Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Published in:
Natural Calamities and Their Forecasting Read chapter Read first chapter

2012 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

3. Global Risks and Threats to Humanity from Outer Space: Prospects of Warning and Parrying

Authors : Valery A. Menshikov, Anatoly N. Perminov, Yuri M. Urlichich

Published in: Global Aerospace Monitoring and Disaster Management

Publisher: Springer Vienna

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

On October 8, 2009, an unobserved asteroid approaching the Earth exploded in the upper atmosphere (at height of 15–20 km) directly over South Sulawesi province in Indonesia. According to NASA, this explosion of a 10-m-sized stone object, which entered the dense atmosphere at a speed of more than 20 km/s, realized an energy of 50,000 tons TNT equivalent (three times more powerful than the Hiroshima nuclear blast). The event was detected by the West Ontario University Observatory, at a distance of 16,000 km away from its epicenter.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
previous chapter Technogenic Emergencies: Can They Be Reliably Predicted?
next chapter The Conception of the International Global Monitoring Aerospace System (IGMASS)
Literature
1.
2.
Gehrels, T. (ed.): Hazards due to Comets & Asteroids, p. 1300. University Arizona Press, Tucson (1994)
3.
Chesley, S.R., Ward, S.N.: A quantitative assessment of the human and economic hazard from impact-generated tsunami. Nat. Hazards 38, 355–374 (2006)CrossRef
4.
Ceplecha, Z.: Meteoroids: an item in the inventory. In: Rettig, T.W., Hahn, J.M., (eds.), Completing the Inventory of the Solar System, Astron. Soc. Pacific Conf. Ser. 107, pp. 75–84 (1996)
5.
Stuart, J.S.: A Near-Earth asteroid population estimate from the LINEAR survey. Science 294, 1691–1693 (2001)CrossRef
6.
Bottke, W.F., Morbidelli, A., Jedicke, R., Petit, J.-M., Levison, H.F., Michel, P., Metcalfe, T.S.: Debased orbital and absolute magnitude distribution of the Near-Earth objects. Icarus 156, 399–433 (2002)CrossRef
7.
Wiegert, P., Tremaine, S.: The evolution of long-period Comets. Icarus 137, 84–121 (1999)CrossRef
8.
Binzel, R.P., Lupishko, D.F., DiMartino, M., Whiteley, R.J., Hahn, G.J.: Physical properties of Near-Earth objects. In: Bottke Jr., W.F., Cellino, A., Paolicchi, P., Binzel, R.P. (eds.) Asteroids III, pp. 255–271. University Arizona Press, Tucson (2002)
9.
Weidenschilling, S.J.: Formation of planetesimals and accretion of the terrestrial planets. Space Sci. Rev. 92, 295–310 (2000)CrossRef
10.
Chambers, J.E., Wetherill, G.W.: Making the terrestrial planets: N-body integrations of planetary embryos in three dimensions. Icarus 136, 304–327 (1998)CrossRef
11.
Morbidelli, A., Petit, J.M., Gladman, B., Chambers, J.: A plausible cause of the late heavy bombardment. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 36, 371–380 (2001)CrossRef
12.
Ryder, G.: Mass flux in the ancient Earth-Moon system and benign implications for the origin of life on Earth. J. Geophys. Res. 107(E4), 5022 (2002), doi: 10.1029/2001JE001583
13.
Gomes, R., Tsiganis, K., Morbidelli, A., Levison, H.F.: The cataclysmic late heavy bombardment triggered by a delayed start of planet migration. Nature, submitted (2005)
14.
Hartmann, W.K.: Megaregolith evolution and cratering cataclysm models–Lunar cataclysm as a misconception (28 years later). Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 38, 579–593 (2003)MathSciNetCrossRef
15.
