Skip to main content
Top

2013 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Graphite-Based Nanocomposites to Enhance Mechanical Properties

Authors : Shanta Desai, James Njuguna

Published in: Structural Nanocomposites

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Carbon based materials such as diamond and graphite are known to mankind for ages. Graphite is highly anisotropic and the properties of single layer of graphite were known for long. In recent years, nanoscale materials using carbon nanotubes have provided opportunities for researchers to engineer new materials with enhanced properties but graphite-based fillers in the polymer nanocomposites has taken forefront in research of many area upon the discovery of graphene, a single layer of graphite by Andre et al. in 2004 due to its extraordinary properties. Due to high surface energy and low density, it is difficult to disperse graphene in polymeric matrix and hence some of the methods identified to homogenously disperse graphite-based fillers are described here such as solution mixing, melt mixing, in situ polymerization and grafting. Nanocomposites prepared using graphite-based reinforcements to enhance mechanical properties in different polymeric matrix is discussed. Finally, applications and challenges of commercialization of these nanocomposites are presented.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
1.
go back to reference Ash, B.J., Stone, J., Rogers, D.F., et al.: Investigation into the thermal and mechanical behavior of PMMA/Alumina Nanocomposites. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 661, 661 (2000)CrossRef Ash, B.J., Stone, J., Rogers, D.F., et al.: Investigation into the thermal and mechanical behavior of PMMA/Alumina Nanocomposites. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 661, 661 (2000)CrossRef
2.
go back to reference Bai, H., Xu, Y., Zhao, L., Li, C., Shi, G.: Non-covalent functionalization of graphene sheets by sulfonated polyaniline. Chem. Commun. 13, 1667 (2009)CrossRef Bai, H., Xu, Y., Zhao, L., Li, C., Shi, G.: Non-covalent functionalization of graphene sheets by sulfonated polyaniline. Chem. Commun. 13, 1667 (2009)CrossRef
3.
go back to reference Bortz, D.R., Heras, E.G., Martin-Gullon, I.: Impressive fatigue life and fracture toughness improvements in graphene oxide/epoxy composites. Macromolecules 45, 238 (2012)CrossRef Bortz, D.R., Heras, E.G., Martin-Gullon, I.: Impressive fatigue life and fracture toughness improvements in graphene oxide/epoxy composites. Macromolecules 45, 238 (2012)CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Bourlinos A.B., Gournis D., etridis, D., Szabó, T., Szeri, A., Dékány, I.: Graphite oxide: chemical reduction to graphite and surface modification with primary aliphatic amines and amino acids. Langmuir 19, 6050 (2003) Bourlinos A.B., Gournis D., etridis, D., Szabó, T., Szeri, A., Dékány, I.: Graphite oxide: chemical reduction to graphite and surface modification with primary aliphatic amines and amino acids. Langmuir 19, 6050 (2003)
5.
go back to reference Chen, G.H., Wu, D.J., Weng, W.G., He, B., Yan, W.L.: Preparation of polystyrene/graphite nanosheets composite. Polymer 42, 4813 (2001)CrossRef Chen, G.H., Wu, D.J., Weng, W.G., He, B., Yan, W.L.: Preparation of polystyrene/graphite nanosheets composite. Polymer 42, 4813 (2001)CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Chen, G., Weng, W., Wu, D., Wu, C.: PMMA/graphite nanosheets composite and its conducting properties. Eur. Polymer J. 39, 2329 (2003)CrossRef Chen, G., Weng, W., Wu, D., Wu, C.: PMMA/graphite nanosheets composite and its conducting properties. Eur. Polymer J. 39, 2329 (2003)CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Chen, X.M., Shen, J.W., Huang, W.Y.: Novel electrically conductive polypropylene/graphite nanocomposites. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 21, 213 (2002)CrossRef Chen, X.M., Shen, J.W., Huang, W.Y.: Novel electrically conductive polypropylene/graphite nanocomposites. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 21, 213 (2002)CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Chung D.D.L.: Review: Exfoliation of graphite. J. Mater. Sci. 22, 4190 (1987) Chung D.D.L.: Review: Exfoliation of graphite. J. Mater. Sci. 22, 4190 (1987)
9.
