Top

European Journal of Wood and Wood Products

Published in:

19-06-2020 | Original Article

Green-glued engineered products from fast growing Eucalyptus trees: a review

Authors: C. Brand Wessels, Michela Nocetti, Michele Brunetti, Phillip L. Crafford, Marco Pröller, Michael K. Dugmore, Calvin Pagel, Roman Lenner, Zahra Naghizadeh

Published in: European Journal of Wood and Wood Products | Issue 5/2020

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

The objectives of the work described in this paper were to present concept processing pathways for manufacturing high value, green-glued finger-jointed Eucalyptus engineered products and review existing research related to these engineered products. Additionally, critical knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in future research were identified. Research on four green-glued Eucalyptus products (green roof trusses, face-laminated beams, edge-laminated planks and panels, and CLT) and some of the processing steps involved, was reviewed. The research review showed that green finger-jointing seems to provide good quality bonds and is suitable for roof truss applications. The finger-jointed lumber has very different properties to existing softwood resources—which will make it more resource-efficient to define new stress grades for this wood resource. An engineered product where green Eucalyptus grandis was finger-jointed and then face-laminated before drying to equilibrium moisture content had much lower levels of checks, splits, and twist than products that were not face-laminated. Additionally, a higher material resistance factor can be used for this resource in comparison to the current value prescribed in the South African national timber design code. Material and processing variables for green edge lamination has been investigated and it has been found that high strength bonds are possible. Face bonding quality of dry Eucalyptus grandis for CLT has also been investigated and it was found that excellent face-bonding quality could be achieved when using a clamping pressure of 0.7 MPa and with no stress relief grooves present. Future research on this resource and product type should include studies on the process economics, process integration and durability treatment of green-glued, engineered Eucalyptus products.

previous article Experimental and numerical evaluation of the structural performance of Uruguayan Eucalyptus grandis finger-joint

next article Strength and stiffness predictions with focus on different acoustic measurement methods

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Bergman RD, Simpson WT, Turk C (2010) Evaluating warp of 2 by 4s sawn from panels produced through green gluing dimension lumber from small ponderosa pine logs. For Prod J 60(1):57–63

Betti M, Brunetti M, Lauriola MP, Nocetti M, Ravalli F, Pizzo B (2016) Comparison of newly proposed test methods to evaluate the bonding quality of cross laminated timber (CLT) panels by means of experimental data and finite element (FE) analysis. Construct Build Mater 125:952–963CrossRef

Compton KC, Hallock H, Gerhards C, Jokerst R (1977) Yield and strength of softwood dimension lumber produced by EGAR system. Research Paper FPL-RP-293. USDA Forest Service. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, p 12

Crafford PL (2013) An investigation of selected mechanical and physical properties of young, unseasoned and finger-jointed Eucalyptus grandis timber. Master thesis, University of Stellenbosch

Crafford PL, Wessels CB (2016) A potential new product for roof truss manufacturing: young, green finger-jointed Eucalyptus grandis lumber. South For J For Sci 78(1):61–71CrossRef

Dugmore M, Nocetti M, Brunetti M, Naghizadeh Z, Wessels CB (2019) Bonding quality of cross-laminated timber: evaluation of test methods on Eucalyptus grandis panels. Constr Build Mater 211:217–227CrossRef

EN 16351 (2015) Timber structures—cross laminated timber—requirements. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels

Gereke T, Gustafsson PJ, Persson K, Niemz P (2009a) Experimental and numerical determination of the hygroscopic warping of cross-laminated solid wood panels. Holzforschung 63(3):340–347CrossRef

Gereke T, Schnider T, Hurst A, Niemz P (2009b) Identification of moisture-induced stresses in cross-laminated wood panels from beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L). Wood Sci Technol 43:301CrossRef

Gereke T, Hass P, Niemz P (2010) Moisture-induced stresses and distortions in spruce cross-laminates and composites laminates. Holzforschung 64(1):127–133CrossRef