Bottke Jr, W.F., Vokrouhlick, D., Rubincam, D.P., Broz, M.:The effect of Yarkovsky thermal forces on the dynamical evolution of asteroids and meteoroids. In: Bottke Jr, W.F., Cellino, A., Paolicchi, P., Binzel, R.P. (Eds.), Asteroids III, pp. 395–408. University Arizona Press, Tucson (2002)
16.
Culler, T.S., Becker, T.A., Muller, R.A., Renne, P.R.: Lunar impact history from 40Ar/39Ar dating of glass spherules. Science 287, 1785–1788 (2000)CrossRef
17.
Watson, F.: Between the Planets, p. 222. The Blakiston Co, Philadelphia (1941)
18.
Baldwin, R.B.: The Face of the Moon, p. 239. University Chicago Press, Chicago (1949)
19.
Atkinson, H., Tickell, C., Williams, D. (eds.): Report of the Task Force on Potentially Hazardous Near Earth Objects, p. 54. British National Space Centre, London (2000)
20.
Öpik, E.J.: On the catastrophic effect of collisions with celestial bodies. Irish Astron. J. 5(36), 128 (1958)
21.
Morbidelli, A., Jedicke, R., Bottke, W.F., Michel, P., Tedesco, E.F.: From magnitudes to diameters: the albedo distribution of near earth objects and the earth collision hazard. Icarus 158, 329–342 (2002)CrossRef
22.
Shoemaker, E.M.: Report of the Near-Earth Objects Survey Working Group, NASA Office of Space Science, Solar System Exploration Office (1995)
23.
Shoemaker, E.M. (ed.): Report of the Near-Earth Objects Survey Working Group, NASA, Washington D.C., (1995)
24.
Koeberl, C., MacLeod, K.G. (eds.): Catastrophic Events and Mass Extinctions: Impacts and Beyond. Geological Soc. America, Boulder CO, Special Paper 356, 2002, 746pp
25.
Bottke Jr., W.F., Cellino, A., Paolicchi, P., Binzel, R.P. (eds.): Asteroids III. University Arizona Press, Tucson (2002). 785pp
26.
Chapman, C.R.: The evolution of asteroids as meteorite parent-bodies. In: Delsemme, A.H. (ed.) Comets Asteroids Meteorites: Interrelations, Evolution and Origins. University of Toledo Press, Toledo OH (1977). 265.130
27.
Brown, P., Spalding, R.E., ReVelle, D.O., Tagliaferri, E., Worden, S.P.: The flux of small near-earth objects colliding with the Earth. Nature 420, 294–296 (2002)CrossRef
28.
Levison, H.F., Morbidelli, A., Dones, L., Jedicke, R., Wiegert, P.A., Bottke, W.F.: The mass disruption of Oort cloud comets. Science 296, 2212–2215 (2002). 129CrossRef
29.
Jedicke, R., Morbidelli, A., Spahr, T., Petit, J., Bottke, W.F.: Earth and space-based NEO survey simulations: prospects for achieving the spaceguard goal. Icarus 161, 17–33 (2003)CrossRef
30.
Chapman, C.R.: Space weathering of asteroid surfaces. Ann. Rev. Earth & Planet. Sci. 32, 539–567 (2004)CrossRef
31.
Bus, S.J., Vilas, F., Barucci, M.A.: Visible-wavelength spectroscopy of asteroids. In: Bottke Jr., W.F., Cellino, A., Paolicchi, P., Binzel, R.P. (eds.) Asteroids III, pp. 169–182. University Arizona Press, Tucson (2002)
32.
“MIT Course precept for movie”, The Tech, MIT, October 30, 1979
33.
Satellite observations of total solar irradiance
34.
Willson, R.C., Hudson, H.S.: The sun's luminosity over a complete solar cycle. Nature 351, 42–44 (1991)CrossRef
35.
36.
Weart, S.: (2006). "The Discovery of Global Warming". In: Weart, S. American Institute of Physics, Retrieved 14 April 2007.
37.
