Handbook on Synthesis Strategies for Advanced Materials
Volume-I: Techniques and Fundamentals
- 2021
- Book
- Editors
- Dr. A. K. Tyagi
- Dr. Raghumani S. Ningthoujam
- Book Series
- Indian Institute of Metals Series
- Publisher
- Springer Singapore
About this book
This book presents state-of-the-art coverage of synthesis of advanced functional materials. Unconventional synthetic routes play an important role in the synthesis of advanced materials as many new materials are metastable and cannot be synthesized by conventional methods. This book presents various synthesis methods such as conventional solid-state method, combustion method, a range of soft chemical methods, template synthesis, molecular precursor method, microwave synthesis, sono-chemical method and high-pressure synthesis. It provides a comprehensive overview of synthesis methods and covers a variety of materials, including ceramics, films, glass, carbon-based, and metallic materials. Many techniques for processing and surface functionalization are also discussed. Several engineering aspects of materials synthesis are also included. The contents of this book are useful for researchers and professionals working in the areas of materials and chemistry.
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Table of Contents
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 1. Solid State Synthesis of Materials
V. Grover, Balaji P. Mandal, A. K. TyagiThe chapter on 'Solid State Synthesis of Materials' begins with an introduction to the historical and scientific significance of material synthesis, emphasizing the importance of different ages defined by the materials used. It then delves into various synthesis methods, including solid state synthesis, which is one of the oldest and simplest preparative methods. The chapter discusses the principles behind solid state synthesis, the selection of reactants and crucibles, and the importance of temperature, heating rates, and atmospheres. It also explores innovative methods such as solid state metathesis, microwave synthesis, and spark plasma sintering. The chapter highlights the synthesis of various classes of materials, including fluorite-based materials, pyrochlores, and perovskites, and discusses the challenges and advantages of each method. Additionally, it touches on the synthesis of organic compounds using solid state methods and the use of solid phase supported synthesis for peptides. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the merits and demerits of solid state synthesis compared to other methods.AI Generated
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AbstractSolid state synthesis is probably one of the oldest synthetic procedures for materials synthesis. It involves heating the reactants at high temperature for a specified period of time. The temperature and time chosen for the synthesis depend on many factors. A thorough knowledge of all these factors is essential to design a successful solid state synthesis to achieve desired product. The chapter, initially, introduces solid state synthesis in details. A historical perspective of solid state synthesis, its significance and utility has been discussed. Various concepts involved in solid state synthesis such as choice of reactants, equipments employed and reaction conditions have been elaborated in detail. These will give reader an insight into thoughtful planning of synthesis protocol. The concepts have been supported by giving specific examples of the synthesis of compounds belonging to important structural classes. Sometimes, in order to improve the homogeneity of the product or to decrease the reaction time, some modified solid state synthesis techniques are employed. They have also been described briefly. The solid state synthesis was conventionally used to prepare inorganic compounds, but there has been an upsurge in synthesis of solvent-free synthesis of organic compounds termed as solid state organic synthesis which has also been described briefly. The chapter also delves into common characterization techniques which are employed to characterize the synthesized products. It has been realized that metastable compounds show very interesting and technologically significant properties which in turn is the consequence of their structure. The concept behind metastability has been discussed and supported by few examples. Solid state synthesis is one of the synthetic techniques which are easily amenable to scaling up and easy to follow. However, it has certain limitations which have been elucidated to benefit the readers. The chapter covers all the aspects of solid state synthesis to enable even a beginner in this field to embark on the wonderful journey of solid state synthesis. -
Chapter 2. Combustion Synthesis: A Versatile Method for Functional Materials
Rakesh Shukla, A. K. TyagiThis chapter delves into the method of combustion synthesis, a rapid and efficient protocol for producing functional materials. It begins by tracing the historical roots of combustion processes, dating back to ancient times. The core of the chapter focuses on the principles and types of combustion synthesis, including self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) and volume combustion synthesis (VCS). The combustion process is detailed, emphasizing the exothermic redox reactions and the role of fuels and oxidants. The chapter also explores the advantages of gel combustion, a specific type of combustion synthesis, and discusses various fuels and their properties. Additionally, it highlights the practical applications of combustion-synthesized materials in industries such as ceramics, electroceramics, bioceramics, and catalysis. The chapter concludes by comparing combustion synthesis with solid-state reactions and emphasizing the merits and demerits of the gel-combustion process.AI Generated
