High Coulombic Efficiency of Lithium Plating/Stripping and Lithium Dendrite Prevention

Abraham KM (1985) Recent developments in secondary lithium battery technology. J Power Sour 14:179–191CrossRef

Abraham KM, Goldman JL (1983) The use of the reactive ether, Tetrahydrofuran (THF), in rechargeable lithium cells. J Power Sour 9:239–245CrossRef

Abraham KM, Goldman JL, Natwig DL (1982) Characterization of ether electrolytes for rechargeable lithium cells. J Electrochem Soc 129(11):2404–2409CrossRef

Abraham KM, Foos JS, Goldman JL (1984) Long cycle life secondary lithium cells utilizing tetrahydrofuran. J Electrochem Soc 131(9):2197–2199CrossRef

Abraham KM, Pasquariello DM, Martin FJ (1986) Mixed ether electrolytes for secondary lithium batteries with improved low temperature performance. J Electrochem Soc 133(4):661–666CrossRef

Appetecchi GB, Passerini S (2002) Poly(ethylene oxide)-LiN(SO2CF2CF3)2 polymer electrolytes. J Electrochem Soc 149(7):A891–A897. doi:10.1149/1.1483098 CrossRef

Appetecchi GB, Croce F, Dautzenberq G, Mastragostino M, Ronci F, Scrosati B, Soavi F, Zanelli A, Alessandrini F, Prosini PP (1998) Composite polymer electrolytes with improved lithium metal electrode interfacial properties I. Electrochemical properties of dry PEO-LiX systems. J Electrochem Soc 145(12):4126–4132CrossRef

Appetecchi GB, Croce F, Ronci F, Scrosati B, Alessandrini F, Carewska M, Prosini PP (1999) Electrochemical characterization of a composite polymer electrolyte with improved lithium metal electrode interfacial properties. Ionics 5:59–63CrossRef

Appetecchi GB, Scaccia S, Passerini S (2000) Investigation on the stability of the lithium-polymer electrolyte interface. J Electrochem Soc 147(12):4448–4452CrossRef

Appetecchi GB, Kim GT, Montanino M, Carewska M, Marcilla R, Mecerreyes D, De Meatza I (2010) Ternary polymer electrolytes containing pyrrolidinium-based polymeric ionic liquids for lithium batteries. J Power Sour 195(11):3668–3675. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.11.146 CrossRef

Appetecchi GB, Kim GT, Montanino M, Alessandrini F, Passerini S (2011) Room temperature lithium polymer batteries based on ionic liquids. J Power Sour 196(16):6703–6709. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.11.070 CrossRef

Arakawa M, Tobishima S-I, Nemoto Y, Ichimura M (1993) Lithium electrode cycleability and morphology dependence on current density. J Power Sour 43–44:27–35CrossRef

Arakawa M, Tobishima S, Hirai T, Yamaki J (1999) Effect of purification of 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran/Ethylene carbonate mixed solvent electrolytes on cyclability of lithium metal anodes for rechargeable cells. J Appl Electrochem 29:1191–1196CrossRef

Arie AA, Lee JK (2011) Electrochemical characteristics of lithium metal anodes with diamond like carbon film coating layer. Diam Relat Mater 20(3):403–408. doi:10.1016/j.diamond.2011.01.040 CrossRef

Armstrong RD, Brown OR, Ram RP, Tuck CD (1989) Lithium electrodes based upon aluminum and alloy substrates i. impedance measurements on aluminum. J Power Sour 28:259–267CrossRef

Arora P, Zhang Z (2004) Battery separators. Chem Rev 104:4419–4462CrossRef

Aurbach D (1989a) The electrochemical behavior of lithium salt solutions of γ-butyrolactone with noble metal electrodes. J Electrochem Soc 136(4):906–913CrossRef

Aurbach D (1989b) Identification of surface films formed on lithium surfaces in γ-butyrolactone solutions. 1. uncontaminated solutions. J Electrochem Soc 136(6):1606–1610CrossRef

Aurbach D (1999) The electrochemical behavior of active metal electrodes in nonaqueous solutions. Nonaqueous Electrochem (Ed Aurbach, D):289–411

Aurbach D, Chusid (Youngman) O (1993) In situ FTIR spectroelectrochemical studies of surface films formed on Li and nonactive electrodes at low potentials in Li salt solutions containing CO₂. J Electrochem Soc 140 (11):L155–L157

Aurbach D, Gofer Y (1991) The behavior of lithium electrodes in mixtures of alkyl carbonates and ethers. J Electrochem Soc 138(12):3529–3536CrossRef

Aurbach D, Gottlieb H (1989) The electrochemical behavior of selected polar aprotic solvents. Electrochim Acta 34(2):141–156CrossRef

Aurbach D, Granot E (1997) The study of electrolyte solutions based on solvents from the “Glyme” family (linear polyethers) for secondary Li battery systems. Electrochim Acta 42(4):697–718CrossRef

Aurbach D, Moshkovich M (1998) A study of lithium deposition-dissolution processes in a few selected electrolyte solutions by electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance. J Electrochem Soc 145(8):2629–2639CrossRef

Aurbach D, Daroux ML, Faguy PW, Yeager E (1987) Identification of surface films formed on lithium in propylene carbonate solutions. J Electrochem Soc 134(7):1611–1620CrossRef

Aurbach D, Daroux ML, Faguy PW, Yeager E (1988) Identification of surface films formed on lithium in dimethoxyethane and tetrahydrofuran solutions. J Electrochem Soc 135(8):1863–1871CrossRef

Aurbach D, Gofer Y, Langzam J (1989) The correlation between surface chemistry, surface morphology, and cycling efficiency of lithium electrodes in a few polar aprotic systems. J Electrochem Soc 136(11):3198–3205CrossRef

Aurbach D, Youngman O, Dan P (1990a) The electrochemical behavior of 1,3-Dioxolane-LiClO₄ solutions—II Contaminated solutions. Electrochim Acta 35(3):639–655CrossRef

Aurbach D, Youngman O, Gofer Y, Meitav A (1990b) The electrochemical behavior of 1,3-Dioxolane-LiClO₄ solutions—I. Uncontaminated solutions. Electrochim Acta 35(3):625–638CrossRef

Aurbach D, Skaletsky R, Gofer Y (1991a) The electrochemical behavior of calcium electrodes in a few organic electrolytes. J Electrochem Soc 138(12):3536–3545CrossRef

Aurbach D, Daroux M, Faguy P, Yeager E (1991b) The electrochemistry of noble metal electrodes in aprotic organic solvents containing lithium salts. J Electroanal Chem 297:225–244CrossRef

Aurbach D, Gofer Y, Ben-Zion M, Aped P (1992) The behaviour of lithium electrodes in propylene and ethylene carbonate: the major factors that influence Li cycling efficiency. J Electroanal Chem 339:451–471. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(92)80467-I

Aurbach D, Daroux M, McDougall G, Yeager EB (1993) Spectroscopic studies of lithium in an ultrahigh vacuum system. J Electroanal Chem 358:63–76. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(93)80431-G

Aurbach D, Ein-Ely Y, Zaban A (1994a) The surface chemistry of lithium electrodes in alkyl carbonate solutions. J Electrochem Soc 141(1):L1–L3CrossRef

Aurbach D, Weissman I, Zaban A, Chusid O (1994b) Correlation between surface chemistry, morphology, cycling efficiency and interfacial properties of Li electrodes in solutions containing different Li salts. Electrochim Acta 39:51–71CrossRef

Aurbach D, Zaban A, Gofer Y, Abramson O, Ben-Zion M (1995a) Studies of Li anodes in the electrolyte system 2Me-THF/THF/Me-Furan/LiAsF6. J Electrochem Soc 142(3):687–696CrossRef

Aurbach D, Zaban A, Schechter A, Ein-Eli Y, Zinigrad E, Markovsky B (1995b) The study of electrolyte solutions based on ethylene and diethyl carbonates for rechargeable Li Batteries. I. Li metal anodes. J Electrochem Soc 142(9):2873–2882CrossRef

Aurbach D, Zaban A, Gofer Y, Ely YE, Weissman I, Chusid O, Abramson O (1995c) Recent studies of the lithium-liquid electrolyte interface. Electrochemical, morphological and spectral studies of a few important systems. J Power Sour 54:76–84CrossRef

Aurbach D, Markovsky B, Shechter A, Ein-Eli Y (1996) A comparative study of synthetic graphite and Li electrodes in electrolyte solutions based on ethylene carbonate-dimethyl carbonate mixtures. J Electrochem Soc 143(12):3809–3820CrossRef

Aurbach D, Zaban A, Ein-Eli Y, Weissman I, Chusid O, Markovsky B, Levi M, Levi E, Schechter A, Granot E (1997) Recent studies on the correlation between surface chemistry, morphology, three-dimensional structures and performance of Li and Li-C intercalation anodes in several important electrolyte systems. J Power Sour 68:91–98CrossRef

Aurbach D, Zinigrad E, Teller H, Dan P (2000) Factors which limit the cycle life of rechargeable lithium (metal) batteries. J Electrochem Soc 147:1274–1279CrossRef

Aurbach D, Zinigrad E, Cohen Y, Teller H (2002a) A short review of failure mechanisms of lithium metal and lithiated graphite anodes in liquid electrolyte solutions. Solid State Ionics 148:405–416CrossRef

Aurbach D, Zinigrad E, Teller H, Cohen Y, Salitra G, Yamin H, Dan P, Elster E (2002b) Attempts to improve the behavior of Li electrodes in rechargeable lithium batteries. J Electrochem Soc 149 (10):A1267–A1277. doi:10.1149/1.1502684

Baek S-W, Lee J-M, Kim TY, Song M-S, Park Y (2014) Garnet related lithium ion conductor processed by spark plasma sintering for all solid state batteries. J Power Sour 249:197–206. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.089

Bailey DM, Skelton WH, Smith JF (1979) Lithium-Tin phase relationship between Li₇Sn₂ and LiSn. J Less-Common Metal 64:233–240CrossRef

Balducci A, Jeong SS, Kim GT, Passerini S, Winter M, Schmuck M, Appetecchi GB, Marcilla R, Mecerreyes D, Barsukov V, Khomenko V, Cantero I, De Meatza I, Holzapfel M, Tran N (2011) Development of safe, green and high performance ionic liquids-based batteries (ILLIBATT Project). J Power Sour 196 (22):9719–9730. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.07.058

Bale CW (1989a) The Li–Rb (Lithium–Rubidium) system. Bull Alloy Phase Diag 10(3):268–269CrossRef

Bale CW (1989b) The Cs–Li (Cesium–Lithium) system. Bull Alloy Phase Diag 10(3):232–233CrossRef

Bale CW (1989c) The Li–Na (Lithium–Sodium) system. Bull Alloy Phase Diag 10(3):265–268CrossRef

Bale CW (1989d) The Li–Ti (Lithium–Titanium) system. Bull Alloy Phase Diag 10(2):135–138CrossRef

Baretzky B, Eckstein W, Schorn RP (1995) Cu/Li Alloys: conditions for their application in fusion reactors—focussing on the interaction of segregation and sputtering phenomena. J Nucl Mater 224:50–70CrossRef

Basile A, Hollenkamp AF, Bhatt AI, O’Mullane AP (2013) Extensive charge–discharge cycling of lithium metal electrodes achieved using ionic liquid electrolytes. Electrochem Commun 27:69–72. doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2012.10.030