38.
39.
“Construction of a Composite Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) Time Series from 1978 to present”. Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos (PMOD).
40.
Committee on Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 Years, Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council of the National Academies: climate forcings and climate models. In North, G.R., Biondi, F., Bloomfield, P., et al. (eds) Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 Years. National Academies Press, Washington, DC (2006). ISBN 0-309-10225-1. Retrieved 19 April 2007
41.
Lean, J.: Evolution of the Sun's spectral irradiance since the maunder minimum. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27(16), 2425–2428 (2000)CrossRef
42.
Scafetta, N., West, B.J.: Phenomenological solar signature in 400 years of reconstructed northern hemisphere temperature record. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L17718 (2006)CrossRef
43.
Arctowski, H.: On solar faculae and solar constant variations(PDF). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 26(6), 406–411 (1940)CrossRef
44.
Fritts, H.C.: Tree Rings and Climate. Academic Press, Boston (1976). ISBN 0-12-268450
45.
"William Herschel (1738–1822)". High Altitude Observatory. Retrieved 27 Feb 2008
46.
Camp, C.D., Tung, Ka-Kit., Quinif, Y., Kaufman, O., Van Ruymbeke, M., Vandiepenbeeck, M., Camelbeeck, T.: (2006). The Influence of the Solar Cycle and QBO on the Late Winter Stratospheric Polar Vortex" (PDF). EOS Trans. AGU 87 (52): Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract #A11B–0862. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
47.
48.
Willson, R.C., Mordvinov, A.V.: Secular total solar irradiance trend during solar cycles 21–23. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30(5), 1199 (2003)CrossRef
49.
DeWitte, S., Crommelynck, D., Mekaoui, S., Joukoff, A.: Measurement and uncertainty of the long-term total solar irradiance trend. Sol. Phys. 224, 209–216 (2004)CrossRef
50.
Fröhlich, C., Lean, J.: Solar radiative output and its variability: evidence and mechanisms. Astronomy and Astrophysical Reviews 12, 273–320 (2004)CrossRef
51.
Eddy, J.A.: "Samuel P. Langley (1834–1906)", J. Hist. Astron. 21: 111–20 (1990)
52.
Foukal, P.V., Mack, P.E., Vernazza, J.E.: The effect of sunspots and faculae on the solar constant. Astrophys. J. 215, 952 (1977)CrossRef
53.
Willson, R.C., Gulkis, S., Janssen, M., Hudson, H.S., Chapman, G.A.: Observations of solar irradiance variability. Science 211(4483), 700–702 (1981)CrossRef
54.
55.
Solanki, S.K., Usoskin, I.G., Kromer, B., Schüssler, M., Beer, J.: Unusual activity of the sun during recent decades compared to the previous 11,000 years (PDF). Nature 431(7012), 1084–1087 (2004). Retrieved 17 April 2007.,“11,000 Year Sunspot Number Reconstruction”. Global Change Master DirectoryCrossRef
56.
Usoskin, I.G., Solanki, S.K., Kovaltsov, G.A.: Grand minima and maxima of solar activity: new observational constraints (PDF). Astron. Astrophys. 471, 301–309 (2007)CrossRef
57.
Lean, J.: Contribution of ultraviolet irradiance variations to changes in the sun's total irradiance science. Science 244(4901), 197 (1989). 14 AprilCrossRef
58.
Damon, P.E., Laut, P.: Pattern of strange errors plagues solar activity and terrestrial climate data (PDF). Eos 85(39), 370–374 (2004). Retrieved October 5, 2005CrossRef
59.
Tinsley, B.A., Yu, F.: Atmospheric ionization and clouds as links between solar activity and climate. In: Pap, J.M., Fox, P.A. (eds.) Solar Variability and its Effects on Climate, vol. 141, pp. 321–339. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC (2004). Retrieved 19 April 2007CrossRef
60.
