Top

Published in:

2017 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

HC-0A-02: Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Food

Authors : Rafael Pissinatti, Scheilla V. C. de Souza

Published in: Biodegradation and Bioconversion of Hydrocarbons

Publisher: Springer Singapore

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) comprise a class of organic compounds of petrogenic origins or generated from the incomplete combustion of organic matter. Their presence in the environment can be a source of food contamination, which implies a potential risk to human health according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Additionally, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO/WHO) and the Scientific Committee on Food consider PAHs to be genotoxic and carcinogenic. The greatest concern has been raised regarding the possibility of cancer induction in humans exposed to PAHs from contaminated food. Therefore, many regulations and reports regarding strategies for and results of food monitoring have been published, including performance criteria for the sampling, chemical analysis and maximum permitted levels of these contaminants in food. A variety of techniques have been reported for the extraction, clean-up and determination steps of the analytical process. The details and advantages of each technique are discussed in this chapter. Additionally, because method validation is one measure that laboratories must implement to guarantee the reliability, traceability and comparability of their results, a review and critical analysis of the current practices in this area are also presented.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

previous chapter The Assessment of Hydrocarbon Contamination in Contrasting Sedimentary Environments

next chapter HC-0B-06: Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons

AFSSA (Association for French Studies in Southern Africa) (2004) Collection of occurrence data on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food. Final report Scoop Task 3.2.12 occurrence data on PAH in food. Maisons-Alfort, France

Aguinaga N, Campillo N, Viñas P, Hernández-Córdoba M (2007) Determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in milk and related products using solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 596:285–290CrossRef

Albers PH (2002) Petroleum and individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In: Hoffman DJ et al (eds) Handbook of ecotoxicology, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 341–371

ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) (1995) Toxicological profile for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ATSDR, Atlanta

Badolato ESG, Martins MS, Pimentel SA, Alaburda J, Kumagai EE, Baptista GG, Rosnethal A (2006) Sistematic study of benzo(a)pyrene in coffee samples. J Braz Chem Soc 17(5):989–993CrossRef

Baek SO, Field RA, Goldstone ME, Kirk PW, Lester JN, Perry R (1991) A review of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: sources, fate, and behavior. Water Air Soil Pollut 60:279–300CrossRef

Ballesteros E, Sánchez AG, Martos NR (2006) Simultaneous multidetermination of residues of pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in olive and olive-pomace oils by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1111:89–96CrossRef

Belo RFC, Nunes CM, Santos EV, Augusti DV, Pissinatti R (2012) Single laboratory validation of a SPE method for the determination of PAHs in edible oils by GC–MS. Anal Methods 4:4068–4076CrossRef

Boström C, Gerde P, Hanberg A, Jernström B, Johansson C, Kyrklund T, Rannug A, Törnqvist M, Victorin K, Westerholm R (2002) Cancer risk assessment, indicators and guidelines for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air. Environ Health Perspect 110:451–488CrossRef

Bulder AS, Hoogenboom LAP, Kan CA, Raamsdonk LWD, Traag WA, Bouwmeester H (2006) Initial risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in feed (materials). Report 2006.001. RIKILT—Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen

Budzinski H, Jones I, Bellocq J, Piérard C, Garrigue P (1997) Evaluation of sediment contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Gironde estuary. Mar Chem 58:85–97CrossRef

Cai S, Stevensb J, Syagea JA (2012) Ultra high performance liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry for high-sensitivity analysis of US Environmental Protection Agency sixteen priority pollutant polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in oysters. J Chromatogr A 1227:138–144CrossRef

Camargo MCR, Toledo MCF (2002) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in different commodity groups. Braz J Food Technol 5:19–26

Ciecierska M, Obiedzinsk M (2007) Influence of smoking process on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons’s content in meat products. Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment 6(4):17–20

Codex Alimentarius Commission (2005) Discussion paper on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) contamination. JOINT FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants. Thirty-seventh Session The Hague, The Netherlands, 25–29 April, 2005