Bates JB (1994) Protective lithium ion conducting ceramic coating for lithium metal anodes and associate method. USA Patent 5,314,765, 24 May 1994

Bates JB, Dudney NJ, Gruzalski GR, Zuhr RA, Choudhury A, Luck CF, Robertson JD (1993) Fabrication and Characterization of Amorphous Lithium Electrolyte Thin-Films and Rechargeable Thin-Film Batteries. J Power Sour 43(1–3):103–110. doi:10.1016/0378-7753(93)80106-y CrossRef

Belov DG, Yarmolenko OV, Peng A, Efimov ON (2006) Lithium surface protection by polyacetylene in situ polymerization. Syn Metals 156(9–10):745–751. doi:10.1016/j.synthmet.2006.04.006 CrossRef

Besenhard JO (1977) The effect of I-anions on Li cycling in propylene carbonate. J Electroanal Chem 78:189–193CrossRef

Besenhard JO (1978) Cycling behaviour and corrosion of Li–Al electrodes in organic electrolytes. J Electroanal Chem 1978(94):77–81CrossRef

Besenhard JO, Eichinger G (1976) High energy density lithium cells. Part I. Electrolytes and anodes. J Electroanal Chem 68:1–18CrossRef

Besenhard JO, Fritz HP, Wudy E, Dietz K, Meyer H (1985) Cycling of β-LiAl in organic electrolytes—effect of electrode contaminants and electrolyte additives. J Power Sour 14:193–200CrossRef

Besenhard JO, Hess M, Komenda P (1990) Dimensionally stable Li-alloy electrodes for secondary batteries. Solid State Ionics 40(41):525–529CrossRef

Besenhard JO, Wagner MW, Winter M, Jannakoudakis AD, Jannakoudakis PD, Theodoridou E (1993) Inorganic film-forming electrolyte additives improving the cycling behaviour of metallic lithium electrodes and the self-discharge of carbon—lithium electrodes. J Power Sour 44:413–420. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(93)80183-P

Best AS, Bhatt AI, Hollenkamp AF (2010) Ionic liquids with the Bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide anion: electrochemical properties and applications in battery technology. J Electrochem Soc 157 (8):A903–A911. doi:10.1149/1.3429886

Bhatt AI, Best AS, Huang J, Hollenkamp AF (2010) Application of the N-Propyl-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium Bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide RTIL containing lithium Bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide in ionic liquid based lithium batteries. J Electrochem Soc 157 (1):A66–A74. doi:10.1149/1.3257978

Bhatt AI, Kao P, Best AS, Hollenkamp AF (2012) Towards Li-air and Li-S batteries: understanding the morphological changes of lithium surfaces during cycling at a range of current densities in an ionic liquid electrolyte. ECS Trans 50(11):383–401CrossRef

Bieker G, Winter M, Bieker P (2015) Electrochemical In situ investigations of SEI and dendrite formation on the lithium metal anode. Phys Chem Chem Phys 17 (14):8670–8679. doi:10.1039/c4cp05865h

Bouchet R (2014) A stable lithium metal interface. Nat Nanotechnol 9:572–573CrossRef

Brissot C, Rosso M, Chazalviel JN, Baudry P, Lascaud S (1998) In situ study of dendritic growth in lithium/PEO-salt/lithium cells. Electrochim Acta 43(10–11):1569–1574CrossRef

Brissot C, Rosso M, Chazalviel J-N, Lascaud S (1999a) Dendritic growth mechanisms in lithium/polymer cells. J Power Sour 81–82:925–929CrossRef

Brissot C, Rosso M, Chazalviel J-N, Lascaud S (1999b) In situ concentration cartography in the neighborhood of dendrites growing in lithium/polymer-electrolyte/lithium cells. J Electrochem Soc 146(12):4393–4400CrossRef

Bronger W, Nacken B, Ploog K (1975) Zur Synthese und Struktur von Li₂Pt und LiPt. J Less-Common Metals 43:143–146CrossRef

Bronger W, Klessen G, Müller P (1985) Zur Struktur von LiPt₇. J Less-Common Metals 109:L1–L2CrossRef

Budi A, Basile A, Opletal G, Hollenkamp AF, Best AS, Rees RJ, Bhatt AI, O’Mullane AP, Russo SP (2012) Study of the initial stage of solid electrolyte interphase formation upon chemical reaction of lithium metal and N-methyl-N-propyl-pyrrolidinium-Bis(Fluorosulfonyl)Imide. J Phys Chem C 116 (37):19789–19797. doi:10.1021/jp304581g

Camurri C, Ortiz M, Carrasco C (2003) Hot consolidation of Cu–Li powder alloys: a first approach to characterization. Mater Charact 51 (2–3):171–176. doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2003.11.002

Cao C, Li Z-B, Wang X-L, Zhao X-B, Han W-Q (2014) Recent advances in inorganic solid electrolytes for lithium batteries. Front Energy Res 2:1–10. doi:10.3389/fenrg.2014.00025

Carpio RA, King LA (1981) Deposition and dissolution of lithium–aluminum alloy and aluminum from chloride-saturated LiCl–AlCl and NaCl–AlCl melts. J Electrochem Soc 128(7):1510–1517CrossRef

Chang S-G, Lee HJ, Kang HY, Park S-M (2001) Characterization of surface films formed prior to bulk reduction of lithium in rigorously dried propylene carbonate solutions. Bull Korean Chem Soc 22(5):481–487

Chang HJ, Trease NM, Ilott AJ, Zeng D, Du L-S, Jerschow A, Grey CP (2015) Investigating Li microstructure formation on Li anodes for lithium batteries by in situ 6Li/7Li NMR and SEM. J Phys Chem C 119 (29):16443–16451. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b03396

Cheng H, Zhu C, Huang B, Lu M, Yang Y (2007) Synthesis and electrochemical characterization of PEO-based polymer electrolytes with room temperature ionic liquids. Electrochim Acta 52 (19):5789–5794. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2007.02.062

Cheng L, Crumlin EJ, Chen W, Qiao R, Hou H, Franz Lux S, Zorba V, Russo R, Kostecki R, Liu Z, Persson K, Yang W, Cabana J, Richardson T, Chen G, Doeff M (2014) The origin of high electrolyte-electrode interfacial resistances in lithium cells containing garnet type solid electrolytes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 16 (34):18294–18300. doi:10.1039/c4cp02921f

Cheng L, Chen W, Kunz M, Persson K, Tamura N, Chen GY, Doeff M (2015a) Effect of surface microstructure on electrochemical performance of garnet solid electrolytes. Acs Appl Mater Inter 7 (3):2073–2081. doi:10.1021/am508111r

Choi N-S, Lee Y-M, Park J-H, Park J-K (2003) Interfacial enhancement between lithium electrode and polymer electrolytes. J Power Sour 119–121:610-616. doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(03)00305-7

Choi N-S, Lee YM, Cho KY, Ko D-H, Park J-K (2004a) Protective layer with Oligo(ethylene glycol) Borate anion receptor for lithium metal electrode stabilization. Electrochem Commun 6 (12):1238–1242. doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2004.09.023

Choi N-S, Lee YM, Seol W, Lee JA, Park J-K (2004b) Protective coating of lithium metal electrode for interfacial enhancement with gel polymer electrolyte. Solid State Ionics 172 (1–4):19–24. doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2004.05.008

Choi J-W, Kim J-K, Cheruvally G, Ahn J-H, Ahn H-J, Kim K-W (2007a) Rechargeable lithium/sulfur battery with suitable mixed liquid electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 52 (5):2075–2082. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2006.08.016

Choi J, Cheruvally G, Kim Y, Kim J, Manuel J, Raghavan P, Ahn J, Kim K, Ahn H, Choi D (2007b) Poly(ethylene oxide)-based polymer electrolyte incorporating room-temperature ionic liquid for lithium batteries. Solid State Ionics 178 (19–20):1235–1241. doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2007.06.006

Choi J-W, Cheruvally G, Kim D-S, Ahn J-H, Kim K-W, Ahn H-J (2008) rechargeable lithium/sulfur battery with liquid electrolytes containing toluene as additive. J Power Sour 183 (1):441–445. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.05.038

Choi N-S, Koo B, Yeon J-T, Lee KT, Kim D-W (2011) Effect of a novel amphipathic ionic liquid on lithium deposition in gel polymer electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 56 (21):7249–7255. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2011.06.058

Choi SM, Kang IS, Sun Y-K, Song J-H, Chung S-M, Kim D-W (2013) Cycling characteristics of lithium metal batteries assembled with a surface modified lithium electrode. J Power Sour 244:363–368. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.12.106

Christensen J, Albertus P, Sanchez-Carrera RS, Lohmann T, Kozinsky B, Liedtke R, Ahmed J, Kojic A (2012) A critical review of Li/Air batteries. J Electrochem Soc 159 (2):R1–R30. doi:10.1149/2.086202jes

Chung K-I, Lee J-D, Kim E-J, Kim W-S, Cho J-H, Choi Y-K (2003) Studies on the effects of coated Li₂CO₃ on lithium electrode. Microchem J 75 (2):71–77. doi:10.1016/s0026-265x(03)00026-2

Chung JH, Kim WS, Yoon WY, Min SW, Cho BW (2006) Electrolyte loss and dimensional change of the negative electrode in li powder secondary cell. J Power Sour 163 (1):191–195. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.12.064

Dampier FW, Brummer SB (1977) The cycling behavior of the lithium electrode in LiAsF₆/methyl acetate solutions. Electrochim Acta 22:1339–1345CrossRef

Dan P, Mengeritsky E, Aurbach D, Weissman I, Zinigrad E (1997) More details on the new LiMnO₂ rechargeable battery technology developed at Tadiran. J Power Sour 68:443–447CrossRef

de Vries H, Jeong S, Passerini S (2015) Ternary polymer electrolytes incorporating pyrrolidinium-imide ionic liquids. RSC Adv 5(18):13598–13606. doi:10.1039/c4ra16070c CrossRef

Débart A, Dupont L, Poizot P, Leriche JB, Tarascon JM (2001) A transmission electron microscopy study of the reactivity mechanism of tailor-made CuO particles toward lithium. J Electrochem Soc 148 (11):A1266–A1274. doi:10.1149/1.1409971

Devaux D, Harry KJ, Parkinson DY, Yuan R, Hallinan DT, MacDowell AA, Balsara NP (2015a) Failure mode of lithium metal batteries with a block copolymer electrolyte analyzed by X-ray microtomography. J Electrochem Soc 162 (7):A1301–A1309. doi:10.1149/2.0721507jes

Devaux D, Glé D, Phan TNT, Gigmes D, Giroud E, Deschamps M, Denoyel R, Bouchet R (2015b) Optimization of block copolymer electrolytes for lithium metal batteries. Chem Mater 27 (13):4682–4692. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b01273

Dey AN (1971) Electrochemical alloying of lithium in organic electrolytes. J Electrochem Soc 118(10):1547–1549CrossRef

Dey AN (1977) Lithium anode film and organic and inorganic electrolyte batteries. Thin Solid Films 43:131–171CrossRef