Jacobs MR (1955) Growth habits of the Eucalypts. Commonwealth Forestry and Timber Bureau, Canberra

Karastergiou S, Matanis GI, Skoularakos K (2008) Green gluing of oak wood (Quercus conferta L.) with a one-component polyurethane adhesive. Wood Mater Sci Eng 3–4:79–82CrossRef

Knorz M, Torno S, van de Kuilen JW (2017) Bonding quality of industrially produced cross-laminated timber (CLT) as determined in delamination tests. Constr Build Mater 133:219–225CrossRef

Kojima M, Nakai T, Saegusa K, Yamaji FM, Yamamoto H, Yamashita S (2012) Anatomical and chemical factors affecting tensile growth stress in Eucalyptus grandis plantations at different latitudes in Brazil. Can J For Res 42(1):134CrossRef

Malan FS (1984) Studies on the phenotypic variation in growth stress intensity and its association with tree and wood properties of South African grown Eucalyptus grandis (Hill ex Maiden). Dissertation, University of Stellenbosch

Malan FS (1993) The wood properties and qualities of three South African-grown Eucalypt hybrids. S Afr For J 167:35–44

Malan FS (2003) The wood quality of the South African timber resource for high-value solid wood products and its role in sustainable forestry. South Afr For J 198:53–62

Malan FS, Gerischer GFR (1987) Wood property differences in South African grown Eucalyptus grandis trees of different growth stress intensity. Holzforschung 41(6):331–335CrossRef

Mantanis G, Karastergiou S, Barboutis I (2011) Finger jointing of green Black pine wood (Pinus nigra L.). Eur J Wood Prod 69:155–157CrossRef

Mathenjwa A, Naghizadeh Z, Wessels CB (2019) A comparison of moisture-related dimensional behaviour of Pinus, Eucalyptus and Picea cross-laminated timber. Stellenbosch University. Special report as part of post graduate diploma. Copy obtainable from cbw@sun.ac.za

Maun K, Cooper G (1999) Re-engineering softwood for constructional use by wet (green) gluing. In: Berti S, Macchioni N, Negri M, Rachello E (eds) Industrial end-uses of fast grown species, proceedings of eurowood technical workshop, Florence. IRL-CNR, Firenze, pp 47–59

Morlier P, Coureau J L (2003) An innovative technology: gluing of wet (green) timber. In Proceedings of the 4th international seminar for value-added innovating products in pine, Bordeaux

Myburg AA et al (2014) The genome of Eucalyptus grandis. Nature 510:356–362CrossRef

Nocetti M, Pröller M, Brunetti M, Dowse GP, Wessels CB (2017a) Investigating the potential of strength grading green Eucalyptus grandis lumber using multi-sensor technology. BioResources 12(4):9273–9286

Nocetti M, Barbu MC, Brunetti M, Dugmore M, Pröller M, Wessels CB (2017b) The green gluing of Eucalyptus grandis boards as a processing phase to reduce drying defects in the semi-finished product. In: Proceedings of the 6th international scientific conference on hardwood processing (ISCHP2017), September 25–28, Lahti, pp 140–147 (ISBN 978-952-326-509-7)

Pagel C (2018) Investigation into material resistance factors and properties of young, engineered Eucalyptus grandis timber. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Stellenbosch University

Pagel CL, Lenner R, Wessels CB (2020) Investigation into material resistance factors and properties of young, engineered Eucalyptus grandis timber. Constr Build Mater 230:117059CrossRef

Parker J R (1994) Greenweld process for engineered wood products. In: Proceedings of the international panel and engineered wood technology exposition, October 5, Atlanta. Wood Technology, San Francisco, pp 10–17

Piter JC, Zerbino RL, Blaß HJ (2004a) Visual strength grading of Argentinean Eucalyptus grandis strength, stiffness and density profiles and corresponding limits for the main grading parameters. Holz Roh Werkst 62(1):1–8CrossRef

Piter JC, Zerbino RL, Blaß HJ (2004b) Machine strength grading of Argentinean Eucalyptus grandis. Holz Roh Werkst 62(1):9–15CrossRef