go back to reference Compton, O.C., Nguyen, S.B.T.: Graphene Oxide, Highly Reduced Graphene Oxide, and Graphene: Versatile Building Blocks for Carbon-Based Materials. Small 6, 711 (2010)CrossRef Compton, O.C., Nguyen, S.B.T.: Graphene Oxide, Highly Reduced Graphene Oxide, and Graphene: Versatile Building Blocks for Carbon-Based Materials. Small 6, 711 (2010)CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Das, B., Rasad, K.E., Ramamurty, U., Rao, C.N.R.: Nano-indentation studies on polymer matrix composites reinforced by few-layer graphene. Nanotechnology 20(12), 125705 (2009)CrossRef Das, B., Rasad, K.E., Ramamurty, U., Rao, C.N.R.: Nano-indentation studies on polymer matrix composites reinforced by few-layer graphene. Nanotechnology 20(12), 125705 (2009)CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Desai, S.: Fabrication and analysis of highly conducting graphite flake composites. PhD Thesis, Institute for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds. United Kingdom (2006) Desai, S.: Fabrication and analysis of highly conducting graphite flake composites. PhD Thesis, Institute for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds. United Kingdom (2006)
12.
go back to reference Desai, S., Njuguna, J.: Enhancement of thermal conductivity of materials using different forms of natural graphite Minea A A (ed.) Advances in Industrial Heat Transfer. CRC press 2012, Chapter 6, 201 (2012) Desai, S., Njuguna, J.: Enhancement of thermal conductivity of materials using different forms of natural graphite Minea A A (ed.) Advances in Industrial Heat Transfer. CRC press 2012, Chapter 6, 201 (2012)
13.
go back to reference Eda, G., Chhowalla, M.: Graphene-based composite thin films for electronics. Nano Lett. 9(2), 814 (2009)CrossRef Eda, G., Chhowalla, M.: Graphene-based composite thin films for electronics. Nano Lett. 9(2), 814 (2009)CrossRef
14.
go back to reference Fang, M., Wang, K.G., Lu, H.B., Yang, Y.L., Nutt, S.: Covalent polymer functionalization of graphene nanosheets and mechanical properties of composites. J. Mater. Chem. 19(38), 7098 (2009)CrossRef Fang, M., Wang, K.G., Lu, H.B., Yang, Y.L., Nutt, S.: Covalent polymer functionalization of graphene nanosheets and mechanical properties of composites. J. Mater. Chem. 19(38), 7098 (2009)CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Geim, A.K., Novoselov, K.S.: The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater. 6, 183 (2007)CrossRef Geim, A.K., Novoselov, K.S.: The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater. 6, 183 (2007)CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Geng, Y., Wang, S.J., Kim, J.-K.: Preparation of graphite nanoplatelets and graphene sheets. J. Colloid Int. Sci. 336, 592 (2009)CrossRef Geng, Y., Wang, S.J., Kim, J.-K.: Preparation of graphite nanoplatelets and graphene sheets. J. Colloid Int. Sci. 336, 592 (2009)CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Giannelis, E.P.: Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: synthesis, roperties and applications. Appl. Organometalic Chem. 12, 675 (1998)CrossRef Giannelis, E.P.: Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: synthesis, roperties and applications. Appl. Organometalic Chem. 12, 675 (1998)CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Gonsalves, K.E., Chen, X., Baraton, M.I.: Mechanistic investigation of the preparation of polymer/ceramic nanocomposites. Nanostruct. Mater. 9, 181 (1997)CrossRef Gonsalves, K.E., Chen, X., Baraton, M.I.: Mechanistic investigation of the preparation of polymer/ceramic nanocomposites. Nanostruct. Mater. 9, 181 (1997)CrossRef
19.