Svensmark, H.: Influence of cosmic rays on earth's climate (PDF). Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5027–5030 (1998). Retrieved 19 April 2007CrossRef
61.
Pallé, E., Butler, C.J., O'Brien, K.: The possible connection between ionization in the atmosphere by cosmic rays and low level clouds (PDF). J. Atmos. Sol-Terr. Phy 66(18), 1779 (2004)CrossRef
62.
Pallé, E.: Possible satellite perspective effects on the reported correlations between solar activity and clouds (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters 32 (3): L03802.1–4 (2005)
63.
“Astronomy: On the Sunspot Cycle”. Retrieved 27 Feb 2008
64.
Houghton, J.T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D.J., et al. (eds) (2001). “6.11 Total Solar Irradiance—Figure 6.6: Global, annual mean radiative forcings (1750 to present)”. Climate Change 2001: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Retrieved 15 April 2007
65.
Kessler, D.: Upper limit on the spatial density of asteroidal debris. AIAA Journal 6(12), 2450–2450 (1968)CrossRef
66.
Weart, S (2003). “Changing Sun, Changing Climate?”. The Discovery of Global Warming. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674011570. Retrieved 17 April, 2008
67.
Scafetta, N., Willson, R.: ACRIM-gap and Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) trend issue resolved using a surface magnetic flux TSI proxy model. Geophysical Research Letter 36: L05701 (2009)
68.
Oswald, M., Stabroth, S., Wiedemann, C., Wegener, P., and C. Martin: “Upgrade of the MASTER Model”, Final Report of ESA Contract No. 18014/03/D/HK(SC), Braunschweig(2006).
69.
Hoots, F., Schumacher Jr, P.,.Glover, R.: History of analytical orbit modeling in the U. S. space surveillance system J. Guid. Control Dynam. 27(2), 174–185 (2004)
70.
71.
72.
Hoffman, M.:“It's getting crowded up there.” Space News, 3 April 2009.
73.
74.
Liou, J.-C., Johnson, N.L.: Risks in space from orbiting debris. Science 311(5759), 340–341 (2006)CrossRef
75.
Lovgren, S.: “Space Junk Cleanup Needed, NASA Experts Warn.” National Geographic News, 19 January 2006.
76.
Milne, A.: Sky Static: The Space Debris Crisis. Greenwood Publishing Group, Santa Barbara, CA (2002). 86
77.
Wang, Y‐.M., Lean, J.L., Sheeley Jr., N.R.: Modeling the sun’s magnetic field and irradiance since 1713. Astrophys. J. 625, 522–538 (May 2005)CrossRef
78.
“Orbital Debris: A Technical Assessment” 1995, p. 7.
79.
Carroll, J.: Space Transport Development Using Orbital Debris. niac.usra.edu, 2 December 2002, p. 3.
80.
McKie, R., Day, M.: Warning of catastrophe from mass of ‘space junk’. The Observer, 24 February 2008.
81.
Ford, M.: Orbiting space junk heightens risk of satellite catastrophes. Ars Technica, 27 February 2009.
82.
What are hypervelocity impacts? ESA, 19 February 2009.
83.
Collocation Strategy and Collision Avoidance for the Geostationary Satellites at 19 Degrees West. CNES Symposium on Space Dynamics, 6–10 November 1989.
84.
Hanada, T.: Developing a low-velocity collision model based on the NASA standard breakup model. Space Debris 2(4), 233–247 (2000)CrossRef
85.
Van der Ha, J.C., Hechler, M.: The Collision Probability of Geostationary Satellites. 32nd International Astronautical Congress, 1981, p. 23.
86.
87.
Notification for Express-AM11 satellite users in connection with the spacecraft failure. Russian Satellite Communications Company, 19 April 2006.
88.
Iannotta B., Malik, T.: U.S. Satellite Destroyed in Space Collision, space.com, 11 February 2009
89.
