Green Connected Automated Transportation and Safety

Table of Contents

1. A Review of Motor Vehicle Driver Fatigue Research—Based on L3 Automatic Driving System

   Hanying Guo, Yuhao Zhang

   Abstract

   Fatigue driving behavior is one of the important causes of traffic accidents, and it is also an important research hotspot in the field of traffic safety. On the basis of the traditional theory of driving fatigue, this paper reviews the research status of fatigue driving behavior based on conditional autopilot system, divides driving fatigue into sleep related (SR) fatigue and task related (TR) fatigue, and describes their definitions respectively. The occurrence time and main manifestation of driving fatigue in level 3 automatic driving system are discussed. Three kinds of driving fatigue identification methods and research results are summarized, and their advantages and disadvantages and application fields are analyzed in Level 3 automatic driving system. The results show that most of the existing researches on autopilot fatigue focus on the passive fatigue caused by monotonous driving task, and few studies combined with SR fatigue; Fatigue identification methods and information source are usually unique, and the research using the fusion of multiple detection methods is not deep enough.

2. Analysis of Compliance Between Cape Town Agreement and China’s Fishing Vessel Standards

   Majing Lan, Chaoyu Ruan, Muqiu Zhou

   Abstract

   Based on the comparative analysis between Cape Town Agreement and Chinese fishing vessel standards, this paper finds out the existing gap and puts forward suggestions on the formulation and revision of relevant standards and the standardization of fishing vessels.

3. Analysis of Non-motor Vehicle Traffic Flows and Traffic Conflicts on Isolated Bicycle Lane

   Lin Wang, Jin Ran, Zhonghua Wei, Shi Qiu, Shaofan Wang

   Abstract

   In recent years, non-motorized vehicle (NMV) groups for the purpose of avoiding traffic jams and facilitating travel have developed rapidly in urban traffic. They share limited right-of-way on urban roads, which leads to more conflicts between each other and increasing accident risks. In this research, the traffic flow characteristics of three types of NMV, namely bicycles (B), electric bicycles (EB), and electric tricycles (ET), on three independent bicycle lanes in Beijing were extracted by two-dimensional trajectory tracking method. The relationship between different traffic conflicts and traffic density and anti-riding rate is studied. Results indicate two remarkable findings: (1) densities of B, EB, and ET, which are mostly influenced by speed, are correlated with different types of conflicts; (2) the EB conflict shows a strong linear correlation with EB density. The linear prediction model of opposing conflict is established using reverse riding ratios of B, EB, and ET. This research recommends that reverse riding of NMV should be eliminated to reduce the bicycle lane conflict. And unidirectional non-motorized roads with physical isolation are proposed for construction in urban areas with large non-motorized traffic flow. Moreover, the travel speed of NMV on bicycle lane should be further regulated to provide safe and friendly riding environment for riders.

4. Parameter Matching and Simulation Analysis on Power System of Wheel-Legged Vehicle

   Xizheng Chen, Xiaobei Jiang, Lijin Han, Wenlin Yu, Jiawen Guo, Wuhong Wang

   Abstract

   With the development of multi-body dynamics and robotics, wheel-legged vehicles have raised attentions in the field of special vehicles for their high flexibility and adaptability. Based on the existing model of wheel-legged vehicle power system, a kinetics analysis model of the power system is proposed in this study, and the model parameters are matched and analyzed under different working conditions. Vehicle simulation model is designed by Advisor 2002 software, and the dynamic performance of the vehicle is analyzed under the ECE-EUDC cycle conditions. The results show the adaptability of wheel-footed vehicles to different road conditions. The practicability and feasibility of the wheel-footed vehicle program is proved.

5. An Online Impedance Algorithm for All-Climate Batteries Used on Electric Vehicle

   Tao Zhang, Xiaoxia Sun, Jun Tian, Ning Zhao

   Abstract

   To improve the performance of power batteries for all climate application, a novel online model-based resistance algorithm (OMRA) has been developed to obtain the impedance of batteries at different temperatures and current amplitudes. The Butler-Volmer (BV) equation has been proposed to describe the electrochemical reaction process of the battery, and then a novel BV circuit model has been employed for accurately calculating the resistance of the battery at different currents and temperatures. The theoretical results show that contrast to the traditional method, using OMRA can accurately calculate the battery resistance and maintain the maximum calculation error at less than 2 mΩ. This proposed method which requires low computational capability and storage space has the potential to calculate the impedance online and accurately.