go back to reference Higginbotham, A.L., Lomeda, J.R., Morgan, A.B., Tour, J.M.: Graphite oxide flame-retardant polymer nanocomposites. ACS Appl. Mater. Int. 1(10), 2256 (2009)CrossRef Higginbotham, A.L., Lomeda, J.R., Morgan, A.B., Tour, J.M.: Graphite oxide flame-retardant polymer nanocomposites. ACS Appl. Mater. Int. 1(10), 2256 (2009)CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Salavagione, H.J., Martínez, G., Ellis, G.: Graphene-based polymer nanocomposites, hysics and applications of Graphene—Experiments, Dr. Mikhailov, S. (ed.), (2011). ISBN: 978-953-307-217-3 Salavagione, H.J., Martínez, G., Ellis, G.: Graphene-based polymer nanocomposites, hysics and applications of Graphene—Experiments, Dr. Mikhailov, S. (ed.), (2011). ISBN: 978-953-307-217-3
21.
go back to reference Jang, J.Y., Kim, M.S., Shin, C.M.: Graphite oxide/poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites prepared by a novel method utilizing macroazoinitiator. Compos. Sci. Technol. 69(2), 186 (2009)CrossRef Jang, J.Y., Kim, M.S., Shin, C.M.: Graphite oxide/poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites prepared by a novel method utilizing macroazoinitiator. Compos. Sci. Technol. 69(2), 186 (2009)CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Jiang, X., Drzal, L.T.: Multifunctional high density polyethylene nanocomposites produced by incorporation of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets 1: Morphology and mechanical properties. Polym. Compos. 31(6), 1091 (2010) Jiang, X., Drzal, L.T.: Multifunctional high density polyethylene nanocomposites produced by incorporation of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets 1: Morphology and mechanical properties. Polym. Compos. 31(6), 1091 (2010)
23.
go back to reference Lee, C., Wei, X., Kysar, J.W., Hone, J.: Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science 321, 385 (2008)CrossRef Lee, C., Wei, X., Kysar, J.W., Hone, J.: Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science 321, 385 (2008)CrossRef
24.
go back to reference LeeBaron, P.C., Wang, Z., Innavaia, T.: Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: an overview. App Clay Sci 15, 11 (1999)CrossRef LeeBaron, P.C., Wang, Z., Innavaia, T.: Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: an overview. App Clay Sci 15, 11 (1999)CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Liang, J.: Molecular-level dispersion of graphene into poly(vinyl alcohol) and effective reinforcement of their nanocomposites. Advanced Functional Materials ol. 19(14), (July 2009) 2297-2302, ISSN: 1616-301X Liang, J.: Molecular-level dispersion of graphene into poly(vinyl alcohol) and effective reinforcement of their nanocomposites. Advanced Functional Materials ol. 19(14), (July 2009) 2297-2302, ISSN: 1616-301X
26.
go back to reference Liu, X., Wu, Q.: PP/clay nanocomposites prepared by grapfting-melt intercalation. Polymer 42, 10013 (2001)CrossRef Liu, X., Wu, Q.: PP/clay nanocomposites prepared by grapfting-melt intercalation. Polymer 42, 10013 (2001)CrossRef
27.
go back to reference Lomeda, J.R., Doyle, C.D., Kosynkin, D.V., Hwang, W.F., Tour, J.M.: Diazonium functionalization of surfactant-wrapped chemically converted graphene sheets. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, g1620 (2008)CrossRef Lomeda, J.R., Doyle, C.D., Kosynkin, D.V., Hwang, W.F., Tour, J.M.: Diazonium functionalization of surfactant-wrapped chemically converted graphene sheets. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, g1620 (2008)CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Miller, S.G., Bauer, J.I., Maryanski, M.J., Heimann, P.J., Barlow, J.P., Gosau, J.M., Allred, R.E.: Characterization of epoxy functionalized graphite nanoparticles and the physical properties of epoxy matrix nanocomposites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 70, 1120 (2010)CrossRef Miller, S.G., Bauer, J.I., Maryanski, M.J., Heimann, P.J., Barlow, J.P., Gosau, J.M., Allred, R.E.: Characterization of epoxy functionalized graphite nanoparticles and the physical properties of epoxy matrix nanocomposites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 70, 1120 (2010)CrossRef
29.