Marks, P.: Satellite collision 'more powerful than China's ASAT test. New Scientist, 13 February 2009. Note: The collision speed was 42,120 kilometers per hour (11.7 km/s).
90.
Two big satellites collide 500 miles over Siberia. yahoo.com, 11 February 2009. Retrieved 11 Feb 2009.
91.
UCS Satellite Database. Union of Concerned Scientists, 16 July 2009.
92.
Wright, D.: Debris in Brief: Space Debris from Anti-Satellite Weapons. Union of Concerned Scientists, December 2007.
93.
David, L.,. China's Anti-Satellite Test: Worrisome Debris Cloud Circles Earth. space.com, 2 February 2007.
94.
Fengyun 1 C - Orbit Data. Heavens Above.
95.
Burger, B.: NASA's Terra Satellite Moved to Avoid Chinese ASAT Debris. space.com. Retrieved: 6 July 2007.
96.
Pentagon: Missile Scored Direct Hit on Satellite. npr.org, 21 February 2008.
97.
Wolf, J.: US satellite shootdown debris said gone from space. uk.reuters.com, 27 February 2008.
98.
Anz-Meador, P., Matney, M.: An assessment of the NASA explosion fragmentation model to 1 mm characteristic sizes. Adv. Space Res. 34(5), 987–992 (2004)CrossRef
99.
Debris from explosion of Chinese rocket detected by University of Chicago satellite instrument. University of Chicago press release, 10 August 2000.
100.
Rocket Explosion. Spaceweather.com, 22 February 2007. Retrieved: 21 Feb 2007.
101.
Than, K.: Rocket Explodes Over Australia, Showers Space with Debris. Space.com, 21 February 2007. Retrieved 21 Feb 2007.
102.
Recent Debris Events. celestrak.com, 16 March 2007.
103.
Spate of rocket breakups creates new space junk. NewScientist.com, 17 January 2007. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
104.
Smirnov, V.M., et al.: Study of micrometeoroid and orbital debris effects on the solar panels retrieved from the space station ‘MIR’. Space Debris 2(1), 1–7 (2000)CrossRef
105.
Orbital Debris FAQ: How did the Mir space station fare during its 15-year stay in Earth orbit? NASA, July 2009.
106.
Matson, R.: Satellite Encounters. Visual Satellite Observer's Home Page.
107.
Christiansen, E.L., Hydeb, J.L., Bernhard, R.P.: Space shuttle debris and meteoroid impacts. Adv. Space Res. 34(5), 1097–1103 (2004)CrossRef
108.
Kelly, J.: Debris is Shuttle's Biggest Threat. space.com, 5 March 2005.
109.
Debris Danger. Aviation Week & Space Technology, Volume 169, Number 10, 15 September 2008, p. 18.
110.
Harwood, W.: Improved odds ease NASA's concerns about space debris. CBS News, 16 April 2009.
111.
Investigation of Shuttle Radiator Micro-Meteoroid & Orbital Debris Damage.
112.
Lear, D., et al.: STS-118 Radiator Impact Damage, NASA
113.
Thoma, K., Wicklein, M., Schneider, E., Danesy, D. (eds): Abstract New Protection Concepts for Meteoroid/Debris Shields. Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Space Debris (ESA SP-587), 18–20 April 2005 in Darmstadt, Germany, ESA/ESOC, August 2005, p. 445
114.
Nahra, H.: Effect of Micrometeoroid and Space Debris Impacts on the Space Station Freedom Solar Array Surfaces. Presented at the 1989 Spring Meeting of the Materials Research Society, NASA TR-102287. 24–29 April 1989
115.
Junk alert for space station crew. BBC News, 12 March 2009.
116.
Haines, L.: ISS spared space junk avoidance manoeuvre. The Register, 17 March 2009.
117.
NASA – Part I – The History of Skylab. NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and Kennedy Space Center, 16 March 2009.
118.