6. A Research of Eco-driving Strategies Based on CVIS Considering Lane Change Behaviors

   Jingyu Zhang, Chengcheng Xu, Pan Liu

   Abstract

   It’s investigated that different lane change maneuvers will greatly influence the fuel consumption and emissions. Under the environment of cooperative vehicle infrastructure system (CVIS), on the basis of information interaction between vehicles before lane changing, to provide an eco-driving strategy for drivers can obviously reduce the fuel consumption of vehicles. On the foundation of analysis and summary of research findings from home and abroad in two fields of eco-driving and lane changing behavior, the paper proposes a lane change model applicable in the environment of CVIS by MATLAB, and by utilizing the traffic microcosmic simulation software of SUMO, compares the ecological benefits between the new model and traditional ones. It’s concluded that the fuel consumption can be prominently reduced when following the proposed driving strategy. According to the sample data extracted from SUMO simulation, the average fuel consumption of a vehicle per kilometer saved by eco-driving strategy model under CVIS can be up to 19.86%.

7. Research on Charging Station Planning Technology Based on Pure Electric Taxi SOC Driving Range in Northern Cold Area City

   Haoran Liu, Bing Wang, Xuejing He, Junyou Sun, Kuo Zhao

   Abstract

   In this paper, through the analysis of the remaining mileage (SOC) in the operating characteristics of pure electric taxis in northern cold cities, the service range of charging stations is quantitatively analyzed and studied, so as to construct a geometric model for charging station planning, determine the constraints, and This paper proposes the shortest time service range model of charging stations based on SOC mileage, and solves the model using greedy algorithm to provide charging station planning technology for northern cold cities, so as to provide correlation for the promotion and application of pure electric taxis in northern cold regions Technical Support. Finally, based on the data related to the operation of pure electric taxis in Urumqi, the planning of the charging station in Urumqi was planned.

8. Model Construction and Simulation Analysis of Vehicle Collision on Steep Road Section in Mountainous Area

   Xuezhao Fang, Bing Wang, Haoran Liu, Kuo Zhao

   Abstract

   Mountainous areas account for a large proportion of China’s land area. Mountain highway is an important part of our country’s highway system. The line shape of mountain highway is complex. The driver’s line of sight is affected by the slope when driving in this section, and the safe sight distance is insufficient, which can easily cause vehicles to collide with traffic accidents time and rollover in high subgrade section at the same. This paper analyzes the influence of the steep slope on the driver's sight distance, and quantitatively analyzes the relationship between the sight distance and the slope during the driving process of the driver in the steep slope section, so as to provide a reference for ensuring the safe sight distance of the steep slope section of the mountain road. The dynamic analysis of vehicle collision on steep slope is carried out, and the relationship between vehicle speed and collision deformation is studied. The dynamic simulation of vehicle collision is carried out by Pc-Crash simulation software, which provides suggestions for the safe driving speed of vehicles on steep slope sections of mountain roads so as to ensure the driving safety of vehicles on steep slopes in mountainous areas. It can reduce the property loss caused by vehicle collision in mountainous steep slope section and better protect the driver's personal safety.

9. Research on the Influence of Freeway Truck Mixing Rate on Traffic State

   Fengchun Han, Na Li, Dan Zhao, Yumeng Zhang

   Abstract

   As the high-speed freight passage between cities, the freeway plays an important role in promoting the economic development along. Freight occupies a large proportion of the traffic on freeway. The characteristics of trucks, such as big size, poor flexibility, slow speed, would make a certain impact on the traffic state. In this paper, based on the traffic survey data of typical sections in mountainous areas, regression was used to study the relationship between truck mixing rate and traffic flow parameters. By clustering analysis of traffic flow data, the distance-based K-means algorithm was adopted to demarcate the freeway traffic state and determine the threshold of the influence of truck mixing rate on the traffic state. The results show that with the premise of a certain speed and density, when the truck mixing rate is less than 0.35, a good traffic state is identified; when the rate is higher than 0.35, a greater impact on the traffic flow is spotted, leading to a high possibility of traffic accidents. Hence, it is concluded that freight traffic should be reasonably controlled to enter the freeway.