go back to reference Moniruzzaman, M., Winey, K.I.: Polymer nanocomposites containing carbon nanotubes. Macromolecules 39(16), 5194 (2006)CrossRef Moniruzzaman, M., Winey, K.I.: Polymer nanocomposites containing carbon nanotubes. Macromolecules 39(16), 5194 (2006)CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Mukhopadhyaya, P., Gupta R.K., (2011) Trends and frontiers in Graphene-based polymer nanocomposites. Plast. Eng. 32–42 Mukhopadhyaya, P., Gupta R.K., (2011) Trends and frontiers in Graphene-based polymer nanocomposites. Plast. Eng. 32–42
31.
go back to reference Niyogi, S., Bekyarova, E., Itkis, M.E., McWilliams, J.L., Hamon, M.A., Haddon, R.C.: Solution properties of graphite and graphene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 7720 (2006)CrossRef Niyogi, S., Bekyarova, E., Itkis, M.E., McWilliams, J.L., Hamon, M.A., Haddon, R.C.: Solution properties of graphite and graphene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 7720 (2006)CrossRef
32.
go back to reference Park, S., An, J., iner, R.D., Jung, I., Yang D., elamakanni, A., Nguyen S.B.T., Ruoff, R.S.: Aqueous suspension and characterization of chemically modified graphene sheets. Chem. Mater. 20, 6592 (2008) Park, S., An, J., iner, R.D., Jung, I., Yang D., elamakanni, A., Nguyen S.B.T., Ruoff, R.S.: Aqueous suspension and characterization of chemically modified graphene sheets. Chem. Mater. 20, 6592 (2008)
33.
go back to reference Pan, Y., Yu, Z., Ou, Y., Hu, G.: A new process of fabricating electrically conducting nylon6/graphite nanocomposites via intercalation polymerisation. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 38, 1626 (2000)CrossRef Pan, Y., Yu, Z., Ou, Y., Hu, G.: A new process of fabricating electrically conducting nylon6/graphite nanocomposites via intercalation polymerisation. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 38, 1626 (2000)CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Paul D.R., Robeson L.M.: Polymer nanotechnology: Nanocomposites. Polymer 49 (15), 3187 (2008) Paul D.R., Robeson L.M.: Polymer nanotechnology: Nanocomposites. Polymer 49 (15), 3187 (2008)
35.
go back to reference Rafiee, M.A., Rafiee, J., Wang, Z., Song, H., Yu, Z–Z., Koratkar, N.: Enhanced mechanical properties of nanocomposites at low graphene content. ACS Nano 3(12), 3884 (2009) Rafiee, M.A., Rafiee, J., Wang, Z., Song, H., Yu, Z–Z., Koratkar, N.: Enhanced mechanical properties of nanocomposites at low graphene content. ACS Nano 3(12), 3884 (2009)
36.
go back to reference Rafiee, M.A., Rafiee, J., Srivastava, I., Wang, Z., Song, H., Yu, Z–.Z., Koratkar, N.: Fracture and fatigue in graphene nanocomposites. Small 6(2), 179 (2010)CrossRef Rafiee, M.A., Rafiee, J., Srivastava, I., Wang, Z., Song, H., Yu, Z–.Z., Koratkar, N.: Fracture and fatigue in graphene nanocomposites. Small 6(2), 179 (2010)CrossRef
37.