Ding F, Xu W, Chen X, Zhang J, Engelhard MH, Zhang Y, Johnson BR, Crum JV, Blake TA, Liu X, Zhang JG (2013a) Effects of carbonate solvents and lithium salts on morphology and coulombic efficiency of lithium electrode. J Electrochem Soc 160 (10):A1894–A1901. doi:10.1149/2.100310jes

Ding F, Xu W, Graff GL, Zhang J, Sushko ML, Chen X, Shao Y, Engelhard MH, Nie Z, Xiao J, Liu X, Sushko PV, Liu J, Zhang J-G (2013b) Dendrite-free lithium deposition via self-healing electrostatic shield mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 135 (11):4450–4456. doi:10.1021/ja312241y

Dollé M, Sannier L, Beaudoin B, Trentin M, Tarascon J-M (2002) Live scanning electron microscope observations of dendritic growth in lithium/polymer cells. Electrochem Solid-State Lett 5 (12):A286–A289. doi:10.1149/1.1519970

Dominey LA, Goldman JL (1990) The improvement of rechargeable lithium battery electrolyte performance with additives. In: Proceedings of the 34th international power sources symposium 25 Jun 1990–28 Jun 1990, pp 84–86. doi:10.1109/IPSS.1990.145797

Dominey LA, Goldman JL, Koch VR, Shen D, Subbarao S, Huang CK, Halpert G, Deligiannis F (1991) Improved lithium/titanium disulfide cell cycling in either-based electrolytes with synergistic additives: part II. Proposed chemical pathways contributing to improved cycling. In: Abraham, KM, Salomon, M (eds) Proceedings of the symposium on primary and secondary lithium batteries. The Electrochem Soc Inc PV 91–3:293–301

Du F, Zhao N, Li Y, Chen C, Liu Z, Guo X (2015) All solid state lithium batteries based on lamellar garnet-type ceramic electrolytes. J Power Sour 300:24–28. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.09.061

Dudley JT, Wilkinson DP, Thomas G, LeVae R, Woo S, Blom H, Horvath C, Juzkow MW, Denis B, Juric P, Aghakian P, Dahn JR (1991) Conductivity of electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries. J Power Sourc 35:59–82CrossRef

Dudney NJ (2005) Solid-state thin-film rechargeable batteries. Mater Sci Eng B 116:245–249CrossRef

Ebner WB, Lin HW (1987) Prototype rechargeable lithium batteries. US government report NSWC TR 86–108

Edström K, Herstedt M, Abraham DP (2006) A new look at the solid electrolyte interphase on graphite anodes in Li–Ion batteries. J Power Sour 153 (2):380–384. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.05.062

Ein Ely Y, Aurbach D (1992) Identification of surface films formed on active metals and nonactive metal electrodes at low potentials in methyl formate solutions. Langmuir 8:1845–1850CrossRef

Ein-Eli Y, Aurbach D (1996) The correlation between the cycling efficiency, surface chemistry and morphology of Li electrodes in electrolyte solutions based on methyl formate. J Power Sour 54:281–288CrossRef

Ein-Eli Y, Thomas SR, Koch VR, Aurbach D, Markovsky B, Schechter A (1996) Ethylmethylcarbonate, a promising solvent for Li-Ion rechargeable batteries. J Electrochem Soc 143(12):L273–L277CrossRef

Ein-Eli Y, McDevitt SF, Aurbach D, Markovsky B, Schechter A (1997) Methyl propyl carbonate: a promising single solvent for Li-ion battery electrolytes. J Electrochem Soc 144(7):L180–L184CrossRef

Eweka E, Owen JR, Ritchie A (1997) Electrolytes and additives for high efficiency lithium cycling. J Power Sour 65:247–251CrossRef

Fauteux D (1993) Lithium electrode in polymer electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 38(9):1199–1210CrossRef

Fergus JW (2010) Ceramic and polymeric solid electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. J Power Sour 195 (15):4554–4569. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.01.076

Fernicola A, Croce F, Scrosati B, Watanabe T, Ohno H (2007) LiTFSI-BEPyTFSI as an improved ionic liquid electrolyte for rechargeable lithium batteries. J Power Sour 174 (1):342–348. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.09.013

Ferrese A, Newman J (2014) Mechanical deformation of a lithium-metal anode due to a very stiff separator. J Electrochem Soc 161 (9):A1350–A1359. doi:10.1149/2.0911409jes

Fischer AK, Vissers DR (1983) Morphological studies on the Li–Al electrode in fused salt electrolytes. J Electrochem Soc 130(1):5–11CrossRef

Frazer EJ (1981) Electrochemical formation of Lithium–Aluminium alloys in propylene carbonate electrolytes. J Electroanal Chem 121:329–339CrossRef

Fu J (1997a) Lithium ion conductive glass-ceramics. USA Patent 5,702,995, 30 Dec 1997

Fu J (1997b) Superionic conductivity of glass-ceramics in the system Li₂O-Al₂O₃-TiO₂-P₂O₅. Solid State Ionics 96 (3–4):195–200. doi:10.1016/s0167-2738(97)00018-0

Fujieda T, Yamamoto N, Saito K, Ishibashi T, Honjo M, Koike S, Wakabayashi N, Higuchi S (1994) Surface of lithium electrodes prepared in Ar + CO₂ gas. J Power Sour 52:197–200. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(94)01961-4

Fujieda T, Koike S, Higuchi S (1998) Influence of water and other contaminants in electrolyte solutions on lithium electrodeposition. Mat Res Soc Symp Proc 496:463–468CrossRef

Fung YS, Lai HC (1989) Cyclic chronopotentiometric studies of the LiAl anode in methyl acetate. J Appl Electrochem 19:239–246CrossRef

Furuya R, Tachikawa N, Yoshii K, Katayama Y, Miura T (2015) Deposition and dissolution of lithium through lithium phosphorus oxynitride thin film in some ionic liquids. J Electrochem Soc 162 (9):H634–H637. doi:10.1149/2.0471509jes

Gachot G, Grugeon S, Armand M, Pilard S, Guenot P, Tarascon J-M, Laruelle S (2008) Deciphering the multi-step degradation mechanisms of carbonate-based electrolyte in Li batteries. J Power Sour 178 (1):409–421. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.11.110

Gan H, Takeuchi ES (1996) Lithium electrodes with and without CO₂ treatment: electrochemical behavior and effect on high rate lithium battery performance. J Power Sour 62:45–50CrossRef

Gao XP, Bao JL, Pan GL, Zhu HY, Huang PX, Wu F, Song DY (2004) Preparation and electrochemical performance of polycrystalline and single crystalline CuO nanorods as anode materials for Li Ion battery. J Phys Chem B 108:5547–5551CrossRef

Garreau M, Thevenin J, Fekir M (1983) On the processes responsible for the degradation of the Aluminum–Lithium electrode used as anode material in lithium aprotic electrolyte batteries. J Power Sour 9:235–238CrossRef

Gąsior W, Onderka B, Moser Z, Dębski A, Gancarz T (2009) Thermodynamic evaluation of Cu–Li phase diagram from EMF measurements and DTA study. Calphad 33 (1):215–220. doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2008.10.006

Gasparotto LH, Borisenko N, Bocchi N, El Abedin SZ, Endres F (2009) In situ STM investigation of the lithium underpotential deposition on Au(111) in the air- and water-stable ionic liquid 1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 11 (47):11140–11145. doi:10.1039/b916809e

Gauthier M, Fauteux D, Vassort G, Bélanger A, Duval M, Ricoux P, Chabagno J-M, Muller D, Rigaud P, Armand MB, Deroo D (1985a) Assessment of polymer-electrolyte batteries for EV and ambient temperature applications. J Electrochem Soc 132(6):1333–1340CrossRef

Gauthier M, Fauteux D, Vassort G, Belanger A, Duval M, Ricoux P, Chabagno J-M, Muller D, Rigaud P, Armand MB, Deroo D (1985b) Behavior of polymer electrolyte batteries at 80–100 °C and near room temperature. J Power Sour 14:23–26CrossRef

Geronov Y, Schwager F, Muller RH (1982) Electrochemical studies of the film formation on lithium in propylene carbonate solutions under open-circuit conditions. J Electrochem Soc 129(7):1422–1429CrossRef

Geronov Y, Zlatilova P, Moshtev RV (1984a) The secondary lithium-aluminum electrode at room temeperature. I. Cycling in LiClO₄-propylene carbonate solutions. J Power Sour 12:145–153CrossRef

Geronov Y, Zlatilova P, Staikov G (1984b) Electrochemical nucleation and growth of β-LiAl Alloy in aprotic electrolyte solutions. Electrochim Acta 29(4):551–555CrossRef

Geronov Y, Zlatilova P, Staikov G (1984c) The secondary Lithium–Aluminum electrode at room temperature. II. Kinetics of the electrochemical formation of the Lithium–Aluminum Alloy. J Power Sour 12:155–165CrossRef

Geronov Y, Zlatilova P, Puresheva B, Pasquali M, Pistoia G (1989) Behaviour of the Lithium electrode during cycling in nonaqueous solutions. J Power Sour 26:585–591CrossRef

Girard GM, Hilder M, Zhu H, Nucciarone D, Whitbread K, Zavorine S, Moser M, Forsyth M, MacFarlane DR, Howlett PC (2015) Electrochemical and physicochemical properties of small phosphonium cation ionic liquid electrolytes with high lithium salt content. Phys Chem Chem Phys 17 (14):8706–8713. doi:10.1039/c5cp00205b

Gireaud L, Grugeon S, Laruelle S, Yrieix B, Tarascon JM (2006) Lithium metal stripping/plating mechanisms studies: a metallurgical approach. Electrochem Commun 8 (10):1639–1649. doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2006.07.037

Gofer Y, Ben-Zion M, Aurbach D (1992) Solutions of LiAsF₆ in 1,3-Dioxolane for secondary lithium batteries. J Power Sour 39:163–178CrossRef

Gofer Y, Barbour R, Luo Y, Tryk D, Scherson DA, Jayne J, Chottiner G (1995) Underpotential deposition of lithium on polycrystalline gold from a LiClO₄/Poly(ethylene oxide) solid polymer electrolyte in ultrahigh vacuum. J Phys Chem 99:11739–11741CrossRef

Goldman JL, Mank RM, Young JH, Koch VR (1980) Structure-reactivity relationships of methylated tetrahydrofurans with lithium. J Electrochem Soc 127(7):1461–1467CrossRef

Goldman JL, Dominey LA, Koch VR (1989) The stabilization of LiAsF₆/1,3-Dioxolane for use in rechargeable lithium batteries. J Power Sour 26:519–523CrossRef

Goodman JKS, Kohl PA (2014) Effect of alkali and alkaline earth metal salts on suppression of lithium dendrites. J Electrochem Soc 161 (9):D418–D424. doi:10.1149/2.0301409jes

Gorodyskii AV, Sazhin SV, Danilin VV, Kuksenko SP (1989) Effect of sodium cation on lithium corrosion in aprotic media. J Power Sour 28:335–343CrossRef

Grugeon S, Laruelle S, Herrera-Urbina R, Dupont L, Poizot P, Tarascon JM (2001) Particle size effects on the electrochemical performance of copper oxides toward lithium. J Electrochem Soc 148 (4):A285–A292. doi:10.1149/1.1353566

Guo J, Wen Z, Wu M, Jin J, Liu Y (2015) Vinylene carbonate–LiNO₃: a hybrid additive in carbonic ester electrolytes for SEI modification on Li metal anode. Electrochem Commun 51:59–63. doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2014.12.008

