Groundwater Quality Assessment for Drinking and Irrigational Purposes Using Water Quality Index (WQI) of Dubbak (M), Siddipet District, Telangana, India

Hydrogeochemical methods have been carried out in Dubbak (M) of Siddipet district, Telangana, to understand the limitations of major cations viz., sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), and major anions carbonate (CO₃⁻), bicarbonates (HCO₃⁻), chloride (Cl^¯) fluoride (F¯), nitrate (NO_3¯), and sulfate (SO₄^2¯) present in the groundwater. Groundwater sampling has been done from the 14 borewell locations in the study area and examined at TSGWD, Hyderabad. The analysis has been done based on BIS 2012. The highest concentrations of fluoride have been recorded in Thimmapur (1.9 ppm), Dubbak (1.81 ppm), Lachhapet (1.65 ppm), and Boppapur (1.54 ppm) whereas the highest concentrations of nitrate were marked at Akaram (125 ppm) and Thimmapur (55 ppm). Higher concentrations of F and N are due to weathering of fluoride-bearing minerals and anthropogenic sources, respectively. The US Salinity diagram depicts the C3-S1 zone. Gibbs’s plot indicates that rock-weathering processes control the geochemistry of the study region. Wilcox’s plot showed that 57% of the total samples belong to the good to permissible, whereas 43% belong to the excellent to good category. The Water Quality Index (WQI) represents 35% of the total samples belonging to a very poor category, 57% belonging to an unsuitable category, and 0.07% belonging to the poor category.