go back to reference Ramanthan, T., Stankovich, S., Dikin, D.A., Liu, H., Shen, H., Nguyen, S.T., Brinson, L.C.: Graphitic nanofillers in PMMA nanocomposites—An investigation of particle size and dispersion and their influence on nanocomposite properties. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 45(15), 2097 (2007)CrossRef Ramanthan, T., Stankovich, S., Dikin, D.A., Liu, H., Shen, H., Nguyen, S.T., Brinson, L.C.: Graphitic nanofillers in PMMA nanocomposites—An investigation of particle size and dispersion and their influence on nanocomposite properties. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 45(15), 2097 (2007)CrossRef
38.
go back to reference Ramanthan, T., Liu, H., Brinson, L.C.: Functionalized SWNT/polymer nanocomposites for dramatic property improvement. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 43(17), 2269 (2005)CrossRef Ramanthan, T., Liu, H., Brinson, L.C.: Functionalized SWNT/polymer nanocomposites for dramatic property improvement. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 43(17), 2269 (2005)CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Salavagione, H.J., Gomez, M.A., Martınez, G.: Salavagione, Horacio JPolymeric modification of graphene through esterification of graphite oxide and poly (vinyl alcohol). Macromolecules 42, g6331 (2009)CrossRef Salavagione, H.J., Gomez, M.A., Martınez, G.: Salavagione, Horacio JPolymeric modification of graphene through esterification of graphite oxide and poly (vinyl alcohol). Macromolecules 42, g6331 (2009)CrossRef
40.
go back to reference Shioyama, H.: Polymerization of Isoprene and Styrene in the interlayer spacing of graphite. Carbon 35, 1664 (1997)CrossRef Shioyama, H.: Polymerization of Isoprene and Styrene in the interlayer spacing of graphite. Carbon 35, 1664 (1997)CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Shioyama, H.: The interactions of two chemical species in the interlayer spacing of graphite. Synth. Met. 114(1), 1 (2000)CrossRef Shioyama, H.: The interactions of two chemical species in the interlayer spacing of graphite. Synth. Met. 114(1), 1 (2000)CrossRef
42.
go back to reference Sinha, Ray S., Okamoto, M.: Polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites: a review from preparation to processing. Prog. Polym. Sci. 28(11), 1539 (2003)CrossRef Sinha, Ray S., Okamoto, M.: Polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites: a review from preparation to processing. Prog. Polym. Sci. 28(11), 1539 (2003)CrossRef
43.
go back to reference Spitsina, N.G., Lobach, A.S., Kaplunov, M.G.: Polymer/nanocarbon composite materials for photonics. High Energy Chem. 43(7), 552 (2009)CrossRef Spitsina, N.G., Lobach, A.S., Kaplunov, M.G.: Polymer/nanocarbon composite materials for photonics. High Energy Chem. 43(7), 552 (2009)CrossRef
44.
go back to reference Stankovich, S., Piner, R.D., Chen, X., Wu, N., Nguyen, S.T., Ruoff, R.S.: Stable aqueous dispersions of graphitic nanoplatelets via the reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide in the presence of poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate). J. Mater. Chem. 16 (2), 155 (2006) Stankovich, S., Piner, R.D., Chen, X., Wu, N., Nguyen, S.T., Ruoff, R.S.: Stable aqueous dispersions of graphitic nanoplatelets via the reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide in the presence of poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate). J. Mater. Chem. 16 (2), 155 (2006)
45.
go back to reference Steurer, P., Wissert, R., Thomann, R., Mulhaupt, R.: functionalized graphenes and thermoplastic nanocomposites based upon expanded graphite oxide. Macromolecular Rapid Commun 30, 316 (2009)CrossRef Steurer, P., Wissert, R., Thomann, R., Mulhaupt, R.: functionalized graphenes and thermoplastic nanocomposites based upon expanded graphite oxide. Macromolecular Rapid Commun 30, 316 (2009)CrossRef
46.
