2. From Social Exclusion to Social Inclusion: Where Does Citizenship Fit In?

This chapter delves into the adaptation of Western social exclusion and citizenship theories to the Chinese context, revealing how these concepts have been reshaped to address China’s unique social and political landscape. It begins by tracing the origins of these ideas in Western political thought and their subsequent application in China. The author argues that while these concepts have Western roots, they have been adapted to fit China’s historical, cultural, and political contexts. The chapter then explores the multifaceted nature of social exclusion in China, moving beyond simple definitions to consider the complex interplay of economic, social, and political factors that contribute to exclusion. It also examines the role of citizenship in creating social inclusion, highlighting the importance of rights and responsibilities in fostering a sense of belonging and participation. Throughout the chapter, the author emphasizes the dynamic and relational aspects of social exclusion and inclusion, offering a holistic perspective that challenges simplistic notions of poverty and deprivation. By integrating Western theories with Chinese realities, this chapter provides valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities of social inclusion in contemporary China.