Green-Sphere Circular Experiences and Well-Being Along the Road: Portugal from North to South

Traditional tourism models are exhausted, whether for economic, social or environmental reasons. Resource-consuming models at a higher rate than replacement, auratic, mimetic, dark, unsustainable, fragile and low-skilled. The negative impacts of tourism are well documented in the literature, since the impacts on global environmental change (UNWTO-UNEP-WMO 2008; Hall 2009; Gössling et al. 2010; OECD-UN Environment 2011; Scott et al. 2011; Gössling et al. 2015; Lenzen et al. 2018) and other major impacts on real estate prices, loss of social networks, increased crime, overuse of local infrastructures (Shen et al. 2020), biosecurity issues (Hall 2015), urban and political transformations (Garcia-Ayllon 2018) and different aspects of ‘Overtourism’ (Koens et al. 2018; Séraphin et al. 2019; Milano 2019; Frey and Briviba 2021). Accordingly, they also contribute to the growing phenomenon of ‘tourism fatigue’ by urban residents of cultural magnets like Venice and Barcelona but latently and now openly signalled in rural and coastal resorts like Snowdonia, Cornwall and Scotland in UK, where residents have been in open revolt against tourists and second home owners seeking refuge from COVID-19 in the congested cities in which they are primarily resident. One of the most prominent examples of such a mobilization was the so-called Tourists Go Home movement, which emerged in 2014 in Spain accompanied by warnings to that effect.