go back to reference Sumita, M., Tusukishi, H., Miasaka, K.: Dynamic mechanical properties of polypropylene composites filled with ultrafine particles. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 29(5), 1523 (1984)CrossRef Sumita, M., Tusukishi, H., Miasaka, K.: Dynamic mechanical properties of polypropylene composites filled with ultrafine particles. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 29(5), 1523 (1984)CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Sun, S.T., Cao, Y.W., Feng, J.C., Wu, P.Y.: Click chemistry as a route for the immobilization of well-defined polystyrene onto graphene sheets. J. Mater. Chem. 20(27), 5605 (2010)CrossRef Sun, S.T., Cao, Y.W., Feng, J.C., Wu, P.Y.: Click chemistry as a route for the immobilization of well-defined polystyrene onto graphene sheets. J. Mater. Chem. 20(27), 5605 (2010)CrossRef
48.
go back to reference Tien, C.P., Teng, H.: Polymer/graphite oxide composites as high-performance materials for electric double layer capacitors. J. Power Sources 195(8), 2414 (2010)CrossRef Tien, C.P., Teng, H.: Polymer/graphite oxide composites as high-performance materials for electric double layer capacitors. J. Power Sources 195(8), 2414 (2010)CrossRef
49.
go back to reference Uhl, F.M., Wilkie, C.A.: Polystyrene/graphite nanocomposites: effect on thermal stability’. Polym Degrad Stab 76, 111 (2002)CrossRef Uhl, F.M., Wilkie, C.A.: Polystyrene/graphite nanocomposites: effect on thermal stability’. Polym Degrad Stab 76, 111 (2002)CrossRef
50.
go back to reference Usuki, A., Kojima, Y., Kawasumi, M., Okada, A., Fukushima, Y., Kurauchi, T., et al.: Synthesis of nylon 6-clay hybrid. J. Mater. Res. 8(5), 1179–1184 (1993)CrossRef Usuki, A., Kojima, Y., Kawasumi, M., Okada, A., Fukushima, Y., Kurauchi, T., et al.: Synthesis of nylon 6-clay hybrid. J. Mater. Res. 8(5), 1179–1184 (1993)CrossRef
51.
go back to reference Viculis, L.M., Mack, J.J., Kaner, R.B.: A chemical route to carbon nanoscrolls. Science 299(28), 1361 (2003)CrossRef Viculis, L.M., Mack, J.J., Kaner, R.B.: A chemical route to carbon nanoscrolls. Science 299(28), 1361 (2003)CrossRef
52.
go back to reference Wang, S., Zhang, Y., Abidi, N., Cabrales, L.: Wettability and surface free energy of graphene films. Langmuir 25 (18), 11078 (2009) Wang, S., Zhang, Y., Abidi, N., Cabrales, L.: Wettability and surface free energy of graphene films. Langmuir 25 (18), 11078 (2009)
53.
go back to reference Wei, C.L., Zhang, M.Q., Rang, M.Z., Friedrich, K.: Tensile performance improvement of low nanoparticles filled-polypropylene composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 62, 1327 (2002)CrossRef Wei, C.L., Zhang, M.Q., Rang, M.Z., Friedrich, K.: Tensile performance improvement of low nanoparticles filled-polypropylene composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 62, 1327 (2002)CrossRef
54.
go back to reference Worsley, K.A., Ramesh, P., Mandal, S.W., Niyogi, S., Itkis M.E., Haddon, R.C.: Soluble graphene derived from graphite fluoride Chem. Phys. Lett. 445, 51 (2007) Worsley, K.A., Ramesh, P., Mandal, S.W., Niyogi, S., Itkis M.E., Haddon, R.C.: Soluble graphene derived from graphite fluoride Chem. Phys. Lett. 445, 51 (2007)
55.
go back to reference Xu, J., Hu, Y., Song, L., et al.: Increasing the electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of carbon fiber polymer-matrix composite by using activated carbon fibers. Carbon 40(3), 445 (2002)CrossRef Xu, J., Hu, Y., Song, L., et al.: Increasing the electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of carbon fiber polymer-matrix composite by using activated carbon fibers. Carbon 40(3), 445 (2002)CrossRef
56.