Codex Alimentarius Commission (2009) Code of practice for the reduction of contamination of food with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from smoking and direct drying processes. CAC/RCP 68

Danyi S, Brose F, Brasseur C, Schneider YJ, Larondelle Y, Pussemier L, Robbens J, De Saeger S, Maghuin-Rogister G, Scippo ML (2009) Analysis of EU priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food supplements using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to an ultraviolet, diode array or fluorescence detector. Anal Chim Acta 633:293–299CrossRef

Diletti G, Scortichini G, Scarpone R, Gatti G, Torreti L, Migliorati G (2005) Isotope dilution determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in olive pomace oil by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1062:247–254CrossRef

Drabova L, Pulkrabova J, Kalachova K, Tomaniova M, Kocourek V, Hajslova J (2012) Rapid determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tea using two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time of flight mass spectrometry. Talanta 100:207–216CrossRef

EC (European Commission), SCF (Scientific Committee on Food) (2002) Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the risks to human health of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food (expressed on 4 December 2002)

EFSA (European Food Standard Agency) (2008a) Findings of the EFSA data collection on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food—a report from the unit of data collection and exposure on a request from the European Commission. EFSA/DATEX/002 (revision 1)

EFSA (European Food Standard Agency) (2008b) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food—scientific opinion of the panel on contaminants in the food chain. EFSA J 724:1–114

EPA (Environment Protection Agency) (1986) Quality criteria for water, 1986. EPA 440/5-86-001. United States EPA, Washington

EU (2011a) Commission regulation 2011/836/EU of 19 August 2011 amending Regulation (EC) No 333/2007 laying down the methods of sampling and analysis for the official control of the levels of lead, cadmium, mercury, inorganic tin, 3-MCPD and benzo(a)pyrene in foodstuffs. Off J Eur Union L215:9–16

EU (2011b) Commission regulation 2011/836/EU of 19 August 2011 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in foodstuffs. Off J Eur Union L215:4–8

Feng X, Pisula W, Müllen K (2009) Large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: synthesis and discotic organization. Pure Appl Chem 81(12):2203–2224CrossRef

Gohlke JM, Doke D, Tipre M, Leader M, Fitzgerald T (2011) A review of seafood safety after the deepwater horizon blowout. Environ Health Perspect 119:1062–1069CrossRef

Harvey RG (1998) Environmental chemistry of PAHs. In: Hutzinger O (ed) The handbook of environmental chemistry, volume 3, 1st edn. Springer, Berlin, pp 1–55

Hewavitharana AK (2011) Matrix matching in liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry with stable isotope labelled internal standards—is it necessary? J Chromatogr A 1218:359–361CrossRef

Houessou JK, Benac C, Delteil C, Camel VC (2005) Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coffee brew using solid-phase extraction. J Agric Food Chem 53:871–879CrossRef

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) (2012) Chemical agents and related occupations: a review of human carcinogens. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, vol 100F. IARC, Lyon, p 599

IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety) (1998) Environmental criteria 202. Selected non-heterocyclic PAHs. World Health Organization, Geneva

ISO (International standard Organization) (2005) ISO 9000:2005 quality management systems—fundamentals and vocabulary. ISO, Geneva

ISO (International Standard Organization) (2012) ISO 22959 animal and vegetable fats and oils—determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by on-line donor–acceptor complex chromatography and HPLC with fluorescence detection, 1st edn. ISO, Geneva

Kim JH, Moon JK, Li QX, Cho JY (2003) One-step pressurized liquid extraction method for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Anal Chim Acta 498:55–60CrossRef

Konieczka P, Wolska L, Namiesnik J (2010) Quality problems in determination of organic compounds in environmental samples, such as PHAs and PCBs. Trend Anal Chem 29(7):706–717CrossRef

Law RJ, Kelly C, Baker K, Jones J, McIntosh AD, Moffat CF (2002) Toxic equivalency factors for PAH and their applicability in shellfish pollution monitoring studies. J Environ Monit 4:383–388CrossRef