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AbstractAmong several synthesis methods, combustion technique is an efficient method capable of producing material in shorter duration of time at lower temperature. Combustion method of synthesis has now been considered as an advanced synthesis protocol that can be used for synthesis of many pure and doped functional materials. This method has made an impact in the field of material science as it can be used for development of many stable and metastable materials like metals, alloys, ceramic, etc. This chapter discusses the basic of this synthesis technique to the recent advanced development in this field. Synthesis of materials by combustion will be elaborated followed by applications of few functional materials (catalytic, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties). -
Chapter 3. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Inorganic Nanomaterials
Dimple P. DuttaThe chapter delves into the use of microwaves for the synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials, emphasizing the unique heating mechanisms and rapid kinetics enabled by microwave irradiation. It covers the synthesis of various materials such as metals, metal oxides, and metal chalcogenides, and discusses the challenges and future prospects of this technique. The chapter also includes a detailed review of the safety precautions necessary when using microwaves for chemical synthesis.AI Generated
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AbstractMicrowave-assisted synthesis has seen rapid development in the last two decades as it is being heralded as a green synthesis technique. It is based on the effective absorption of microwave energy by the reactants/solvents in a chemical reaction which results in efficient heat transfer through dielectric heating. The reactions occur at a must faster time scale compared to conventional thermal heating and helps in the reduction of carbon footprint. In this chapter, the effect of microwaves in chemical reaction and the advantages of microwave heating compared to thermal methods has been discussed in detail. The different components in domestic and laboratory microwave reactors have been reviewed. The microwave-assisted synthesis of various class of compounds, particularly inorganic nanomaterials, that has been recently reported in literature, has been explored. The precautions to be observed while planning a microwave synthesis reaction has been explained. The chapter ends with a concise report on future outlook and prospects of microwave-assisted synthesis technique. -
Chapter 4. Sonochemical Synthesis of Inorganic Nanomaterials
Dimple P. DuttaThe chapter delves into the history and principles of sonochemistry, focusing on the use of ultrasonic waves to synthesize inorganic nanomaterials. It discusses the physical and chemical effects of ultrasound on chemical reactions, including cavitation and the generation of radicals. The chapter also covers the synthesis of various nanomaterials such as metals, alloys, metal oxides, and metal chalcogenides using sonochemical methods. Additionally, it explores the design of ultrasonic reactors and the use of ultrasonic spray pyrolysis for nanomaterial synthesis. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the future prospects and challenges in the field of sonochemical synthesis of nanomaterials.AI Generated
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AbstractDevelopment of novel synthesis method for nanomaterials having desired size, morphology and composition has been the cornerstone of nanotechnology. The application of high-intensity ultrasound for synthesis of nanostructured materials has been studied extensively in the last three decades. Sonochemistry occurs mostly under ambient conditions without application of external high pressure or temperature and hence proves to be advantageous compared to other conventional synthesis techniques. It is based on the acoustic cavitation phenomenon which occurs when ultrasonic waves move through a reaction medium. In sonochemical synthesis, the extreme high pressure (1000 atm), high temperature (≥5000 K), high cooling rates (~1010 Ks−1) and enhanced mass transport, generated transiently during the cavitation process, lead to accelerated chemical reaction rates and conditions which are not achievable normally. In ultrasonic spray pyrolysis, nebulization of the precursor solution by ultrasonic waves leads to formation of mist which acts as isolated microreactors in which the chemical reaction can occur. In this chapter, the principles of sonochemistry and the effect of various parameters on sonochemical reaction have been discussed. The design of various ultrasonicators used in the laboratory has been reviewed. The sonochemical as well as ultrasound spray pyrolysis synthesis of various classes of compounds, particularly inorganic nanomaterials, that has been recently reported in literature, has been explored. The chapter ends with a concise report on future outlook and prospects of sonochemical synthesis technique. -
Chapter 5. Hydrothermal Method for Synthesis of Materials
V. S. TripathiThe hydrothermal method for synthesizing materials involves performing heterogeneous reactions in an aqueous medium at high temperatures and pressures. Originating from geological studies, this method has evolved significantly since its first reported use in 1845. The chapter delves into the historical development of hydrothermal synthesis, from the initial use of sealed capsules and glass vessels to the modern designs of autoclaves. It also highlights the role of water's thermophysical properties in the synthesis process and discusses the industrial applications of hydrothermal synthesis, such as the production of quartz crystals and zeolites. Additionally, the chapter explores recent advancements like microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis, which offers improved product quality and shorter reaction times. The text provides a detailed summary of the continuous hydrothermal synthesis technique, which addresses the limitations of batch processes. Overall, the chapter offers a thorough understanding of the hydrothermal method, its applications, and the latest innovations in the field.AI Generated