NASA - John F. Kennedy Space Center Story. NASA Kennedy Space Center, 16 March 2009.
119.
PAM-D Debris Falls in Saudi Arabia. The Orbital Debris Quarterly News, 6(2)
120.
121.
122.
Gibson, J.: Jet's flaming space junk scare. The Sydney Morning Herald, 28 March 2007.
123.
Today in Science History. todayinsci.com. Retrieve 8 March 2006.
124.
Orbital Debris FAQ: How much orbital debris is currently in Earth orbit? NASA, July 2009.
125.
Orbital debris: Optical Measurements. NASA Orbital Debris Program Office
126.
Stokes, GH., von Braun, C., Sridharan, R., Harrison, D., Sharma, J.: The Space-Based Visible Program. MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Retrieved 8 March 2006.
127.
Klinkrad, H.: Monitoring Space – Efforts Made by European Countries. fas.org. Retrieved 8 March 2006.
128.
MIT Haystack Observatory. haystack.mit.edu. Retrieved 8 March 2006.
129.
AN/FPS-108 COBRA DANE. fas.org. Retrieved 8 March 2006.
130.
131.
Anselmo, L., Pardini, C.: Collision risk mitigation in geostationary orbit. Space Debris 2(2), 67–82 (2000)CrossRef
132.
de Selding, P.B.: CNES Begins Deorbiting Spot-1 Earth Observation Satellite. Space News, 20 February 2009
133.
Christensen, B.: The Terminator Tether Aims to Clean Up Low Earth Orbit. space.com. Retrieved 8 March 2006.
134.
Amos, J.: How satellites could 'sail' home. BBC News, 3 May 2009.
135.
Campbell, J.: Using Lasers in Space: Laser Orbital Debris Removal and Asteroid Deflection. Occasional Paper No. 20, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, December 2000.
136.
Bekey, I.: Project Orion: Orbital Debris Removal Using Ground-Based Sensors and Lasers. Second European Conference on Space Debris, ESA-SP 393, p. 699 (1997)
137.
Mullins, J.: A clean sweep: NASA plans to carry out a spot of housework. New Scientist, 16 August 2000.
138.
Carlson, E., et al.: Final design of a space debris removal system. NASA/CR-189976, 1990.
139.
Michaels, D.: A cosmic question: how to get rid of all that orbiting space junk? Wall Street J., 11 March 2009.
140.
Hitchens, T.: COPUOS Wades into the Next Great Space Debate. The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 26 June 2008.
141.
Orbital Debris – Important Reference Documents.
142.
143.
Armando Simon, A.: The Zeitgeist of the UFO Phenomenon. UFO phenomena and the behavioral scientist (Scarecrow Press) (1979)
144.
Vallée, J.: Alien Contact by Human Deception. Anomalist Books, New York (1990). ISBN 1-933665-30-0
145.
Menzel, D.H., Taves, E.H.: The UFO Enigma. Doubleday, Garden City (NY, USA) (1977)
146.
Sagan, C., Page, T.: UFOs: a scientific debate. Barnes & Noble. pp. 310. ISBN 978076070916. (1995)
147.
McDonald, J.E.: Statement on Unidentified Flying Objects submitted to the House Committee on Science and Astronautics at July 29, 1968, Symposium on Unidentified Flying Objects, Rayburn Bldg, Washington, D.C (1968)
148.
149.
150.
151.
Cross, A.: The flexibility of scientific rhetoric: a case study of UFO researchers. Qualitative Sociology 27(1), 3–34 (2004)CrossRef
152.
153.
154.
155.
Interview with GEIPAN director Yves Sillard; public statements of SEPRA director Jean-Jacques Velasco; 1978 GEPAN report by director Claude Poher.
156.
COMETA Report (English), part1; COMETA Report, part2; COMETA Report summary by Gildas Bourdais; Summary by Mark Rodeghier, director of CUFOS
157.