Liguori L, Heggstad K, Hove HT, Julshamn K (2006) An automated extraction approach for isolation of 24 polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from various marine matrixes. Anal Chim Acta 573–574:181–188CrossRef

Lodovici M, Dolara P, Casalini C, Ciappellano S, Testolin G (1995) Polyciclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in the Italian diet. Food Addit Contam 12:703–713CrossRef

Londoño VAG, Garcia LP, Scussel VM, Resnik S (2013) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in milk powders marketed in Argentina and Brazil. Food Addit Contam 30(9):1573–1580CrossRef

Lund M, Duedahl-Olesen L, Christensen JH (2009) Extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from smoked fish using pressurized liquid extraction with integrated fat removal. Talanta 79:10–15CrossRef

Magnusson B, Ornemark U (2014) Eurachem guide: the fitness for purpose of analytical methods—a laboratory guide to method validation and related topics, 2nd edn. EURACHEM, p 62

Mannino MR, Orecchio S (2008) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor dust matter of Palermo (Italy) area: extraction, GC–MS analysis, distribution and sources. Atmos Environ 42:1801–1817CrossRef

Mechlinska A, Wolska L, Namiesnik J (2010) Isotope-labeled substances in analysis of persistent organic pollutants in environmental samples. Trend Anal Chem 29(8):820–831CrossRef

Meire RO, Azererdo A, Machado JP (2007) Aspectos ecotoxicológicos de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos. Oecol Bras 11(2):188–201CrossRef

Ming-Ho Y (2005) Volatile organic compounds. In: Ming-Ho Y (ed) Environmental toxicology: biological and health effects of pollutants, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Florida, pp 171–184

Mitra S (2003) Sample preparation techniques in analytical chemistry. Wiley, New JerseyCrossRef

Nielsen T, Feilberg A, Binderup ML (1999) The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes. Environ Sci Pollut Res 6(3):133–137CrossRef

Orecchio S, Ciotti VP, Culotta L (2009) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coffee brew samples: analytical method by GC–MS, profile, levels and sources. Food Chem Toxicol 47:819–826CrossRef

Orecchio S (2010) Assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil of a Natural Reserve (Isola delle Femmine) (Italy) located in front of a plant for the production of cement. J Hazard Mater 173:358–368CrossRef

Oshita D, Jardim ICSF (2015) Evaluation of dispersive and cartridge SPE clean-up procedures using the modified QuEChERS method for the analysis of pesticides in strawberries. Anal Methods 7:982–989CrossRef

Pampanin DM, Sydnes MO (2013) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons a constituent of petroleum: presence and influence in the aquatic environment. In: Kutcherov V (ed) Hydrocarbon. InTech, ISBN: 978-953-51-0927-3. doi:10.5772/48176

Payanan T, Leepipatpiboon N, Varanusupakul P (2013) Low-temperature cleanup with solid-phase extraction for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils by reversed phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Food Chem 141:2720–2726CrossRef

Pincemaille J, Schummer C, Heinen E, Moris G (2014) Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked and non-smoked black teas and tea infusions. Food Chem 145:807–813CrossRef

Pissinatti R, Nunes CM, Souza AG, Junqueira RG, Souza SVC (2014) Simultaneous analysis of 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons inroasted coffee by isotope dilution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry: optimization, in-house method validation and application to an exploratory study. Food Control 51:140–148CrossRef

Poster DL, Schantz MM, Sander LC, Wise SA (2006) Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environmental samples: a critical review of gas chromatographic (GC) methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 386:859–881CrossRef

Purcaro G, Moret S, Conte LS (2013) Overview on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: occurrence, legislation and innovative determination in foods. Talanta 105:292–305CrossRef

Purcaro G, Moret S, Conte LS (2007a) Rapid validated method for the analysis of benzo(a)pyrene in vegetable oils by using solid–phase microextraction–gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1176:231–235CrossRef