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AbstractHydrothermal method of synthesis has emerged as the primary choice for synthesizing several strategic materials. The application of this method has diversified in the last few decades into several advanced fields of material science with the progress in the understanding of the process and with the evolution of better instrumentation. The journey of hydrothermal synthesis started with the preparation of minerals particularly quartz crystals using the temperature gradient method with the emphasis on quality of the product in terms of purity, defects, and size. This method gained immense prominence with the emergence of mesoporous zeolites which act as excellent catalyst for the cracking of petroleum. Hydrothermal synthesis is the most suitable route for the preparation of zeolites and other related mesoporous structures with engineered pores. Detailed studies have been carried out to understand the growth mechanism in the quest of designing the framework with required porosity. Hydrothermal synthesis has emerged as the preferred route for the synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles. Enhanced dehydration and overall kinetics of the process due to increased temperature result in the formation of the desired product. Designing the hydrothermal synthesis process to tailor the morphology of the product at nanoscale has led to the development of several interesting semiconducting nanoparticles and nano-structured arrays. Variations in the technique like using microwave-assisted hydrothermal method or continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis have helped in further improving the quality of product. The above aspects related to the hydrothermal method of synthesis have been described in this chapter. -
Chapter 6. Synthesis of Materials Under High Pressure
S. N. Achary, A. K. TyagiThe chapter delves into the synthesis of materials under high pressure, emphasizing the role of pressure as a crucial thermodynamic parameter. It discusses the historical context, various synthesis methods, and experimental setups used to generate high pressures and temperatures. The chapter also explores specific case studies, such as the synthesis of artificial diamonds and superhard materials, and highlights the unique properties and applications of materials synthesized under extreme conditions. Additionally, it covers the synthesis of unusual coordination compounds and the formation of metastable phases, showcasing the versatility and potential of high pressure and high temperature techniques in materials science.AI Generated
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AbstractPreparative chemistry under high pressure becomes an interesting and challenging process for the preparation of novel functional materials where the common crystallographic and thermodynamics constraints can be easily deviated. Thus, the reaction of materials under high pressure and temperature can lead to newer products which otherwise cannot be obtained by the conventional high temperature reactions. Also, such procedures can stabilize the unusual coordination number, valence states, densely packed metastable compounds. In this chapter, a brief introduction to the chemical reactions under high pressure and high temperature, and effect of pressure and pressure/temperature on the chemical equilibrium are presented. Subsequently, the evolution of high pressure synthesis experimental setups and different types of common setups used in laboratory are discussed. Finally, some of the examples of materials synthesized under high pressure conditions are presented. -
Chapter 7. Synthesis of Metallic Materials by Arc Melting Technique
Dheeraj Jain, V. Sudarsan, A. K. TyagiThe chapter delves into the synthesis of metallic materials by the arc melting technique, a widely used method for preparing metallic alloys, intermetallic compounds, and composites. It covers the physical principles behind arc generation, the advantages of arc melting over other methods, and its applications in various industries. The text also discusses the limitations of the technique and provides examples of alloy preparation using laboratory arc melting furnaces. Additionally, it explores the use of arc melting in industrial settings, including steel-making and the preparation of high-purity alloys for nuclear fuels.AI Generated
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AbstractArc melting technique, which is widely used for preparation of alloys, intermetallics, and metal-based composites, is discussed in this chapter. Basic principle of electrical arc generation and its utilization for melting of materials has been outlined. Design and operation of laboratory-scale arc melting furnace as well as melt-casting furnace have been presented. Operational principle of graphite arc furnace and consumable electrode-based industrial arc furnace is also mentioned. Advantages and limitations of arc melting technique are summarized with few examples towards the conclusion. Contents of this chapter would be useful to students and researchers engaged in development of metallic materials. -
Chapter 8. Synthesis of Materials by Induction Heating
Ratikanta MishraThe chapter delves into the synthesis of materials by induction heating, a method that leverages electromagnetic induction to heat metallic samples efficiently. It discusses the principles behind induction heating, including the generation of eddy currents and the factors affecting heating rates. The construction of induction heaters, including power supply units and induction coils, is detailed. The chapter also explores the advantages of induction heating over conventional methods, such as energy efficiency and rapid heating times. Additionally, it highlights the wide-ranging applications of induction heating in the synthesis of alloys, intermetallic phases, and high-melting ceramics, as well as its use in material processing treatments like hardening, annealing, and welding. The chapter concludes by summarizing the versatility of induction heating in both large-scale production and specialized applications, making it a valuable resource for professionals in materials science and engineering.AI Generated