Gurevitch I, Buonsanti R, Teran AA, Gludovatz B, Ritchie RO, Cabana J, Balsara NP (2013) Nanocomposites of titanium dioxide and polystyrene-Poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer as solid-state electrolytes for lithium metal batteries. J Electrochem Soc 160 (9):A1611–A1617. doi:10.1149/2.117309jes

Hallinan DT, Mullin SA, Stone GM, Balsara NP (2013) Lithium metal stability in batteries with block copolymer electrolytes. J Electrochem Soc 160 (3):A464–A470. doi:10.1149/2.030303jes

Halpert G, Surampudi S, Shen D, Huang C-K, Narayanan S, Vamos E, Perrone D (1994) Status of the development of rechargeable lithium cells. J Power Sour 47:287–294CrossRef

Hamon Y, Brousse T, Jousse F, Topart P, Buvat P, Schleich DM (2001) Aluminum negative electrode in lithium ion batteries. J Power Sour 97–98:185–187CrossRef

Henderson WA (2006) Glyme–Lithium salt phase behavior. J Phys Chem B 110:13177–13183CrossRef

Herbert EG, Tenhaeff WE, Dudney NJ, Pharr GM (2011) Mechanical characterization of LiPON films using nanoindentation. Thin Solid Films 520 (1):413–418. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2011.07.068

Herlem G, Fahys B, Székely M, Sutter E, Mathieu C, Herlem M, Penneau J-F (1996) n-butylamine as solvent for lithium salt electrolytes. Structure and properties of concentrated solutions. Electrochim Acta 41(17):2753–2760CrossRef

Herr R (1990) Organic electrolytes for lithium cells. Electrochim Acta 35(8):1257–1265CrossRef

Hess S, Wohlfahrt-Mehrens M, Wachtler M (2015) Flammability of Li-Ion battery electrolytes: flash point and self-extinguishing time measurements. J Electrochem Soc 162 (2):A3084–A3097. doi:10.1149/2.0121502jes

Hirai T, Yoshimatsu I, Yamaki J-I (1994a) Influence of electrolyte on lithium cycling efficiency with pressurized electrode stack. J Electrochem Soc 141(3):611–614CrossRef

Hirai T, Yoshimatsu I, Yamaki J-I (1994b) Effect of additives on lithium cycling efficiency. J Electrochem Soc 141(9):2300–2305CrossRef

Honeywell I (1975) Lithium-organic electrolyte batteries for sensor and communications equipment. US Government report AD-A020 143

Hong S-T, Kim J-S, Lim S-J, Yoon WY (2004) Surface characterization of emulsified lithium powder electrode. Electrochim Acta 50 (2–3):535–539. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2004.03.065

Howlett PC, MacFarlane DR, Hollenkamp AF (2004) High lithium metal cycling efficiency in a room-temperature ionic liquid. Electrochem Solid-State Lett 7 (5):A97–A101. doi:10.1149/1.1664051

Howlett PC, Brack N, Hollenkamp AF, Forsyth M, MacFarlane DR (2006) Characterization of the lithium surface in N-methyl-N-alkylpyrrolidinium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide room-temperature ionic liquid electrolytes. J Electrochem Soc 153 (3):A595–A606. doi:10.1149/1.2164726

Huang XH, Tu JP, Zhang B, Zhang CQ, Li Y, Yuan YF, Wu HM (2006) Electrochemical properties of NiO–Ni nanocomposite as anode material for lithium ion batteries. J Power Sour 161 (1):541–544. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.03.039

Huang XH, Tu JP, Xia XH, Wang XL, Xiang JY, Zhang L, Zhou Y (2009) Morphology effect on the electrochemical performance of nio films as anodes for lithium ion batteries. J Power Sour 188 (2):588–591. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.11.111

Huggins RA (1988) Polyphase alloys as rechargeable electrodes in advanced battery systems. J Power Sour 22:341–350CrossRef

Huggins RA (1989a) Materials science principles related to alloys of potential use in rechargeable lithium cells. J Power Sour 26(1–2):109–120CrossRef

Huggins RH (1989b) Materials science principles related to alloys of potential use in rechargeable lithium cells. J Power Sour 26:109–120CrossRef

Huggins RA (1999a) Lithium alloy negative electrodes. J Power Sour 81–82:13–19CrossRef

Huggins RA (1999b) Lithium alloy anodes in handbook of battery materials. Lithium Alloy anodes in handbook of battery materials (Ed: Besenhard, J O) Wiley-VCH:359–381

Huggins RA (2009) Lithium–Carbon alloys in advanced batteries-materials science aspects. Lithium–Carbon Alloys in Advanced Batteries-Materials Science Aspects Springer Science:127–149

Ichino T, Cahan BD, Scherson DA (1991) In situ attenuated total reflection fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies of the polyethylene Oxide/LiClO₄-metallic lithium interface. J Electrochem Soc 138(11):L59–L61CrossRef

Imanishi N, Hasegawa S, Zhang T, Hirano A, Takeda Y, Yamamoto O (2008) Lithium anode for lithium-air secondary batteries. J Power Sour 185 (2):1392–1397. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.07.080

Ishiguro K, Nakata Y, Matsui M, Uechi I, Takeda Y, Yamamoto O, Imanishi N (2013) Stability of Nb-doped cubic Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ with Lithium Metal. J Electrochem Soc 160 (10):A1690–A1693. doi:10.1149/2.036310jes

Ishikawa M, Yoshitake S, Morita M, Matsuda Y (1994) In situ scanning vibrating electrode technique for the characterization of interface between lithium electrode and electrolytes containing additives. J Electrochem Soc 141(12):L159–L161CrossRef

Ishikawa M, Morita M, Matsuda Y (1997) In situ scanning vibrating electrode technique for lithium metal anodes. J Power Sour 68:501–505CrossRef

Ishikawa M, Kanemoto M, Morita M (1999a) Control of lithium metal anode cycleability by electrolyte temperature. J Power Sour 81–82:217–220CrossRef

Ishikawa M, Machino S-I, Morita M (1999b) Electrochemical control of a Li metal anode interface: improvement of Li cyclability by inorganic additives compatible with electrolytes. J Electroanal Chem 473:279–284CrossRef

Ishikawa M, Inoue K, Yoshimoto N, Morita M (2003) Cycleability enhancement of Li metal anode by primary charge with electrolyte additives. Electrochemistry 71(12):1046–1048

Ishikawa M, Kawasaki H, Yoshimoto N, Morita M (2005) Pretreatment of Li metal anode with electrolyte additive for enhancing Li cycleability. J Power Sour 146 (1–2):199–203. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.03.007

Ismail I, Noda A, Nishimoto A, Watanabe M (2001) XPS study of lithium surface after contact with lithium-salt doped polymer electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 46:1595–1603CrossRef

Jang IC, Ida S, Ishihara T (2014) Surface coating layer on Li metal for increased cycle stability of Li-O₂ batteries. J Electrochem Soc 161 (5):A821–A826. doi:10.1149/2.087405jes

Jow TR, Liang CC (1982) Lithium–Aluminum electrodes at ambient temperatures. J Electrochem Soc 129(7):1429–1434CrossRef

Jung YS, Oh DY, Nam YJ, Park KH (2015) Issues and challenges for bulk-type all-solid-state rechargeable lithium batteries using sulfide solid electrolytes. Isr J Chem 55 (5):472–485. doi:10.1002/ijch.201400112

Kamaya N, Homma K, Yamakawa Y, Hirayama M, Kanno R, Yonemura M, Kamiyama T, Kato Y, Hama S, Kawamoto K, Mitsui A (2011) A lithium superionic conductor. Nat Mater 10 (9):682–686. doi:10.1038/nmat3066

Kanamura K, Tamura H, Takehara Z-I (1992) XPS analysis of a lithium surface immersed in propylene carbonate solution containing various salts. J Electroanal Chem 333:127–142CrossRef

Kanamura K, Shiraishi S, Takehara Z-I (1994a) Electrochemical deposition of uniform lithium on an Ni substrate in a nonaqueous electrolyte. J Electrochem Soc 141(9):L108–L110CrossRef

Kanamura K, Shiraishi S, Tamura H, Takehara Z-I (1994b) X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis and scanning electron microscopic observation of the lithium surface immersed in nonaqueous solvents. J Electrochem Soc 141(9):2379–2385CrossRef

Kanamura K, Shiraishi S, Takehara Z-I (1995a) Morphology control of lithium deposited in nonaqueous media. Chem Lett:209–210

Kanamura K, Tamura H, Shiraishi S, Takehara Z-I (1995b) XPS analysis for the lithium surface immersed in γ-butyrolactone containing various salts. Electrochim Acta 40(7):913–921CrossRef

Kanamura K, Tamura H, Shiraishi S, Takehara Z-I (1995c) XPS analysis of lithium surfaces following immersion in various solvents containing LiBF₄. J Electrochem Soc 142(2):340–347CrossRef

Kanamura K, Shiraishi S, Takeharo Z-I (1996) Electrochemical deposition of very smooth lithium using nonaqueous electrolytes containing HF. J Electrochem Soc 143(7):2187–2197CrossRef

Kanamura K, Takezawa H, Shiraishi S, Takehara Z-I (1997) Chemical reaction of lithium surface during immersion in LiClO₄ or LiPF₆/DEC electrolyte. J Electrochem Soc 144(6):1900–1906CrossRef

Kanamura K, Shiraishi S, Takehara Z-I (2000) Quartz crystal microbalance study of lithium deposition and dissolution in nonaqueous electrolyte with hydrofluoric acid. J Electrochem Soc 147(6):2070–2075CrossRef

Kazyak E, Wood KN, Dasgupta NP (2015) Improved cycle life and stability of lithium metal anodes through ultrathin atomic layer deposition surface treatments. Chem Mater 27(18):6457–6462. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b02789 CrossRef

Khurana R, Schaefer JL, Archer LA, Coates GW (2014) Suppression of lithium dendrite growth using cross-linked polyethylene/poly(ethylene oxide) electrolytes: a new approach for practical lithium-metal polymer batteries. J Am Chem Soc 136(20):7395–7402. doi:10.1021/ja502133j CrossRef

Kim JS, Yoon WY (2004a) Improvement in lithium cycling efficiency by using lithium powder anode. Electrochim Acta 50 (2–3):531–534. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2003.12.071

Kim W-S, Yoon W-Y (2004b) Observation of dendritic growth on Li powder anode using optical cell. Electrochim Acta 50(2–3):541–545. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2004.03.066 CrossRef

Kim SW, Ahn YJ, Yoon WY (1988) The surface morphology of Li metal electrode. Met Mater 6 (4):345–349. doi:10.1149/1.2095351

Kim J-S, Yoon W-Y, Kim B-K (2006) Morphological differences between lithium powder and lithium foil electrode during discharge/charge. J Power Sour 163 (1):258–263. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.04.072

Kim G-T, Appetecchi GB, Alessandrini F, Passerini S (2007a) Solvent-free, PYR1ATFSI ionic liquid-based ternary polymer electrolyte systems. J Power Sour 171(2):861–869. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.07.020 CrossRef

Kim JS, Yoon WY, Yi KY, Kim BK, Cho BW (2007b) The dissolution and deposition behavior in lithium powder electrode. J Power Sour 165 (2):620–624. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.10.033