Pommer R, Elbez G (2006) Finger-jointing green softwood: evaluation of the interaction between polyurethane adhesive and wood. Wood Mater Sci Eng 1:127–137CrossRef

Pröller M (2016) An investigation into the edge gluing of green Eucalyptus grandis lumber using a one-component polyurethane adhesive. MSc. For (Wood Products Science) thesis. Department of Forest and Wood Science, Stellenbosch University

Pröller M, Nocetti M, Brunetti M, Barbu M-C, Blumentritt M, Wessels CB (2018) Influence of processing parameters and wood properties on the edge gluing of green Eucalyptus grandis with a one-component PUR adhesive. Eur J Wood Prod 76:1195–1204CrossRef

Properzi M, Pizzi A (2003) Comparative wet wood gluing performance of different types of glulam wood adhesives. Holz Roh Werkst 61:77–78CrossRef

Riesco Muñoz G, Remacha GA (2012) Prediction of bending strength in oak beams on the basis of elasticity, density, and wood defects. J Mater Civ Eng 24(6):629–634CrossRef

SANS 10163-1 (2003) The structural use of timber—part 1: limit-states design. South African National Standard, South African Bureau of Standards

SANS 1707-1 (2010) South African National Standard (2010) SANS 1707-1. Sawn eucalyptus timber. Part 1: proof-graded structural timber). South African Bureau of Standards

SANS 1783-2 (2012) South African National Standard (2012) SANS 1783-2. Sawn softwood timber. Part 2: stress-graded structural timber and timber for frame wall construction. South African Bureau of Standards

Sterley M, Serrano E, Enquist B, Hornatowska J (2014) Finger jointing of freshly sawn Norway spruce side boards—a comparative study of fracture properties of joints glued with phenol-resorcinol and one-component polyurethane adhesive. Mater Jt Timber Struct 9:325–339CrossRef

Touffie A-D (2017) Moisture induced deformations in Eucalyptus grandis cross laminated timber. Final year bachelors project report. Stellenbosch University. Copy obtainable from cbw@sun.ac.za

Vega A, Dieste A, Guaita M, Majada J, Baño V (2012) Modelling of the mechanical properties of Castanea sativa Mill. structural timber by a combination of non-destructive variables and visual grading parameters. Eur J Wood Prod 70(6):839–844CrossRef

Vermaas HF, Bariska M (1994) Collapse during low temperature drying of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill and Pinus silvestris L. In: Proceedings IUFRO wood drying conference, Rotorua, pp 141–150

Washusen R, Ilic J, Waugh G (2003) The relationship between longitudinal growth strain and the occurrence of gelatinous fibers in 10-and 11-year-old Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Holz Roh Werkst 61(4):299–303CrossRef

Yang JL, Waugh G (2001) Growth stress, its measurement and effects. Aust For 64(2):127–135CrossRef

Yasin SM, Raza SM (1992) Improving the quality of wood produced from eucalyptus trees. Technical note WQ TN1. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar

Title: Green-glued engineered products from fast growing Eucalyptus trees: a review
Authors: C. Brand Wessels
Michela Nocetti
Michele Brunetti
Phillip L. Crafford
Marco Pröller
Michael K. Dugmore
Calvin Pagel
Roman Lenner
Zahra Naghizadeh
Publication date: 19-06-2020
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: European Journal of Wood and Wood Products / Issue 5/2020
Print ISSN: 0018-3768
Electronic ISSN: 1436-736X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01553-6

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Other articles of this Issue 5/2020

Life cycle inventory for currently harvested birch roundwood

Thermally modified birch wood interaction with liquids

Mechanical performance of glulam products made with Portuguese poplar

Wood properties and drying characteristics of Korean sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima Carruth.)

Mechanical properties and water resistance of Vietnamese acacia and rubberwood after thermo-hygro-mechanical modification

Strength and stiffness predictions with focus on different acoustic measurement methods