go back to reference Xu, Y.X., Hong, W.J., Bai, H., Li, C., Shi, G.Q.: Strong and ductile poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide composite films with a layered structure. Carbon 47(15), 3538 (2009)CrossRef Xu, Y.X., Hong, W.J., Bai, H., Li, C., Shi, G.Q.: Strong and ductile poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide composite films with a layered structure. Carbon 47(15), 3538 (2009)CrossRef
57.
go back to reference Yang, S.Y., Lin, W.N., Huang, Y.L., Tien, H.W., Wang, J.Y., Ma, C.C.M., Li, S.M., Wang, Y.S.: Synergetic effects of graphene platelets and carbon nanotubes on the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy composites. Carbon 49(3), 793 (2011)CrossRef Yang, S.Y., Lin, W.N., Huang, Y.L., Tien, H.W., Wang, J.Y., Ma, C.C.M., Li, S.M., Wang, Y.S.: Synergetic effects of graphene platelets and carbon nanotubes on the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy composites. Carbon 49(3), 793 (2011)CrossRef
58.
go back to reference Yasmin, A., Luo, J–J., Danial, I.M.: Processing of expanded graphite reinforced polymer nanocomposites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 66, 1179 (2006) Yasmin, A., Luo, J–J., Danial, I.M.: Processing of expanded graphite reinforced polymer nanocomposites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 66, 1179 (2006)
59.
go back to reference Zhao, Q.Z., Nardelli, M.B., Bernhole, J.: Ultimate strength of carbon nanotubes: a theoretical study. Physical Review B. 65(14), 144105 (2002)CrossRef Zhao, Q.Z., Nardelli, M.B., Bernhole, J.: Ultimate strength of carbon nanotubes: a theoretical study. Physical Review B. 65(14), 144105 (2002)CrossRef
60.
go back to reference Zhao, X., Zhang, Q.H., Chen, D.J., Lu, P.: Enhanced mechanical properties of graphene-based poly(vinyl alcohol) composites. Macromolecules 43, 2357 (2010)CrossRef Zhao, X., Zhang, Q.H., Chen, D.J., Lu, P.: Enhanced mechanical properties of graphene-based poly(vinyl alcohol) composites. Macromolecules 43, 2357 (2010)CrossRef
61.
go back to reference Zheng, W., Wong, S.: Electrical conductivity and dielectric properties of PMMA/expanded graphite composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 63, 225 (2003)CrossRef Zheng, W., Wong, S.: Electrical conductivity and dielectric properties of PMMA/expanded graphite composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 63, 225 (2003)CrossRef
62.
go back to reference Zheng, W., Lu, X., Wong, S.: Electrical and mechanical properties of expanded graphite-reinforced high-density polyethylene. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 91(5), 2781 (2004)CrossRef Zheng, W., Lu, X., Wong, S.: Electrical and mechanical properties of expanded graphite-reinforced high-density polyethylene. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 91(5), 2781 (2004)CrossRef
63.
go back to reference Zhen Xu and Chao Gao: In situ Polymerization Approach to Graphene-Reinforced Nylon-6 Composites. Macromolecules 43(16), 6716 (2010)CrossRef Zhen Xu and Chao Gao: In situ Polymerization Approach to Graphene-Reinforced Nylon-6 Composites. Macromolecules 43(16), 6716 (2010)CrossRef
64.
go back to reference Zhu, Y., Murali, S., Cai, W. et al.: Graphene and graphene oxide: synthesis, roperties, and applications. Adv. Mater. 22 (35), 3906 (2010) Zhu, Y., Murali, S., Cai, W. et al.: Graphene and graphene oxide: synthesis, roperties, and applications. Adv. Mater. 22 (35), 3906 (2010)
Metadata
Title
Graphite-Based Nanocomposites to Enhance Mechanical Properties
Authors
Shanta Desai
James Njuguna
Copyright Year
2013
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40322-4_3

Premium Partners