10. Experimental Method to Establish Vehicles’ Acceleration/Deceleration Speed Parameter Thresholds for Urban Roads in Beijing

    Chenjing Zhou, Xinyue Nie, Zihe Lin, Jian Rong, Jianming Ma

    Abstract

    Traffic microsimulation tools can be used to describe complex traffic system features and reproduce traffic scenarios. Calibrating parameters is the prerequisite of using simulation technology scientifically. According to the properties, parameters are divided into basic parameters and model parameters for more accurate use in this paper. The basic parameters act on the global behavior characteristics of the vehicle and the model parameters act on the specific driving behavior. This research designed two actual urban road experiments to perform engineering tests on the basic parameters, including the relation between the interval of acceleration values and the driving experience, and the characteristics of acceleration and speed. This paper is proposed an experimental method that can analyze the acceptable threshold of acceleration, which divided acceleration into three phases: unadaptable and unacceptable phase, unadaptable and acceptable phase, adaptable and acceptable phase. The study also proposed the value interval for basic parameters and took the data envelope area which focused on the data fitting line as the form of expression of the relation between speed and acceleration: (1) In starting phase (V < 7.2 km/h), the acceleration-speed slope is k = 0.1832. (2) In increasing phase (V = 7.2–35.4 km/h), the overall slope of the acceleration-speed in this phase is k = 0.0256. (3) In stabilizing phase (V > 35.4 km/h), the speed is relatively stable, and the acceleration-speed slope is approximately equal to zero. The study is beneficial to the practical application of simulation work and self-driving automobile.

11. A Comparative Study on Institutions and Mechanisms for Investigating and Handling Maritime Accidents in China and Major Developed Countries

    Minglu Ma, Lili Jiang

    Abstract

    Maritime accident investigation is the most effective tool used for controlling maritime risks, and is also a managing procedure indispensable to preventing against and reducing maritime accidents. China could learn much from developed countries in Europe and America, which boast abundant experience in establishing institutions and mechanisms for maritime accident investigation, in order to advance establishment of institutions and mechanisms for maritime accident investigation in China. Specifically speaking, with a comprehensive comparative research being made on respective advantages and disadvantages of developed countries in this regard, China could absorb advanced management ideas and methods from those countries, improve the institutions for investigating and handling maritime accidents, further enhance the capacity to investigate and handle maritime accidents, safeguard maritime traffic safety and reduce maritime accidents.

12. The Status Quo of China’s Implementation of International Maritime Conventions and Suggestions and Countermeasures for Its Participation in Global Governance

    Minglu Ma, Guobo Wang

    Abstract

    As a major shipping country, China has been vigorously engaged in global maritime affairs. Through regional and bilateral and multilateral exchanges and cooperation, China has joined international organizations, followed international conventions and voiced China's opinions globally, thus making great headway in management of global maritime affairs. China Maritime Safety Administration (MSA) of the Ministry of Transport has been increasingly engaged in design and development of the administrative and institutional management framework of international maritime affairs, and made full use of the existing cooperation platforms and technology-based promotion channels to promote the implementation of new codes, standards and technologies. So far, China has made a series of breakthroughs in these regards, especially in its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and has increased its impact and appeal in global maritime affairs.

13. Multi-source Data Congestion Recognition Study Based on Fuzzy Pattern Recognition

    Junzhuo Li, Wenyong Li, Bin Guo

    Abstract

    The traffic state identification algorithm based on a single detector data source is often unable to distinguish successfully due to the low prediction accuracy caused by too long distance of fixed monitors and the lack of data caused by communication failure. In recent years, under the background of abundant multi-source data, it has become an important method to use various traffic data information to improve traffic state identification accuracy. This paper proposes a traffic state identification algorithm based on multi-feature fuzzy state recognition method. The algorithm can give weight to traffic data from different sources according to detector types and detection accuracy of the road section to be detected, and identify the data comprehensively. It overcomes the shortcomings of traffic identification methods with single data source, which has low accuracy and is easy to make mistakes.

14. Research on Classifiers Used to Identify Dangerous Goods Transportation Vehicles

    Haodong Zhang, Qian Cheng, Kuikui Feng, Xiaobei Jiang, Wuhong Wang

    Abstract

    With the continuous development of the national economy, the domestic demand for dangerous goods has also increased year by year. Once a traffic accident occurs, it will have a huge impact on the natural environment, road safety, and the safety of people’s lives and property. In addition, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) based on sensor technology and advanced control technology provide a good solution for car driving safety. Sensors play a very important role in advanced driver assistance systems. Commonly used sensors mainly include cameras, millimeter wave radars, lidars, etc., which can be used to obtain vehicle internal and external information. This information can help the driver complete the driving task more safely. Therefore, this paper summarizes the current research status of relevant aspects at home and abroad, and compares various vehicle identification and detection algorithms, and uses Haar-features and AdaBoost cascade classifier algorithm to identify dangerous goods transportation vehicles. A total of four classifiers are trained, and the number of positive samples of each classifier is 800, 1200, 1600 and 2000 respectively. Through comparative analysis, it is found that the classifier trained from 1600 positive samples has the best effect.

