FPGA-Based Fractional-Order PID Controller for Speed and Power Control of EVs’ DC Motor

This research focuses on introducing an FPGA-based design hybrid fixed-and-floating-point technique for the Fractional-order Proportional-Integral-Derivative (FOPID) controller using the Tustin approximation technique to control the speed of DC motors in electric vehicles. The main advantage of the Tustin approximation method is that it reduces the considerable memory of the fractional-order controllers. One of the top applications of FOPID controllers is in the field of automation and industrial applications, where it gained significant attention in academic studies. The proposed method for the FOPID controller uses the FPGA Zynq-7000 board, a powerful and versatile platform for implementing digital circuits. It is implemented using the Xilinx Vivado, a comprehensive design environment for FPGA-based systems based on the VHDL language. Moreover, the performance of the PID/FOPID controller is compared based on settling time, rise time, and overshoot. The performance of PID and FOPID controllers regarding resource utilisation, dynamic range, accuracy, and power consumption is also evaluated through FPGA, and it shows that the method provides high speed for electric vehicles.