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AbstractInduction heating is a convenient, efficient, and rapid method of heating conducting material under control atmosphere. In this technique, a conducting body is subjected to a rapidly changing magnetic field producing induced current that causes heating effect. The method is widely used for synthesis of alloys, intermetallic phases, and high melting ceramics. Induction heating also finds applications in material processing like annealing, hardening, tempering, brazing, etc. In the present chapter, the principles of induction hearing, description of different components of induction heater, its operation, and some applications of induction heating in material synthesis & processing will be discussed. -
Chapter 9. Synthesis Strategy for Functional Glasses and Glass-Ceramics
Mohsin Jafar, V. SudarsanThis chapter explores the fascinating world of functional glasses and glass-ceramics, tracing their origins from ancient times to modern technological applications. It delves into the synthesis strategies, including melt-quench methods and thermal evaporation, highlighting the importance of controlling heating rates and crystallization processes. The chapter also discusses the unique properties of glass-ceramics, such as their thermo-physical properties and optical characteristics, and how they can be tailored for various applications. Additionally, it covers the structural aspects and characterization techniques used to study these materials, providing a comprehensive understanding of their composition and behavior. The chapter concludes by highlighting the diverse applications of functional glasses and glass-ceramics, from telecommunication fibers to nuclear waste immobilization, showcasing their versatility and importance in modern technology.AI Generated
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AbstractGlass and glass-ceramics play vital roles in today’s technology development. Although glasses are known to mankind from pre-historic period, its wide applicability as a candidate for various technological applications was realized during the past century. Advancement in communication technology was mainly possible with fabrication of high quality glass fibers. Glass-ceramics are derived from glasses and possess both the advantages of glasses and ceramics. In this chapter, initially, the origin of glasses and glass-ceramics are discussed followed by their classification depending up on the nature of glass forming constituents. Synthesis routes for preparation of different types of glasses are discussed in detail. Thermodynamics and kinetics of glass formation and its conversion to glass-ceramics are explained towards end of the chapter. Structure property correlation is an important aspect in any studies involving material development and this aspect is explained in detail in this chapter. Techniques like solid-state NMR, XPS, EXAFS which give mainly information on short-range order in glasses have been explained with examples. Importance of thermal techniques for understanding glass and ceramic science has been brought out in this chapter. Finally, the chapter ends with certain representative applications of glasses and glass-ceramics. -
Chapter 10. Synthesis of Materials by Ion Exchange Process: A Mild Yet Very Versatile Tool
V. GroverThe chapter delves into the synthesis of materials by ion exchange processes, emphasizing its ambient conditions and versatility. It begins with an introduction to the quest for functional materials and the challenges of synthesis. The historical context of ion exchange, from its early applications in water treatment to its use in synthesizing new materials, is explored. The physico-chemical description of the process highlights its thermodynamic and kinetic factors, enabling the synthesis of metastable materials. The chapter also discusses the methodology of ion exchange reactions and its applications in synthesizing nano-materials with complex structures. It concludes by emphasizing the potential of ion exchange as a promising technique for solid-state materials discovery.AI Generated
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AbstractThe technological advances of the society have been intricately related to development of novel and improvised materials and methodologies. Conventional synthesis routes involving higher temperatures and longer reaction duration tend to yield the thermodynamically stable products that have the limitation on introducing newer functionalities. The synthesis of the materials with desired properties requires novel routes that can take place at milder conditions. Synthesis by ion-exchange is one such low temperature preparative route that can be utilised to design rational synthesis to obtain materials with desired structures and morphologies. It has become a technique of choice to synthesize novel three dimensional layered structures that possess exchangeable cations. It has been used to synthesize nano-materials, not just de novo, but also as a post-synthetic procedure to obtain hitherto inaccessible phases and complex hetero-structures. These have various applications as next generation catalysts, electrical, optical, opto-electronic and magnetic materials. Understanding of mechanism of ion exchange synthesis process would also aid in better fundamental understanding and would ultimately help in planning, control and execution of the synthesis processes in systematic and a logical manner. The chapter discusses the history, fundamentals and applications of “preparation of materials by ion exchange synthesis” with relevant examples. -
Chapter 11. Polyol Method for Synthesis of Nanomaterials