Kim GT, Appetecchi GB, Carewska M, Joost M, Balducci A, Winter M, Passerini S (2010a) UV cross-linked, lithium-conducting ternary polymer electrolytes containing ionic liquids. J Power Sour 195 (18):6130–6137. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.10.079

Kim JS, Baek SH, Yoon WY (2010b) Electrochemical behavior of compacted lithium powder electrode in Li/V[sub 2]O[sub 5] rechargeable battery. J Electrochem Soc 157 (8):A984–A987. doi:10.1149/1.3457381

Kim TK, Chen W, Wang C (2011) Heat treatment effect of the Ni foam current collector in lithium ion batteries. J Power Sour 196 (20):8742–8746. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.06.028

Kim GT, Jeong SS, Xue MZ, Balducci A, Winter M, Passerini S, Alessandrini F, Appetecchi GB (2012) Development of ionic liquid-based lithium battery prototypes. J Power Sour 199:239–246. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.10.036

Kim TK, Li X, Wang C (2013a) Temperature dependent capacity contribution of thermally treated anode current collectors in lithium ion batteries. Appl Surf Sci 264:419–423. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.10.037 CrossRef

Kim S-H, Choi K-H, Cho S-J, Kil E-H, Lee S-Y (2013c) Mechanically compliant and lithium dendrite growth-suppressing composite polymer electrolytes for flexible lithium-ion batteries. J Mater Chem A 1 (16):4949–4955. doi:10.1039/c3ta10612h

Knauth P (2009) Inorganic solid Li ion conductors: an overview. Solid State Ionics 180(14–16):911–916. doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2009.03.022 CrossRef

Koch VR (1979) Reactions of tetrahydrofuran and lithium hexafluoroarsenate with lithium. J Electrochem Soc 126(2):181–187CrossRef

Koch VR, Young JH (1978) The stability of the secondary lithium electrode in tetrahydrofuran-based electrolytes. J Electrochem Soc 125(9):1371–1377CrossRef

Koch VR, Goldman JL, Mattos CJ, Mulvaney M (1982) Specular lithium deposits from lithium hexafluoroarsenate/diethyl ether electrolytes. J Electrochem Soc 129(1):1–4CrossRef

Koike S, Fujieda T, Wakabayashi N, Higuchi S (1997) Electrochemical and quartz microbalance technique studies of anode material for secondary lithium batteries. J Power Sour 68:480–482CrossRef

Kong SK, Kim BK, Yoon WY (2012) Electrochemical behavior of Li-powder anode in high Li capacity used. J Electrochem Soc 159(9):A1551–A1553. doi:10.1149/2.062209jes CrossRef

Kwon CW, Cheon SE, Song JM, Kim HT, Kim KB, Shin CB, Kim SW (2001) Characteristics of a lithium-polymer battery based on a lithium powder anode. J Power Sour 93:145–150CrossRef

Laman FC, Brandt K (1988) Effect of discharge current on cycle life of a rechargeable lithium battery. J Power Sour 24:195–206CrossRef

Lambri OA, Peñaloza A, Morón Alcain AV, Ortiz M, Lucca FC (1996) Mechanical dynamical spectroscopy in Cu–Li alloys produced by electrodeposition. Mater Sci Engr A212:108–118CrossRef

Lambri OA, Morón Alcain AV, Lambri GI, Peñaloza A, Ortiz M, Wörner CH, Bocanegra E (1999) Precipitation processes in a Cu-18 at% Li alloy produced by electrodeposition. Mater T JIM 40(1):72–77CrossRef

Lambri OA, Pérez-Landazábal JI, Peñaloza A, Herrero O, Recarte V, Ortiz M, Wörner CH (2000) Study of the phases in a copper cathode during an electrodeposition process for obtaining Cu–Li Alloys. Mater Res Bull 35:1023–1033CrossRef

Lambri OA, Pérez-Landazábal JI, Salvatierra LM, Recarte V, Bortolotto CE, Herrero O, Bolmaro RE, Peñaloza A, Wörner CH (2005) Obtaining of single phase Cu–Li alloy through an electrodeposition process. Mater Lett 59(2–3):349–354. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2004.10.017 CrossRef

Lane GH, Best AS, MacFarlane DR, Forsyth M, Bayley PM, Hollenkamp AF (2010a) the electrochemistry of lithium in ionic liquid/organic diluent mixtures. Electrochim Acta 55(28):8947–8952. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2010.08.023 CrossRef

Lane GH, Bayley PM, Clare BR, Best AS, MacFarlane DR, Forsyth M, Hollenkamp AF (2010b) Ionic liquid electrolyte for lithium metal batteries: physical, electrochemical, and interfacial studies of N-Methyl-N-butylmorpholinium Bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide. J Phys Chem C 114:21775–21785CrossRef

Lee H, Cho J-J, Kim J, Kim H-J (2005) Comparison of voltammetric responses over the cathodic region in LiPF6 and LiBETI with and without HF. J Electrochem Soc 152(6):A1193–A1198. doi:10.1149/1.1914748 CrossRef

Lee Y-G, Kyhm K, Choi N-S, Ryu KS (2006) Submicroporous/microporous and compatible/incompatible multi-functional dual-layer polymer electrolytes and their interfacial characteristics with lithium metal anode. J Power Sour 163(1):264–268. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.05.008 CrossRef

Lee Y-S, Lee JH, Choi J-A, Yoon WY, Kim D-W (2013) Cycling characteristics of lithium powder polymer batteries assembled with composite gel polymer electrolytes and lithium powder anode. Adv Funct Mater 23(8):1019–1027. doi:10.1002/adfm.201200692 CrossRef

Lee H, Lee DJ, Kim Y-J, Park J-K, Kim H-T (2015) A simple composite protective layer coating that enhances the cycling stability of lithium metal batteries. J Power Sour 284:103–108. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.03.004 CrossRef

Li J, Pons S, Smith JJ (1986) Far-infrared spectroscopy of the electrode-solution with surface states of a gold electrode. Langmuir 2:297–301CrossRef

Li L-F, Totir DA, Chottiner GS, Scherson DA (1998a) Electrochemical reactivity of carbon monoxide and sulfur adsorbed on Ni(111) and Ni(110) in a lithium-based solid polymer electrolyte in ultrahigh vacuum. J Phys Chem B 102:8013–8016CrossRef

Li L-F, Totir DA, Gofer Y, Chottiner GS, Scherson DA (1998b) The electrochemistry of nickel in a lithium-based solid polymer electrolyte in ultrahigh vacuum environments. Electrochim Acta 44:949–955CrossRef

Li L-F, Luo Y, Totir GG, Totir DA, Chottiner GS, Scherson DA (1999) Underpotential deposition of lithium on aluminum in ultrahigh-vacuum environments. J Phys Chem B 103:164–168CrossRef

Li X, Dhanabalan A, Bechtold K, Wang C (2010) Binder-free porous core-shell structured Ni/NiO configuration for application of high performance lithium ion batteries. Electrochem Commun 12(9):1222–1225. doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2010.06.024 CrossRef

Li L, Zhao X, Fu Y, Manthiram A (2012a) Polyprotic acid catholyte for high capacity dual-electrolyte Li–air batteries. Phys Chem Chem Phys 14:12737–12740CrossRef

Li Y, Huang K, Xing Y (2012b) A hybrid Li-air battery with buckypaper air cathode and sulfuric acid electrolyte. Electrochim Acta 81:20–24CrossRef

Li W, Yao H, Yan K, Zheng G, Liang Z, Chiang YM, Cui Y (2015) The synergetic effect of lithium polysulfide and lithium nitrate to prevent lithium dendrite growth. Nat Commun 6:7436. doi:10.1038/ncomms8436 CrossRef

Lisowska-Oleksiak A (1999) The interface between lithium and poly(ethylene-oxide). Solid State Ionics 119:205–209CrossRef

Liu S, Imanishi N, Zhang T, Hirano A, Takeda Y, Yamamoto O, Yang J (2010a) Effect of nano-silica filler in polymer electrolyte on Li dendrite formation in Li/Poly(ethylene oxide)–Li(CF3SO2)2 N/Li. J Power Sour 195(19):6847–6853. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.04.027 CrossRef

Liu S, Imanishi N, Zhang T, Hirano A, Takeda Y, Yamamoto O, Yang J (2010b) Lithium dendrite formation in Li/Poly(ethylene oxide)–Lithium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide/Li cells. J Electrochem Soc 157(10):A1092–A1098. doi:10.1149/1.3473790 CrossRef

Liu H, Wang G, Liu J, Qiao S, Ahn H (2011a) Highly ordered mesoporous NiO anode material for lithium ion batteries with an excellent electrochemical performance. J Mater Chem 21(9):3046–3052. doi:10.1039/c0jm03132a CrossRef

Liu S, Wang H, Imanishi N, Zhang T, Hirano A, Takeda Y, Yamamoto O, Yang J (2011b) Effect of Co-doping nano-silica filler and N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide into polymer electrolyte on Li dendrite formation in Li/Poly(ethylene oxide)-Li(CF3SO2)2 N/Li. J Power Sour 196(18):7681–7686. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.04.001 CrossRef

Liu Z, Fu W, Payzant EA, Yu X, Wu Z, Dudney NJ, Kiggans J, Hong K, Rondinone AJ, Liang C (2013) Anomalous high ionic conductivity of nanoporous β-Li₃PS₄. J Am Chem Soc 135(3):975–978. doi:10.1021/ja3110895 CrossRef

Liu C, Ma X, Xu F, Zheng L, Zhang H, Feng W, Huang X, Armand M, Nie J, Chen H, Zhou Z (2014) Ionic liquid electrolyte of lithium Bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide/N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium Bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide for Li/natural graphite cells: effect of concentration of lithium salt on the physicochemical and electrochemical properties. Electrochim Acta 149:370–385. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2014.10.048 CrossRef

Rendek Jr. LJ, Chottiner GS, Scherson DA (2003) Reactivity of metallic lithium toward γ-butyrolactone, propylene carbonate, and dioxalane. J Electrochem Soc 150 (3):A326–A329. doi:10.1149/1.1543949

Lu Y, Tu Z, Archer LA (2014) Stable lithium electrodeposition in liquid and nanoporous solid electrolytes. Nat Mater 13(10):961–969. doi:10.1038/nmat4041 CrossRef

Lu Y, Tu Z, Shu J, Archer LA (2015) Stable lithium electrodeposition in salt-reinforced electrolytes. J Power Sour 279:413–418. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.01.030 CrossRef

Lv D, Shao Y, Lozano T, Bennett WD, Graff GL, Polzin B, Zhang J-G, Engelhard MH, Saenz NT, Henderson WA, Bhattacharya P, Liu J, Xiao J (2015) Failure mechanism for fast-charged lithium metal batteries with liquid electrolytes. Adv Energy Mater 5(3):1400993. doi:10.1002/aenm.201400993 CrossRef

Malik Y, Aurbach D, Dan P, Meitav A (1990) The electrochemical behaviour of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran solutions. J Electroanal Chem 282:73–105CrossRef