Purcaro G, Morrison P, Moret S, Conte LS, Marriott PJ (2007b) Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetable oils using solid-phase microextraction-comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1161:284–291CrossRef

Rose M, White S, Macarthur R, Petch RG, Holland J, Damant AP (2007) Single-laboratory validation of a GC/MS method for the determination of 27 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in oils and fats. Food Addit Contam 24:635–651CrossRef

Sargent M, Harte R, Harrington C (2002) Guidelines for achieving high accuracy in isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS), 1st edn. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge 34 p

Smoker M, Tran K, Smith RE (2010) Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in shrimp. J Agric Food Chem 58:12101–12104CrossRef

Souza SVC, Junqueira RG (2005) A procedure to assess linearity by ordinary least squares method. Anal Chim Acta 552:25–35CrossRef

So-Young J, Ju-Sung P, Min-Su C, Mi-Sun K, Sang-Mi L, Jung-Hun K, Young-Zoo C (2013) A Simple method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in edible oil employing solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge purification. Food Sci Biotechnol 22(1):241–248CrossRef

Stanciu G, Dobrinas S, Birghila S, Popescu M (2008) Determination of organic compounds from different types of coffee by HPLC and GC–ECD analysis. J Environ Eng 7(6):661–666CrossRef

Taylor CM, Raines JM, Rodriguez JM (2013) Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in seafood. Food Anal Methods 6:1330–1336CrossRef

Tfouni SAV, Serrate CS, Carreiro LB, Camargo MCR, Teles CRA, Cipolli KMVAB, Furlani RPZ (2012) Effect of roasting on chlorogenic acids, caffeine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons levels in two Coffea cultivars: Coffea arabica cv. Catuaí Amarelo IAC-62 and Coffea canephora cv. Apoatã IAC-2258. Int J Food Sci Technol 47:406–415CrossRef

Thompson M, Ellison SLR, Wood R (2002) Harmonized guidelines for single-laboratory validation of methods of analysis. Pure Appl Chem 74:835–855CrossRef

Tobiszewski M, Mechlińska A, Zygmunt B, Namieśnik J (2009) Green analytical chemistry in sample preparation for determination of trace organic pollutants. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 28:943–951CrossRef

Veyrand B, Brosseaud A, Sarcher L, Varlet V, Monteau F, Marchand P, Andre F, Le Bizec B (2007) Innovative method for determination of 19 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food and oil samples using gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry based on an isotope dilution approach. J Chromatogr A 1149:333–344CrossRef

Wang W, Meng B, Lu X, Liu Y, Tao S (2007) Extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides from soils: a comparison between Soxhlet extraction, microwave-assisted extraction and accelerated solvent extraction techniques. Anal Chim Acta 602:211–222CrossRef

WHO (World Health Organization) (2006) Evaluation of certain food contaminants—report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, 64th meeting, Rome, 8–17 February, 2005, p 1 and 61. WHO Technical Report Series, No. 930

Windal I, Boxus L, Hanot V (2008) Validation of the analysis of the 15 + 1 European-priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by donnor–acceptor complex chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet/fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 1212:16–22CrossRef

Wretling S, Eriksson A, Eskhult GA, Larsson B (2010) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Swedish smoked meat and fish. J Food Compos Anal 23:264–272CrossRef

Yunker MB, Macdonald RW, Vingarzanc R, Mitchelld RH, Goyettee D, Sylvestre S (2002) PAHs in the Fraser River basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition. Org Geochem 33:489–515CrossRef

Ziegenhals K, Speer K, Jira W (2009) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in chocolate on the German market. J Verbrauch Lebensm 4:128–135CrossRef

Title: HC-0A-02: Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Food
Authors: Rafael Pissinatti
Scheilla V. C. de Souza
Publisher: Springer Singapore
Book: Biodegradation and Bioconversion of Hydrocarbons
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-0199-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-10-0201-4

Copyright Year: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0201-4_2