Priyanka Ruz, V. SudarsanThe polyol method is a versatile and user-friendly approach for synthesizing nanomaterials, offering excellent control over their structure, morphology, and chemical nature. This chapter delves into the history and mechanisms of the polyol method, emphasizing its advantages such as high boiling points, reducing and chelating properties, and biocompatibility. It also discusses the synthesis of various nanomaterials, including metal nanoparticles, nanostructured metal oxides, chalcogenides, and metal fluorides. The chapter highlights specific examples and modifications of the polyol process, making it a valuable resource for professionals seeking to understand and apply this method in their fields.AI Generated
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AbstractPolyol method is a widely used synthesis technique for the preparation of large number of inorganic compounds ranging from metal nanoparticles to alloys, oxides, sulphides, tellurides, fluorides, etc. Improved solubility of commonly available starting materials is the prime reason for wide applicability of the method for nanomaterials synthesis. Careful selection of precursors, relative amounts of polyols, ligands, etc., provide wide tune-ability in sizes and physico-chemical properties of synthesised materials. Morphologies such as spheres, nanorods, platelets and flowers can be synthesised by this method. In this chapter, initially different types of polyols and their physico-chemical properties are discussed briefly. This is followed by the details of synthesis of metals, alloys, oxides, sulphides, selenides, tellurides and fluorides in nano-size dimensions. Finally, the chapter ends with future scope and challenges in this method of synthesis. -
Chapter 12. Synthesis of Nanostructured Materials by Thermolysis
Bheeshma Pratap Singh, Ramaswamy Sandeep Perala, Manas Srivastava, Raghumani S. NingthoujamThe chapter delves into the synthesis of nanostructured materials via thermolysis, emphasizing the critical role of precise control over shape and size to tailor electrical, optical, magnetic, and catalytic properties. It discusses the use of various solvents, including polar and non-polar ones, and explores different synthesis routes such as polyol, hydro/solvothermal, microwave-assisted, and sonochemical methods. The chapter also highlights the applications of these nanomaterials in optoelectronic devices, photocatalysis, data storage, bio-imaging, drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging, fuel cells, photovoltaics, photodetectors, supercapacitors, and hyperthermia. Additionally, it covers the synthesis of metal oxides, metal chalcogenides, and bimetallic nanoparticles, as well as the preparation of hollow and layered structures using sonochemical techniques. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the future prospects of these synthesis methods and their potential applications.AI Generated
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AbstractThe thermolysis synthesis for the different nanomaterials such as metal, metal oxides, hollow nanostructures, bimetallic, metal organic frameworks, and carbon dots is provided. Controlled shape and size engineering of particles has been performed using appropriate polyols. The polyols such as ethylene glycol (EG), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and glycerol are frequently used for the nanomaterial processing. The microwave assisted synthesis gives advantages such as fast heating, quick reaction rate, high yields of the product, and less reaction time as compared to the conventional heating techniques. Hydro/solvothermal routes are employed to obtain range of nanomaterials with controlled morphology and crystallinity compared to the other wet-chemical techniques. Sonochemical as well as ultrasonic spray pyrolysis approaches are also utilized for the synthesis of nanomaterials. Ultrasonication produces acoustic cavitation. The cavitation process leads to the formation of bubbles. During the collapse of bubbles, the tremendous amount of energy/high temperature and high pressures are liberated in very short time, and this can be used for synthesis of nanomaterials. -
Chapter 13. Hot Injection Method for Nanoparticle Synthesis: Basic Concepts, Examples and Applications
Abhishek Kumar Soni, Rashmi Joshi, Raghumani Singh NingthoujamThe chapter delves into the hot injection method for nanoparticle synthesis, highlighting its role in controlling monodispersity, particle size, and shape. It covers the fundamental concepts, including nucleation, growth kinetics, and quantum confinement effects. The method is compared with other synthesis techniques like thermolysis and reverse micelle formation, emphasizing its advantages such as high crystallinity and controlled layer-by-layer growth. The chapter also showcases various examples of nanoparticle synthesis, such as CdSe, PbSe, and Ag nanoparticles, and discusses their applications in solar cells, data storage, and biomaterials. The use of surfactants and the impact of reaction parameters are thoroughly explored, providing a deep understanding of the hot injection method and its significance in nanotechnology.AI Generated
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AbstractHighly monodispersed nanoparticles produced by the hot injection method are discussed. The hot injection synthesized nanoparticles are remarkable materials with size-dependent properties leading to advanced developments in nanoscience and nanotechnology. The basic classical theory, nucleation and growth of the nanocrystals are discussed in the framework of hot injection method. Kinetics of the hot injection method has been explored with the help of Ostwald ripening process and crystal growth mechanism. A comparison of hot injection synthesis method with other methods has been explored. A detailed description of monodispersed nanocrystals has been given by taking various important examples such as Co, Ag, Au, CdSe, PbSe, PbS, SnS2, FeS2, CuInS2, Cu2ZnSnS4, Cu2NiSnS4 and ferrites, nanomaterials. Applications of the hot injection synthesized nanoparticles in different areas and their uses in device fabrication have also been specified. This chapter suggests the utility of the hot injection method in the formation of size and shape-dependent colloidal nanoparticles with desirable optical, electrical and magnetic properties. -