Marcinek M, Syzdek J, Marczewski M, Piszcz M, Niedzicki L, Kalita M, Plewa-Marczewska A, Bitner A, Wieczorek P, Trzeciak T, Kasprzyk M, Łężak P, Zukowska Z, Zalewska A, Wieczorek W (2015) Electrolytes for Li-Ion transport—review. Solid State Ionics 276:107–126. doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2015.02.006 CrossRef

Marlier JF, Frey TG, Mallory JA, Cleland WW (2005) Multiple isotope effect study of the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of methyl formate. J Org Chem 70:1737–1744CrossRef

Matsuda Y (1993) Behavior of lithium/electrolyte interface in organic solutions. J Power Sour 43–44:1–7CrossRef

Matsuda Y, Morita M (1989) Organic additives for the electrolytes of rechargeable lithium batteries. J Power Sour 26:579–583. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(89)80182-X

Matsuda Y, Sekiya M (1999) Effect of organic additives in electrolyte solutions on lithium electrode behavior. J Power Sour 81–82:759–761. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00239-6

Matsuda Y, Morita M, Nigo H (1991) In: Abraham KM, Salomon M (eds) Primary and secondary lithium batteries. The electrochemical society proceedings series, Pennington 91–3:272

Matsuda Y, Ishikawa M, Yoshitake S, Morita M (1995) Characterization of the lithium-organic electrolyte interface containing inorganic and organic additives by in situ techniques. J Power Sour 54:301–305CrossRef

Matsuda Y, Monta M, Ishikawa M (1997) Electrolyte solutions for anodes in rechargeable lithium batteries. J Power Sourc 68:30–36CrossRef

Matsui T, Takeyama K (1995) Lithium deposit morphology from polymer electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 40(13–14):2165–2169CrossRef

Matsumoto H, Sakaebe H, Tatsumi K, Kikuta M, Ishiko E, Kono M (2006) Fast Cycling of Li/LiCoO₂ cell with low-viscosity ionic liquids based on Bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide [FSI]. J Power Sour 160 (2):1308–1313. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.02.018

Mayers MZ, Kaminski JW, Miller TF (2012) Suppression of dendrite formation via pulse charging in rechargeable lithium metal batteries. J Phys Chem C 116 (50):26214–26221. doi:10.1021/jp309321w

McKinnon WR, Dahn JR (1985) How to reduce the cointercalation of propylene carbonate in Li _x ZrS₂ and other layered compounds. J Electrochem Soc 132(2):364–366CrossRef

McOwen DW, Seo DM, Borodin O, Vatamanu J, Boyled PD, Henderson WA (2014) Concentrated electrolytes: decrypting electrolyte properties and reassessing Al corrosion mechanisms. Energy Environ Sci 7:416CrossRef

Mengeritsky E, Dan P, Weissman I, Zaban A, Aurbach D (1996a) Safety and performance of Tadiran TLR-7103 rechargeable batteries. J Electrochem Soc 143 (7):2110–2116. doi:10.1149/1.1836967

Mengeritsky E, Dan P, Weissman I, Zaban A, Aurbach D (1996b) Safety and performance of Tadiran TLR-7103 rechargeable batteries. J Electrochem Soc 143(7):2110–2116CrossRef

Minami T, Hayashi A, Tatsumisago M (2006) Recent progress of glass and glass-ceramics as solid electrolytes for lithium secondary batteries. Solid State Ionics 177 (26–32):2715–2720. doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2006.07.017

Mo Y, Gofer Y, Hwang E, Wang Z-G, Scherson DA (1996) Simultaneous microgravimetric and optical reflectivity studies of lithium underpotential deposition on Au(111) from propylene carbonate electrolytes. J Electroanal Chem 409:87–93CrossRef

Mogi R, Inaba M, Abe T, Ogumi Z (2001) In situ atomic force microscopy observation of lithium deposition at an elevated temperature. J Power Sour 97–98:265–268CrossRef

Mogi R, Inaba M, Iriyama Y, Abe T, Ogumi Z (2002a) In situ atomic force microscopy study on lithium deposition on nickel substrates at elevated temperatures. J Electrochem Soc 149 (4):A385–A390. doi:10.1149/1.1454138

Mogi R, Inaba M, Iriyama Y, Abe T, Ogumi Z (2002b) Surface film formation on nickel electrodes in a propylene carbonate solution at elevated temperatures. J Power Sour 108:163–173CrossRef

Mogi R, Inaba M, Jeong S-K, Iriyama Y, Abe T, Ogumi Z (2002c) Effects of some organic additives on lithium deposition in propylene carbonate. J Electrochem Soc 149 (12):A1578–A1583. doi:10.1149/1.1516770

Momma T, Matsumoto Y, Osaka T (1995) Effect of CO₂ on the cycleability of lithium metal anode. Mat Res Soc Symp Proc 393:223–228CrossRef

Momma T, Nara H, Yamagami S, Tatsumi C, Osaka T (2011) Effect of the atmosphere on chemical composition and electrochemical properties of solid electrolyte interface on electrodeposited Li metal. J Power Sour 196 (15):6483–6487. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.03.095

Monroe C, Newman J (2005) the impact of elastic deformation on deposition kinetics at lithium/polymer interfaces. J Electrochem Soc 152 (2):A396–A404. doi:10.1149/1.1850854

Morales J, Trócoli R, Franger S, Santos-Peña J (2010) Cycling-induced stress in lithium ion negative electrodes: LiAl/LiFePO₄ and Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/LiFePO₄ cells. Electrochim Acta 55 (9):3075–3082. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2009.12.104

Morigaki K-I, Ohta A (1998) Analysis of the surface of lithium in organic electrolyte by atomic force microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning auger electron microscopy. J Power Sour 76:159–166CrossRef

Morita M, Aoki S, Matsuda Y (1992) AC impedance behavior of lithium electrode in organic electrolyte solutions containing additives. Electrochim Acta 37(1):119–123CrossRef

Motoyama M, Ejiri M, Iriyama Y (2015) Modeling the nucleation and growth of Li at metal current collector/LiPON interfaces. J Electrochem Soc 162 (13):A7067–A7071. doi:10.1149/2.0051513jes

Murugan R, Thangadurai V, Weppner W (2007) Fast lithium ion conduction in garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12. Angew Chem-Int Ed 46 (41):7778–7781. doi:10.1002/anie.200701144

Myung S-T, Yashiro H (2014) Electrochemical stability of aluminum current collector in alkyl carbonate electrolytes containing lithium Bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide for lithium-ion batteries. J Power Sour 271:167–173. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.07.097

Myung S-T, Natsui H, Sun Y-K, Yashiro H (2010) Electrochemical behavior of Al in a non-aqueous alkyl carbonate solution containing LiBOB salt. J Power Sour 195 (24):8297–8301. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.07.027

Nagao M, Kitaura H, Hayashi A, Tatsumisago M (2009) J Power Sour 189:672–675CrossRef

Nagao M, Hayashi A, Tatsumisago M, Kanetsuku T, Tsuda T, Kuwabata S (2013a) In situ SEM study of a lithium deposition and dissolution mechanism in a bulk-type solid-state cell with a Li₂S-P₂S₅ solid electrolyte. Phys Chem Chem Phys 15 (42):18600–18606. doi:10.1039/c3cp51059j

Nanjundiah C, Goldman JL, Dominey LA, Koch VR (1988) Electrochemical stability of LiMF6 (M = P, As, Sb) in tetrahydrofuran and sulfolane. J Electrochem Soc 135(12):2914–2917CrossRef

Nazri G, Muller RH (1985a) In situ X-ray diffraction of surface layers on lithium in nonaqueous electrolyte. J Electrochem Soc 132(6):1385–1387CrossRef

Nazri G, Muller RH (1985b) Effect of residual water in propylene carbonate on films formed on lithium. J Electrochem Soc 132(9):2054–2058CrossRef

Needham SA, Wang GX, Liu HK (2006) Synthesis of NiO nanotubes for use as negative electrodes in lithium ion batteries. J Power Sour 159 (1):254–257. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.04.025

Nemori H, Matsuda Y, Mitsuoka S, Matsui M, Yamamoto O, Takeda Y, Imanishi N (2015) Stability of Garnet-type solid electrolyte LixLa3A2-yByO12 (A = Nb or Ta, B = Sc or Zr). Solid State Ionics 282:7–12. doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2015.09.015

Neudecker BJ, Dudney NJ, Bates JB (2000) “Lithium-Free” thin-film battery with in situ plated Li anode. J Electrochem Soc 147(2):517–523CrossRef

Neuhold S, Vaughey JT, Grogger C, López CM (2014) Enhancement in cycle life of metallic lithium electrodes protected with Fp-Silanes. J Power Sour 254:241–248. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.12.057

Newman GH, Francis RW, Gaines LH, Rao BML (1980) Hazard Investigations of LiClO₄/Dioxolane electrolyte. J Electrochem Soc 127(9):2025–2027CrossRef

Niitani T, Shimada M, Kawamura K, Kanamura K (2005a) Characteristics of new-type solid polymer electrolyte controlling nano-structure. J Power Sour 146 (1–2):386–390. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.03.102

Niitani T, Shimada M, Kawamura K, Dokko K, Rho Y-H, Kanamura K (2005b) Synthesis of Li + Ion conductive PEO-PSt block copolymer electrolyte with microphase separation structure. Electrochem Solid-State Lett 8 (8):A385–A388. doi:10.1149/1.1940491

Niitani T, Amaike M, Nakano H, Dokko K, Kanamura K (2009) Star-shaped polymer electrolyte with microphase separation structure for all-solid-state lithium batteries. J Electrochem Soc 156 (7):A577–A583. doi:10.1149/1.3129245

Nishida T, Nishikawa K, Rosso M, Fukunaka Y (2013) Optical observation of Li dendrite growth in ionic liquid. Electrochim Acta 100:333–341. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2012.12.131

Nishikawa K, Fukunaka Y, Sakka T, Ogata YH, Selman JR (2007) Measurement of concentration profiles during electrodeposition of Li metal from LiPF6-PC electrolyte solution. J Electrochem Soc 154 (10):A943–A948. doi:10.1149/1.2767404

Nishikawa K, Mori T, Nishida T, Fukunaka Y, Rosso M, Homma T (2010) In situ observation of dendrite growth of electrodeposited li metal. J Electrochem Soc 157 (11):A1212–A1217. doi:10.1149/1.3486468

Nishikawa K, Mori T, Nishida T, Fukunaka Y, Rosso M (2011) Li dendrite growth and Li + Ionic mass transfer phenomenon. J Electroanal Chem 661 (1):84–89. doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.06.035

Nishio Y, Kitaura H, Hayashi A, Tatsumisago M (2009) All-solid-state lithium secondary batteries using nanocomposites of NiS electrode/Li₂S-P₂S₅ electrolyte prepared mechanochemical reaction. J Power Sour 189:629–632CrossRef

Ogumi Z, Wang H (2009). In: Yoshio, M, Brodd RJ, Kozawa A (eds) Carbon anode materials in Lithium-Ion batteries: science & technologies. Springer Science, pp 49–73

Ohta N, Takada K, Zhang L, Ma R, Osada M, Sasaki T (2006) Enhancement of the high-rate capability of solid-state lithium batteries by nanoscale interfacial modification. Adv Mater 18 (17):2226–2229. doi:10.1002/adma.200502604

Ohta S, Kobayashi T, Seki J, Asaoka T (2012) Electrochemical performance of an all-solid-state lithium ion battery with garnet-type oxide electrolyte. J Power Sour 202:332–335. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.10.064