158.
news.bbc.co.uk Files released on UFO sightings
159.
AFP Article: Britons 'spotted' UFOs, records say
160.
161.
'El Pais', Montevideo,Uruguay, June 6, 2009; English translation by Scott Corrales
162.
163.
Hynek's photos in Hynek, The UFO Experience, 1972, p. 52
164.
Herb/Hynek amateur astronomer poll results reprinted in International UFO Reporter (CUFOS), May 2006, pp. 14–16
165.
Hendry, A.: UFO the Handbook: A Guide to Investigating, Evaluating, and Reporting UFO Sightings. Doubleday & Co., Garden City, N.Y (1979). ISBN 0-385-14348-6
166.
Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects, Section II Summary of the Study, Edward U. Condon, University of Colorado
167.
Document quoted and published in Timothy Good (2007), 106–107, 115; USAFE Item 14, TT 1524, (Top Secret), 4 November 1948, declassified in 1997, National Archives, Washington D.C.
168.
Schuessler, J.L.: Statements about Flying Saucers and Extraterrestrial Life Made by Prof. Hermann Oberth, German Rocket Scientist" 2002; Oberth's American Weekly article appeared in a number of newspaper Sunday supplements, e.g., Washington Post and Times Herald
169.
Copy of FBI FOIA document; Text quotation in essay by Bruce Maccabee on military/CIA ETH opinions circa 1952
170.
Dolan, 189; Good, 287, 337; Ruppelt, Chapt. 16
171.
172.
Velasco quoted in La Dépêche du Midi, Toulouse, France, April 18, 2004
173.
Vallée, J.: Dimensions: A Casebook of Alien Contact. Ballantine Books, New York (1989). ISBN 0345360028
174.
Peter, F.: Coleman has advanced a theory that some UFOs may be instances of visible combustion of a fuel (e.g., natural gas) inside an atmospheric vortex. See Weather, p. 31, 1993; J. Sci. Explor. 20, 215–238 (2006), and his book Great balls of Fire–a unified theory of ball lightning, UFOs, Tunguska and other anomalous lights, Fireshine Press
175.
Cook, N. (Narrator and Writer): An Alien History of Planet Earth. History Channel (2006)
176.
Sturrock Panel abstract & summary; Sturrock Panel report on physical evidence; Other links to Sturrock Panel
177.
Investigation and explanations of Belgium case
178.
179.
Oberth's UFO antigravity opinion as to propulsion and atmospheric air flow control also quoted by Donald Keyhoe in his 1955 book Flying Saucer Conspiracy
180.
Зaйцeв A.B. Meждунapoднaя cиcтeмa плaнeтapнoй зaщиты « Цитaдeль-1». (in Russian).
181.
182.
Morrison, D.: The Spaceguard Survey: Report of the NASA International Near-Earth-Object Detection Workshop. NASA, Washington, D.C (1992)
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
Morrison, D.: NASA NEO Workshop. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
190.
Charter, H.: Near-Earth Objects: Status of the Survey Program and Review of NASA's 2007 Report to Congress | SpaceRef Canada - Your Daily Source of Canadian Space News
191.
We Saw It Coming: Asteroid Monitored from Outer Space to Ground Impact. Newswise, Retrieved 26 March 2009
192.
Predicting Apophis' Earth Encounters in 2029 and 2036
193.
194.
Cole, D.M., Cox, D.W.: Islands in Space, pp. 126–127. Philadelphia, Chilton Books (1964)
195.
Kleiman Louis, A.: Project Icarus: an MIT Student Project in Systems Engineering. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts (1968)
196.
Systems Engineering: Avoiding an Asteroid, Time Magazine, June 16, 1967.
197.
Day, D.A.: Giant bombs on giant rockets: Project Icarus, The Space Review (2004), Monday, July 5,
198.
UCAR (September 13, 2006). Changes in Solar Brightness Too Weak to Explain Global Warming. Press release, Retrieved 18 April 2007.