Chapter 14. Synthesis of Advanced Materials by Electrochemical Methods
Manoj Kumar SharmaThe chapter delves into the historical development of electrochemical methods, from the early experiments of William Nicholson and Johann Wilhelm Ritter to modern applications in synthesizing advanced materials. It discusses the advantages of electrochemical synthesis, such as high selectivity, energy efficiency, and environmental friendliness. The chapter also highlights the diverse commercial applications of these methods, including the synthesis of conducting polymers, metal nanoparticles, semiconductors, and graphene. Additionally, it explores the use of electrochemical methods in converting carbon dioxide into useful organic compounds and in wastewater treatment. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the increasing importance of electrochemical tools in various scientific disciplines and industries.AI Generated
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AbstractElectrochemical synthesis or electro-synthesis is a method to synthesize chemical compounds using electrochemical techniques that involves either application of potentials or currents. The setup for electrochemical synthesis is simple consisting of a potentiostat or a galvanostat and an electrochemical cell with electrodes, solvents, supporting electrolytes, precursor chemicals. The advantages of electrochemical synthesis over other synthesis methods are (1) non-requirement of chemical reductants or oxidants as the precursor chemicals in solution undergo electron transfer directly on the electrode surface, (2) large redox potential range of several volts is easily accessible by selecting appropriate combination of electrode materials, solvents and supporting electrolytes. Such a large potential range of several volts involves very high energy either comparable or more than the most of chemical bonds and activation energy involved in chemical reactions, leading to a controlled generation of highly energetic intermediates under mild experimental conditions, (3) higher selectivity and percentage yield because of a very precise control over potential and current, (4) evade the much-needed separation and waste treatment of redundant end products from the desired product, thus, helping in an effectual control over environmental pollution, (5) understanding of the reaction mechanisms/kinetics gained by the analysis of the electrochemical parameters like current and potential measured during the electrochemical synthesis. Electrochemical methods are used to synthesize a large number of organic and inorganic compounds with many applications in almost all disciplines of science and technology. Shape, size, and dimensions of the material can be easily controlled by using either template-assisted or template-free electrochemical methods. -
Chapter 15. Synthesis of Advanced Inorganic Materials Through Molecular Precursors
G. KedarnathThe chapter explores the dynamic technological demands driving the need for advanced inorganic materials with tailored multifunctional properties. It delves into the chemical synthesis methods, particularly the molecular precursor route, which offers low production costs and easy processability. The text discusses the advantages of this approach, such as better control over material properties and clean decomposition conditions. It also elaborates on the design and selection criteria for molecular precursors, including their volatility, reactivity, and thermal stability. The chapter further details the role of surfactants and passivating agents in stabilizing nanoparticles and controlling their size and shape. It also covers the classification of molecular precursor methods based on the mode of synthesis, including hot-injection and heat-up methods, and the underlying mechanisms of nanocrystal formation.AI Generated
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AbstractRequirement in various arenas of technologies for sophistication and miniature of devices augmented the quest for novel advanced materials of versatile nature. To meet these demands, there has always been a need to explore and develop new ways of synthesis of advanced materials. Of these synthetic methods, molecular precursor route has an edge over other preparative methods due to the distinct advantages of easy processability and better control over size, shape and quality of the resulting materials by tuning the reactivity of the molecular reactants. Molecular precursor approach can either be multiple or single-source precursor depending on the number of precursor being used for the synthesis of required material. This chapter will give a brief introduction of molecular precursor-based synthesis followed by a discussion on preparation of various advanced material through molecular precursor approach and its comparison with other conventional methods. The subsequent discussion includes characterization, property evaluation and applications of these materials. At the end, the chapter will be concluded with a brief note on future prospective of the molecular precursor route. -
Chapter 16. Synthesis of Metal Organic Frameworks (MOF) and Covalent Organic Frameworks (COF)
Adish Tyagi, Siddhartha KolayThe chapter begins with an introduction to Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs), emphasizing their importance in contemporary materials science. It then delves into the synthesis of MOFs, discussing the role of organic linkers and metal nodes in their construction. The chapter also explores the synthesis of COFs, focusing on the unique properties that set them apart from MOFs. Additionally, it compares the applications of MOFs and COFs in various fields, such as gas storage, catalysis, and drug delivery. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the future directions and challenges in the synthesis and application of these frameworks, making it a valuable resource for researchers and professionals in the field.AI Generated
