interview 33 of the Indonesian energy sector, but refers to the LUCF sector.
 
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Metadata
Title
Four Cases of Climate Policy Integration: Energy and LUCF Sectors of Mexico and Indonesia
Author
Heiner von Lüpke
Copyright Year
2022
Book
Climate Policy Integration

Print ISBN: 978-3-031-18926-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-18927-2

Copyright Year: 2022

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18927-2_5