15. The Police Perspective on Driving Styles in China: An Interview Study

    Siyuan Zhou, Xu Sun, Bingjian Liu, Gary Burnett

    Abstract

    The driving style is an important concept that relates to the characteristics of drivers’ behaviors and road safety. According to the Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory (MDSI), four broad dimensions of driving styles were assessed and determined, namely: (1) reckless and careless; (2) anxious; (3) angry and hostile; (4) patient and careful. Against this background, we conducted an interview study with ten local road traffic police officers, with the aim of exploring the descriptions and manifestations of four broad driving styles within the particular traffic cultures of China. The results show evidence that the four central domains are all commonly seen in China, while some (e.g., reckless and careless style) may have more specific and concrete interpretations under the influence of the unique Chinese traffic culture. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, Chinese drivers, and researchers to gain greater awareness of the existing driving styles in China and some underlying reasons for these patterns, thus helping to encourage the adoption of safer driving practices.

16. Simulation Methods of Ultrasonic Guided Wave Propagation Mechanism and Sensor Deployment in Rail

    Miao Zhang, Guoqiang Cai, Ye Zhang

    Abstract

    Ultrasonic guided wave is a recommending tool in the field of structural inspection. With high-speed railway turning into the trend of our national railway, as a direct facility to keep it operation efficient and safe, rail’s qualities are guaranteed necessarily. Testing rail with ultrasonic guided waves was public acknowledged. Therefore, to make better use of ultrasonic guided wave for nondestructive testing of rail, verify the feasibility of ultrasonic sensor position. Finite element method was taken to simulate ultrasonic guided wave propagation in head, web and base of rail with the utilization of COMSOL. Determine the central frequency of guide wave excitation via dispersion curve and characteristics of piezoelectric transducer (PZT). On the basis of simulation result the applicable scheme of sensor position in different parts of rail was obtained.

17. Passing Ability Impact Factors Analysis of Heavy Tractor

    Hao Zhang, Cheng-qiang Zong, Chuan-jin Ou, Yue Li

    Abstract

    Passing ability of articulated vehicles is analyzed, which are combined of different 6 × 4 tractors and different semitrailers. According to the requirements of GB 1589-2016 ‘Limits of dimensions, axle load and masses for motor vehicles, trailers and combination vehicles’, passing ability of different structure articulated vehicles are simulated by using AutoTURN software. Tractor front overhang, distance between center of tractor fifth wheel and tractor first axle, semitrailer first wheel space is selected as the main factors of articulated vehicle passing ability, in order to analyzing passing ability impact factor of articulated vehicles type and structure. Simulation analysis is used to study how tractor front overhang, distance between center of tractor fifth wheel and tractor first axle, and semitrailer first wheel space impact passing ability. Some reasonable suggestions is proposed by analysis how parameters change impact passing ability. The validity of the simulation model is validated by the test data of ‘3rd Swap Trailer Transport Recommended Vehicles Test’. The results provide a useful reference for improving articulated vehicle passing ability level and promote the development of vehicle industry technology.

18. Roller Opposite Forces Type Automobile Brake Tester Key Technical Parameters’ Experimental Research

    Yuanpeng Liu, Xiaoping Tong, Hao Zhang

    Abstract

    Through the study of using opposite forces type desktop method to detect theoretical analysis of automobile braking performance and real vehicle test, proposing about roller opposite forces type automobile brake tester’s roller mechanism, roller surface line speed, wheel slip ratio, drive motor power and key technical parameters’ indicators and requirements. Research indicates, the diameter of the roller should be controlled in the range of 240–245 mm, the surface linear velocity of the roller surface is 2.2–2.8 km/h; in order to ensure the maximum braking force collected by the brake table, the wheel slip ratio is 25–35%; roller center distance design based on loading capacity, wheel diameter, formed angle, for roller brake table with rated load capacity of 3 t, 10 t and 13 t, the center distance of the roller is 430 mm, 450 mm, 470 mm, and the dimensional error is ± 10 mm. The height difference between the main and auxiliary rollers should not exceed 30 mm, and the dimensional error is ± 2 mm. Considering the influence of loading capacity and roller surface linear velocity on wheel slip ratio, the power reference value of the roller single-side drive motor is given. Through the Calculation of the roller mechanism and use heavy multi-axis vehicle loading brake detection method, for the roller brake table with load detection capability, when installing, the height of the busbar on the auxiliary roller is 40–45 mm from the ground level is well. It is determined that the loading lift height should be no less than 200 mm from the ground level.