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AbstractSince the very beginning, nature has demonstrated its ability to create complex systems with advance functions from atomic-level assembly. Gaining inspiration from nature, an enormous progress has been achieved in constructing crystalline porous material frameworks like metal organic framework (MOF) and covalent organic framework (COF) with predetermined topologies, large surface areas, tunable pore sizes and functionalities. They provide many key features required in industrial applications, like high surface area, uniform nanoporosity, interconnected pore/channel system, accessible pore volume, high adsorption capacity and shape/size selectivity. These features make them an ideal material for gas storage and separation (such as H2, CH4, CO2). In fact, having superior crystallinity, porosity and stability relative to other porous materials, MOFs and COFs affirm their candidature for a wide range of applications. This chapter gives a brief background of porous materials and their classification, followed by a discussion on MOFs, COFs and their properties. The subsequent section includes design and synthesis strategies followed by a detailed discussion related to their applications in various frontline areas. -
Chapter 17. Green Chemistry Approach for Synthesis of Materials
Dibakar Goswami, Soumyaditya MulaThe chapter delves into the fundamental principles of green chemistry, emphasizing the importance of minimizing waste and toxicity in chemical processes. It discusses the 12 principles of green chemistry, introduced by Paul Anastas and John Warner, and their impact on the development of sustainable materials. The text explores various applications of green chemistry in industries such as pharmaceuticals, textiles, and biofuels, showcasing how these principles are being implemented to reduce environmental impact. Notable examples include the green synthesis of polycarbonates, the use of ionic liquids in textile dyeing, and the production of biofuels from plant biomass. The chapter also highlights the environmental benefits of adopting green chemistry, such as the reduction of chemical waste disposed to land, air, and water in the USA between 2007 and 2017. Overall, the chapter emphasizes the need for industries to adopt green chemistry principles to promote sustainability and reduce environmental harm.AI Generated
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AbstractGreen chemistry is the key to sustainability, not only for its basic concept to minimize the use and generation of hazardous materials but also due to its vast application towards one of the most efficient, problem-solving routes for the synthesis of advanced materials. The concept of green chemistry has been utilized almost in every sector of synthetic methods, starting from catalysis to more advanced stages of microwave-based and sonochemical syntheses. Lately, ‘greener’ approaches viz. use of renewable feedstocks, solvent engineering, etc. have also become an integral part of materials advancement. As a result, several bio-based ‘green’ materials, bio-fuel, materials for drug-delivery, bio-degradable fabrics, dyes, liquid crystals, etc. have emerged as high-end value-added materials for energy, health, and environmental benefits. This chapter describes, in a nutshell, various important applications of green chemistry in green manufacturing processes. -
Chapter 18. Bio-inspired Synthesis of Nanomaterials
Mainak Roy, Poulomi MukherjeeThe chapter delves into the significance of nanomaterials in various fields such as healthcare, electronics, and energy storage. It categorizes synthesis methods into top-down and bottom-up approaches, with a focus on the latter due to its eco-friendly nature. The chapter explores the use of plants, microbes, and viruses as biological sources for nanoparticle synthesis, detailing the mechanisms involved. It also discusses the challenges and future prospects of biogenic synthesis, emphasizing its potential for producing nanomaterials with unique properties.AI Generated
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AbstractOver the years, human has emphatically developed the skill of synthesizing materials with fascinating properties that resulted in an unprecedented technological progress and industrial growth. Nature, on the other hand, makes exotic materials with unique properties in a seemingly simple (yet baffling at times) approach which is environmentally benign and debars intensive use of energy, high boiling solvents and corrosive chemicals. Such green synthesis recipe adopted by nature is in stark contrast to the industrial processing of materials that often sheds out toxic emissions and polluting discards to the environment. That is why it is sometimes compelling upon humankind to look up to the Mother Nature for efficient and non-polluting recipe for synthesis of materials. Biomimetic synthesis involves preparation of naturally occurring and functionally important materials using a set of chemical reactions that closely resemble nature’s own method of synthesizing them in course of different biological processes. Biogenic synthesis, on the other hand, encompasses every possible approach that involves either molecules of biological origin or biological agents like plants and microbes for materials production. These reactions usually take place in aqueous phase at around room temperature and at biological pH and make use of catalysts and/or biocatalysts for moderating the reaction conditions and may produce non-toxic by-products and easily disposable wastes benign to the environment. Till date, a large number of different materials with exquisite morphology and diverse functionalities have been reported by this route. The present chapter aims at providing an overview of synthetic strategies developed on being inspired by natural processes. -
Chapter 19. Photo- and Radiation-Induced Synthesis of Nanomaterials