199.
Great Moments in the History of Solar Physics 1. Great Moments in the History of Solar Physics. Retrieved 19 March 2006
200.
Perry, C.A., Hsu, K.J.: Geophysical, archaeological, and historical evidence support a solar-output model for climate change (PDF). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97(23), 12433–12438 (2000)CrossRef
201.
Wang, Y.-M., Lean, J.L., Sheeley, N.R.: Modeling the sun's magnetic field and irradiance since 1713. Astrophys. J. 625(1), 522–538 (2005)CrossRef
202.
Krivova, N.A., Balmaceda, L., Solanki, S.K.: Reconstruction of solar total irradiance since 1700 from the surface magnetic flux. A&A 467, 335–346 (2007)CrossRef
203.
Steinhilber, F., Beer, J., Fröhlich, C.: Total solar irradiance during the holocene. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L19704 (2009)CrossRef
204.
Lean, J.L., Wang, Y-M., Sheeley Jr, N.R.: The effect of increasing solar activity on the sun’s total and open magnetic flux during multiple cycles: implications for solar forcing of climate. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29 (24), 77–1 ~ 77–4 (2002)
205.
Foukal, P., Fröhlich, C., Spruit, H., Wigley, T.M.L.: Variations in solar luminosity and their effect on the earth’s climate (PDF). Nature 443(7108), 161 (2006)CrossRef
206.
Lockwood, M., Fröhlich, C.: Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society A 463, 2447–2460 (2007)CrossRef
207.
208.
Scafetta, N., West, B.J.:Phenomenological reconstructions of the solar signature in the Northern Hemisphere, surface temperature records since 1600. J. Geophys. Res. 112: D24S03 (2007)
209.
Moberg, A., Sonechkin, D.M., Holmgren, K., Datsenko, N.M., Karlén, W., Lauritzen, S.E.: Highly variable northern hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-resolution proxy data. Nature 433(7026), 613–617 (2005)CrossRef
210.
Clark, P.: Space Debris Incidents Involving Soviet/Russian Launches. friends-partners.org.
211.
Iannotta, B.: U.S. Satellite Destroyed in Space Collision. Space.com, 11 February 2009. Retrieved 11 Feb 2009.
212.
Reichhardt, T.: Satellite Smashers. Air & Space Magazine (2008), 1 March
1.
MeньШиков, B.A., Пepминов, A.H., О.M. Уpличич Γлобальныe пpоблeмы чeловeчecтва и коcмоcа – M.: HИИ KC имeни A.A. Mакcимова, 2010. (Russian) – 570c.
2.
A.H. Пepминов, B.A. MeньШиков “Kоcмоc и бeэопаcноcть чeловeчecтва.”. – M: HИИ KC имeни A.A. Mакcимова, 2009. (Russia) – 48 c.
3.
Ranganath Navalgund, Valery Menshikov, Joseph Akinyede Space-Based disaster Managment: the Weed for international cooperation IAA, Bengalor-Paris, 2010, 80 p. (Heads of space Agencies Summit on November 17, 2010 in Washington)
4.
Degtyar V. G., Volkov V. A., Kalashnikov S. T. “Development of principles fro adaptation of space and rocket complexes to be used for missions of mitigation of asteroids and comets threat.” by book “Space for Security and Prosperity of the Peoples.”, editors Contant J.-M., Menshikov V., IAA,- 2010, p. 189–208
Metadata
Title
Global Risks and Threats to Humanity from Outer Space: Prospects of Warning and Parrying
Authors
Valery A. Menshikov
Anatoly N. Perminov
Yuri M. Urlichich
Copyright Year
2012
Publisher
Springer Vienna
Book
Global Aerospace Monitoring and Disaster Management

Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-0809-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-7091-0810-9

Copyright Year: 2012

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0810-9_3

Premium Partner

    Image Credits