Ohta S, Komagata S, Seki J, Saeki T, Morishita S, Asaoka T (2013) All-solid-state lithium ion battery using garnet-type oxide and Li3BO3 solid electrolytes fabricated by screen-printing. J Power Sour 238:53–56. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.02.073

Okamoto H (1989) The C–Li (Carbon–Lithium) system. Bull Alloy Phase Diag 10(1):69–72CrossRef

Okamoto H (1993) Li–Pb (Lithium–Lead). J Phase Equilib 14(6):770

Okamoto H (2012a) Li–Zn (Lithium–Zinc). J Phase Equilib Diff 33 (4):345–345. doi:10.1007/s11669-012-0052-x

Okamoto H (2012b) Al–Li (Aluminum–Lithium). J Phase Equilib Diff 33 (6):500–501. doi:10.1007/s11669-012-0119-8

Orsini F, Dollé M, Tarascon JM (2000) Impedance study of the Li/electrolyte interface upon cycling. Solid State Ionics 135:213–221CrossRef

Osaka T, Momma T, Matsumoto Y, Uchida Y (1997a) Surface characterization of electrodeposited lithium anode with enhanced cycleability obtained by CO₂ addition. J Electrochem Soc 144(5):1709–1713CrossRef

Osaka T, Momma T, Matsumoto Y, Uchida Y (1997b) Effect of carbon dioxide on lithium anode cycleability with various substrates. J Power Sour 68:497–500CrossRef

Osaka T, Kitahara M, Uchida Y, Momma T, Nishimura K (1999) Improved morphology of plated lithium in Poly(vinylidene fluoride) based electrolyte. J Power Sour 81–82:734–738CrossRef

Ota M, Izuo S, Nishikawa K, Fukunaka Y, Kusaka E, Ishii R, Selman JR (2003) Measurement of concentration boundary layer thickness development during lithium electrodeposition onto a lithium metal cathode in propylene carbonate. J Electroanal Chem 559:175–183. doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2003.08.020

Ota H, Wang X, Yasukawa E (2004a) Characterization of lithium electrode in lithium imides/ethylene carbonate, and cyclic ether electrolytes. I. surface morphology and lithium cycling efficiency. J Electrochem Soc 151 (3):A427–A436. doi:10.1149/1.1644136

Ota H, Shima K, Ue M, Yamaki J-I (2004b) Effect of vinylene carbonate as additive to electrolyte for lithium metal anode. Electrochim Acta 49 (4):565–572. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2003.09.010

Ota H, Sakata Y, Wang X, Sasahara J, Yasukawa E (2004c) Characterization of lithium electrode in lithium imides/ethylene carbonate and cyclic ether electrolytes. II. Surface chemistry. J Electrochem Soc 151 (3):A437–A446. doi:10.1149/1.1644137

Ota H, Sakata Y, Otake Y, Shima K, Ue M, Yamaki J (2004d) Structural and functional analysis of surface film on Li anode in vinylene carbonate-containing electrolyte. J Electrochem Soc 151 (11):A1778–A1788. doi:10.1149/1.1798411

Paddon CA, Compton RG (2007) Underpotential deposition of lithium on platinum single crystal electrodes in tetrahydrofuran. J Phys Chem C 111:9016–9018CrossRef

Pappenfus TM, Henderson WA, Owens BB, Mann KR, Smyrl WH (2004) Complexes of lithium imide salts with tetraglyme and their polyelectrolyte composite materials. J Electrochem Soc 151 (2):A209–A215. doi:10.1149/1.1635384

Park MS, Yoon WY (2003) Characteristics of a Li/MnO₂ battery using a lithium powder anode at high-rate discharge. J Power Sour 114 (2):237–243. doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(02)00581-5

Park SH, Winnick J, Kohl PA (2002) Investigation of the lithium couple on Pt, Al, and Hg electrodes in lithium imide-ethyl methyl sulfone. J Electrochem Soc 149 (9):A1196–A1200. doi:10.1149/1.1497979

Pastorello S (1930) Thermal analysis of the system: lithium-copper. Gazz Chim Ital 60:988–992

Peled E (1979) The electrochemical behavior of alkali and alkaline earth metals in nonaqueous battery systems—The solid electrolyte interphase model. J Electrochem Soc 126(12):2047–2051CrossRef

Peled E (1983) Film forming reaction at the lithium/electrolyte interface. J Power Sour 9:253–266CrossRef

Peled E, Sternberg Y, Gorenshtein A, Lavi Y (1989) Lithium-sulfur battery: evaluation of dioxolane-based electrolytes. J Electrochem Soc 136(6):1621–1625CrossRef

Peled E, Golodnitsky D, Ardel G (1997) Advanced model for solid electrolyte interphase electrodes in liquid and polymer electrolytes. J Electrochem Soc 144(8):L208–L210CrossRef

Pelton AD (1986a) The Au–Li (Gold–Lithium) system. Bull Alloy Phase Diag 7(3):228–231CrossRef

Pelton AD (1986b) The Ag–Li (Silver–Lithium) system. Bull Alloy Phase Diag 7(3):223–228

Pelton AD (1986c) The Cu–Li (Copper–Lithium) system. Bull Alloy Phase Diag 7(2):142–144CrossRef

Pelton AD (1988) The Cd–Li (Cadmium–Lithium) system. Bull Alloy Phase sDiag 9(1):36–41CrossRef

Pelton AD (1991) The Li–Zn (Lithium–Zinc) system. J Phase Equilib 12(1):42–45CrossRef

Peñaloza À, Ortíz M, Wörner CH (1995) An electrodeposition method to obtain Cu–Li alloys. J Mater Sci Lett 14:511–513CrossRef

Pérez-Landazábal JI, Lambri OA, Peñaloza A, Recarte V, Campo J, Salvatierra LM, Herrero O, Ortiz M, Milani LM, Wörner CH (2002) Effect of the oxygen in the evolution of the microstructure in a Cu–18 at% Li Alloy. Mater Lett 56:709–715CrossRef

Pletcher D, Rohan JF, Ritchie AG (1994) Microelectrode studies of the lithium/propylene carbonate system—Part I. Electrode reactions at potentials positive to lithium deposition. Electrochim Acta 39(10):1369–1376CrossRef

Plichta E, Salomon M, Slane S, Uchiyama M (1987) Conductance of 1:1 electrolytes in methyl formate. J Soln Chem 16(3):225–235CrossRef

Plichta E, Slane S, Uchiyama M, Salomon M, Chua D, Ebner WB, Lin HW (1989) An improved Li/LixCoO₂ rechargeable cell. J Electrochem Soc 136(7):1865–1869CrossRef

Predel B (1997a) Li–Rb (Lithium–Rubidium). Li–Rb (Lithium–Rubidium) in phase equilibria, crystallographic and thermodynamic data of binary alloys · Li–Mg—Nd–Zr (Landolt-Börnstein—Group IV Physical Chemistry Volume 5H) (Ed Madelung, O)

Predel B (1997b) Li–Pd (Lithium–Palladium). Li–Pd (Lithium–Palladium) in phase equilibria, crystallographic and thermodynamic data of binary alloys Li–Mg—Nd–Zr (Landolt-Börnstein—Group IV physical chemistry volume 5H) (Ed Madelung, O)

Predel B (1997c) Li–Mo (Lithium–Molybdenum). Li–Mo (Lithium–Molybdenum) in phase equilibria, crystallographic and thermodynamic data of binary alloys · Li–Mg—Nd–Zr (Landolt-Börnstein—Group IV physical chemistry volume 5H) (Ed Madelung, O). doi:10.1007/10522884_1907

Predel B (1997d) Li–Ni (Lithium–Nickel). Li–Ni (Lithium–Nickel) in phase equilibria, crystallographic and thermodynamic data of binary alloys · Li–Mg—Nd–Zr (Landolt-Börnstein—Group IV Physical Chemistry Volume 5H) (Ed Madelung, O)

Predel B (1997e) Li–Pb (Lithium–Lead). Li–Pb (Lithium–Lead) in phase equilibria, crystallographic and thermodynamic data of binary alloys · Li–Mg—Nd–Zr (Landolt-Börnstein—Group IV physical chemistry volume 5H) (Ed Madelung, O)

Predel B (1997f) Li–Ti (Lithium–Titanium). Li–Ti (Lithium–Titanium) in phase equilibria, crystallographic and thermodynamic data of binary alloys · Li–Mg—Nd–Zr (Landolt-Börnstein—Group IV physical chemistry volume 5H) (Ed Madelung, O)

Predel B (1997g) Li–Mn (Lithium–Manganese). Li–Mn (Lithium–Manganese) in phase equilibria, crystallographic and thermodynamic data of binary alloys · Li–Mg—Nd–Zr (Landolt-Börnstein—Group IV physical chemistry volume 5H) (Ed Madelung, O)

Predel B (1997h) Li–Mo (Lithium–Molybdenum). Li–Mo (Lithium–Molybdenum) in phase equilibria, crystallographic and thermodynamic data of binary alloys · Li–Mg—Nd–Zr (Landolt-Börnstein—Group IV physical chemistry volume 5H) (Ed Madelung, O)

Qian J, Xu W, Bhattacharya P, Engelhard M, Henderson WA, Zhang Y, Zhang J-G (2015a) Dendrite-Free Li deposition using trace-amounts of water as an electrolyte additive. Nano Energy 15:135–144. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.04.009

Qian J, Henderson WA, Xu W, Bhattacharya P, Engelhard M, Borodin O, Zhang JG (2015b) High rate and stable cycling of lithium metal anode. Nat Commun 6:6362. doi:10.1038/ncomms7362

Rao BML, Francis RW, Christopher HA (1977) Lithium–Aluminum electrode. J Electrochem Soc 124(10):1490–1492CrossRef

Rauh RD (1975) Some observations on the attack of esters by lithium. US Government report AD/A-006 746

Rauh RD, Brummer SB (1977a) The effect of additives on lithium cycling in propylene carbonate. Electrochim Acta 22:75–83CrossRef

Rauh RD, Brummer SB (1977b) The effect of additives on lithium cycling in methyl acetate. Electrochim Acta 22:85–91CrossRef

Ren Y, Shen Y, Lin Y, Nan C-W (2015a) Direct observation of lithium dendrites inside garnet-type Lithium–Ion solid electrolyte. Electrochem Commun 57:27–30. doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2015.05.001

Ren Y, Chen K, Chen R, Liu T, Zhang YH, Nan CW (2015b) Oxide electrolytes for lithium batteries. J Am Ceramic Soc:1–21. doi:10.1111/jace.13844

Roberts M, Younesi R, Richardson W, Liu J, Zhu J, Edstrom K, Gustafsson T (2014) Increased cycling efficiency of lithium anodes in dimethyl sulfoxide electrolytes for use in Li-O₂ batteries. ECS Electrochem Lett 3 (6):A62–A65. doi:10.1149/2.007406eel

Ryou M-H, Lee YM, Lee Y, Winter M, Bieker P (2015) Mechanical surface modification of lithium metal: towards improved Li metal anode performance by directed Li plating. Adv Funct Mater 25(6):834–841. doi:10.1002/adfm.201402953