Madhab Chandra RathThe chapter 'Photo- and Radiation-Induced Synthesis of Nanomaterials' delves into the historical and contemporary significance of nanomaterials, tracing their use from ancient times to modern applications. It discusses the sophisticated imaging techniques that have enabled the detailed study of nanomaterials and the various chemical methods used for their synthesis. The focus is on green chemistry routes, such as photochemical and radiation chemical synthesis, which avoid hazardous chemicals and high temperatures. The chapter also explores the processes involved in the synthesis of nanoparticles, nanorods, and nanofilms, highlighting the advantages of these methods. Examples of photochemical synthesis of nanomaterials, including UO2 nanoparticles and CdSe quantum dots, are provided, showcasing the versatility and efficiency of these techniques. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the importance of controlled synthesis and the factors that influence the shape and size of nanomaterials.AI Generated
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AbstractNanomaterials of noble metals and semiconductors are of immense use in optoelectronic devices, sensors, biological applications and many more. Their synthesis always remains an important topic of research, because of a strong correlation between their optical properties and shapes/sizes. Out of several synthetic routes, chemical route is a preferred one for its easiness and simplicity. Among chemical routes, photochemical and radiation chemical methods are very efficient and powerful. In these two processes, the synthesis of nanomaterials proceeds through the reactions of the precursor ions with free radicals, which are generated upon photo and/or high energy radiations such as gamma and electron beam irradiation. Various nanomaterials have been synthesized by this process and their shapes/sizes could be easily tuned by controlling the experimental parameters like precursor concentration, types of radiation, absorbed dose, dose rate, etc. The chapter provides an account of the synthesis of a wide variety of semiconductor nanomaterials of different shapes and sizes by these methods. These nanomaterials were found to possess very unusual optical properties as compared to those synthesized by normal chemical routes. Various other nanomaterials have also been synthesized through this method and the processes have been optimized. The mechanism of formation of such nanomaterials has been elucidated by time-resolved absorption measurements. -
Chapter 20. Mechanochemistry: Synthesis that Uses Force
Dipa Dutta Pathak, V. GroverThis chapter delves into the innovative field of mechanochemistry, a synthesis technique that leverages mechanical force to drive chemical reactions. It begins by defining mechanochemistry and its historical context, dating back to prehistoric times. The text explores the advantages of this green and environmentally friendly technique, such as solvent-free synthesis, energy savings, and the ability to achieve unique products. It highlights various tools used in mechanochemical synthesis, including ball mills and twin-screw extruders, and discusses modifications like liquid-assisted grinding and polymer-assisted grinding. The chapter also covers the effects of mechanical force on materials, including phase transformations and the creation of nanomaterials. It showcases the versatility of mechanochemistry through examples of different functional compounds synthesized using this method, such as oxides, chalcogenides, organic materials, and porous materials. Despite its advantages, the chapter acknowledges the limitations of mechanochemical synthesis, such as contamination and difficulty in controlling powder properties. It concludes with a positive outlook on the future of mechanochemistry, emphasizing the need for specialized tools and better understanding of reaction mechanisms to enhance its potential and commercial impact.AI Generated
This summary of the content was generated with the help of AI.
AbstractGrinding is a basic physical process, and the grinding tools “mortar and pestle” have been in use since times immemorial. It has been practiced in almost all spheres of human life from kitchen to laboratories as well as in large industrial processes. Chemical synthesis by applying force or the “mechanochemistry” has been employed as a synthetic procedure for a long time but now the need to adopt “greener”, cost-effective and less harmful methods of synthesis has brought back the mechanochemistry to forefront in last decade. It has emerged as the one of the most efficient, advantageous and environmentally benign alternatives to traditional synthesis routes for the preparation of nanomaterials for advanced applications. The features such as ease of operation, simplicity of equipment, high reproducibility, relatively mild reaction conditions and the solvent-free condition (in case of dry milling) have made it the synthesis technique of choice for the synthetic chemist. It is used for synthesizing a wide variety of both single-phasic and composite materials varying from inorganic solids (oxides and non oxides), organic compounds, polymers, metal complexes, metal–organic frameworks. Materials with applications in varied areas such as hydrogen storage materials, energy applications, pharmaceuticals, as well as advanced nanocatalysts have been synthesized using this method. In recent times, the dry grinding or milling has been further modified by addition of a small amount of solvent or polymer, also called liquid-assisted grinding or polymer-assisted grinding that yields different products, speeds up the reaction and also ensures better usage of reactants. The fact that mechanical force or shear is the driving force for the reaction, and it also presents a novel way to obtain hitherto unknown (and interesting) products. The chapter discusses the basics of mechanochemical synthesis along with the above-mentioned points in the details.
- Title
- Handbook on Synthesis Strategies for Advanced Materials
- Editors
-
Dr. A. K. Tyagi
Dr. Raghumani S. Ningthoujam
- Copyright Year
- 2021
- Publisher
- Springer Singapore
- Electronic ISBN
- 978-981-16-1807-9
- Print ISBN
- 978-981-16-1806-2
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1807-9
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