Sagane F, Shimokawa R, Sano H, Sakaebe H, Iriyama Y (2013a) In-situ scanning electron microscopy observations of Li plating and stripping reactions at the lithium phosphorus oxynitride glass electrolyte/Cu interface. J Power Sour 225:245–250. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.10.026

Sagane F, Ikeda K-I, Okita K, Sano H, Sakaebe H, Iriyama Y (2013b) Effects of current densities on the lithium plating morphology at a lithium phosphorus oxynitride glass electrolyte/copper thin film interface. J Power Sour 233:34–42. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.01.051

Sahu G, Lin Z, Li J, Liu Z, Dudney N, Liang C (2014) Air-stable, high-conduction solid electrolytes of arsenic-substituted Li₄SnS₄. Energy Environ Sci 7(3):1053–1058. doi:10.1039/c3ee43357a

Saint J, Morcrette M, Larcher D, Tarascon JM (2005) Exploring the Li–Ga room temperature phase diagram and the electrochemical performances of the LixGay alloys vs. Li. Solid State Ionics 176 (1–2):189–197. doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2004.05.021

Saito T, Uosaki K (2003) Surface film formation and lithium underpotential deposition on Au(111) surfaces in propylene carbonate. J Electrochem Soc 150(4):A532–A537. doi:10.1149/1.1557966

Saito K, Nemoto Y, Tobishima S, Yamaki J (1997) Improvement in lithium cycling efficiency by using additives in lithium metal. J Power Sour 68:476–479CrossRef

Sakaebe H, Matsumoto H (2003) N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PP13–TFSI)—Novel electrolyte base for Li battery. Electrochem Commun 5(7):594–598. doi:10.1016/s1388-2481(03)00137-1

Sakuda A, Hayashi A, Tatsumisago M (2010) Interfacial observation between LiCoO₂ electrode and Li₂S − P₂S₅ solid electrolytes of all-solid-state lithium secondary batteries using transmission electron microscopy. Chem Mater 22(3):949–956. doi:10.1021/cm901819c

Salomon M (1989) Electrolyte solvation in aprotic solvents. J Power Sour 26:9–21CrossRef

Sangster J, Bale CW (1998) The Li–Sn (Lithium–Tin) system. J Phase Equilib 19(1):70–75

Sangster J, Pelton AD (1991a) The Li–W (Lithium–Tungsten) system. J Phase Equilib 12(2):203CrossRef

Sangster J, Pelton AD (1991b) The Ga–Li (Gallium–Lithium) system. J Phase Equilib 12(1):33–36CrossRef

Sangster J, Pelton AD (1991c) The In–Li (Indium–Lithium) system. J Phase Equilib 12(1):37–41CrossRef

Sangster J, Pelton AD (1991d) The Li–Pt (Lithium–Platinum) system. J Phase Equilib 12(6):678–681CrossRef

Sangster J, Pelton AD (1992) The Li–Pd (Lithium–Palladium) system. J Phase Equilib 13(1):63–66CrossRef

Sano H, Sakaebe H, Matsumoto H (2011a) Observation of electrodeposited lithium by optical microscope in room temperature ionic liquid-based electrolyte. J Power Sour 196(16):6663–6669. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.12.023

Sano H, Sakaebe H, Matsumoto H (2011b) Effect of organic additives on electrochemical properties of li anode in room temperature ionic liquid. J Electrochem Soc 158(3):A316–A321. doi:10.1149/1.3532054

Sano H, Sakaebe H, Matsumoto H (2012) In-situ optical microscope morphology observation of lithium electrodeposited in room temperature ionic liquids containing aliphatic quaternary ammonium cation. Electrochemistry 80 (10):777–779. doi:10.5796/electrochemistry.80.777

Sano H, Sakaebe H, Matsumoto H (2013) In situ morphology observations of electrodeposited lithium in room-temperature ionic liquids by optical microscopy. Chem Lett 42(1):77–79. doi:10.1246/cl.2013.77

Sano H, Sakaebe H, Senoh H, Matsumoto H (2014) Effect of current density on morphology of lithium electrodeposited in ionic liquid-based electrolytes. J Electrochem Soc 161(9):A1236–A1240. doi:10.1149/2.0331409jes

Sazhin SV, Gorodyskii AV, Khimchenko MY, Kuksenko SP, Danilin VV (1993) New parameters for lithium cyclability in organic electrolytes for secondary batteries. J Electroanal Chem 344:61–72CrossRef

Sazhin SV, Gorodyskii AV, Khimchenko MY (1994) Lithium rechargeability on different substrates. J Power Sour 47:57–62CrossRef

Sazhin SV, Khimchenko MY, Tritenichenko YN, Roh W, Kang HY (1997) Lithium state diagram as a description of lithium deposit morphology. J Power Sour 66:141–145CrossRef

Schauser NS, Harry KJ, Parkinson DY, Watanabe H, Balsara NP (2014) Lithium dendrite growth in glassy and rubbery nanostructured block copolymer electrolytes. J Electrochem Soc 162 (3):A398–A405. doi:10.1149/2.0511503jes

Schechter A, Aurbach D, Cohen H (1999) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of surface films formed on Li electrodes freshly prepared in alkyl carbonate solutions. Langmuir 15:3334–3342CrossRef

Schedlbauer T, Krüger S, Schmitz R, Schmitz RW, Schreiner C, Gores HJ, Passerini S, Winter M (2013) Lithium Difluoro(oxalato)borate: a promising salt for lithium metal based secondary batteries? Electrochim Acta 92:102–107. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2013.01.023

Scordilis-Kelley C, Affinito JD, Jones LD, Mikhaylik YV, Kovalev I, Wilkening WF, Campbell CTS, Martens JA (2015) Application of force in electrochemical cells. Appl Force Electrochem Cells US 9105938(B2):1–8

Seki S, Kobayashi Y, Miyashiro H, Ohno Y, Mita Y, Usami A, Terada N, Watanabe M (2005) Reversibility of lithium secondary batteries using a room-temperature ionic liquid mixture and lithium metal. Electrochem Solid-State Lett 8(11):A577–A578. doi:10.1149/1.2041330

Seki S, Kobayashi Y, Miyashiro H, Ohno Y, Usami A, Mita Y, Watanabe M, Terada N (2006a) Highly reversible lithium metal secondary battery using a room temperature ionic liquid/lithium salt mixture and a surface-coated cathode active material. Chem Commun (5):544–545. doi:10.1039/b514681j

Seki S, Kobayashi Y, Miyashiro H, Ohno Y, Usami A, Mita Y, Kihira N, Watanabe M, Terada N (2006b) Lithium secondary batteries using modified-imidazolium room-temperature ionic liquid. J Phys Chem B 110(21):10228–10230CrossRef

Seki S, Ohno Y, Miyashiro H, Kobayashi Y, Usami A, Mita Y, Terada N, Hayamizu K, Tsuzuki S, Watanabe M (2008) Quaternary ammonium room-temperature ionic liquid/lithium salt binary electrolytes: electrochemical study. J Electrochem Soc 155(6):A421–A427. doi:10.1149/1.2899014

Selim R, Bro P (1974) Some observations on rechargeable lithium electrodes in a propylene carbonate electrolyte. J Electrochem Soc 121(11):1457–1459CrossRef

Seong IW, Hong CH, Kim BK, Yoon WY (2008) The effects of current density and amount of discharge on dendrite formation in the lithium powder anode electrode. J Power Sour 178(2):769–773. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.12.062

Shao Y, Ding F, Xiao J, Zhang J, Xu W, Park S, Zhang J-G, Wang Y, Liu J (2012b) Making Li-Air batteries rechargeable: material challenges. Adv Funct Mater:n/a–n/a. doi:10.1002/adfm.201200688

Shen DH, Subbarao S, Deligiannis F, Huang CK, Halpert G, Dominey LA, Koch VR, Goldman J (1991) Improved Lithium–Titanium disulfide cell cycling in ether-based electrolytes with synergistic additives: Part I. microcalorimetry, AC impedance spectroscopy and cell cycling studies In: Abraham KM, Salomon M (eds) Proceedings of the symposium on primary and secondary lithium batteries. The Electrochemical Society Inc, pp 280–292

Shin J-H, Henderson WA, Passerini S (2003) Ionic liquids to the rescue? Overcoming the ionic conductivity limitations of polymer electrolytes. Electrochem Commun 5 (12):1016–1020. doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2003.09.017

Shin J-H, Henderson WA, Passerini S (2005a) PEO-based polymer electrolytes with ionic liquids and their use in lithium metal-polymer electrolyte batteries. J Electrochem Soc 152(5):A978–A983. doi:10.1149/1.1890701

Shin J-H, Henderson WA, Passerini S (2005b) An elegant fix for polymer electrolytes. Electrochem Solid-State Lett 8(2):A125–A127. doi:10.1149/1.1850387

Shin J-H, Henderson WA, Scaccia S, Prosini PP, Passerini S (2006) Solid-state Li/LiFePO₄ polymer electrolyte batteries incorporating an ionic liquid cycled at 40 °C. J Power Sour 156(2):560–566. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.06.026

Shiraishi S, Kanamura K (1998) The observation of electrochemical dissolution of lithium metal using electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance and in-situ tapping mode atomic force microscopy. Langmuir 14:7082–7086CrossRef

Shiraishi S, Kanamura K, Takehara Z-I (1995) Effect of surface modification using various acids on electrodeposition of lithium. J Appl Electrochem 25:584–591CrossRef

Shiraishi S, Kanamura K, Takehara Z-I (1997) Study of the surface composition of highly smooth lithium deposited in various carbonate electrolytes containing HF. Langmuir 13:3542–3549CrossRef

Shiraishi S, Kanamura K, Takehara Z-I (1999a) Influence of initial surface condition of lithium metal anodes on surface modification with HF. J Appl Electrochem 29:869–881CrossRef

Shiraishi S, Kanamura K, Zi Takehara (1999b) Surface condition changes in lithium metal deposited in nonaqueous electrolyte containing hf by dissolution-deposition cycles. J Electrochem Soc 146(5):1633–1639CrossRef

Shu J, Shui M, Huang F, Xu D, Ren Y, Hou L, Cui J, Xu J (2011) Comparative study on surface behaviors of copper current collector in electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 56(8):3006–3014. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2011.01.004

Singh M, Odusanya O, Wilmes GM, Eitouni HB, Gomez ED, Patel AJ, Chen VL, Park MJ, Fragouli P, Iatrou H, Hadjichristis N, Cookson D, Balsara NP (2007) Effect of molecular weight on the mechanical and electrical properties of block copolymer electrolytes. Macromolecules 40:4578–4585CrossRef

Song JH, Yeon JT, Jang JY, Han JG, Lee SM, Choi NS (2013a) Effect of fluoroethylene carbonate on electrochemical performances of lithium electrodes and lithium-sulfur batteries. J Electrochem Soc 160(6):A873–A881. doi:10.1149/2.101306jes

Song J, Lee H, Choo MJ, Park JK, Kim HT (2015) Ionomer-liquid electrolyte hybrid ionic conductor for high cycling stability of lithium metal electrodes. Sci Rep 5:14458. doi:10.1038/srep14458

Stark JK, Ding Y, Kohl PA (2011) Dendrite-free electrodeposition and reoxidation of lithium-sodium alloy for metal-anode battery. J Electrochem Soc 158(10):A1100–A1105. doi:10.1149/1.3622348

Stark JK, Ding Y, Kohl PA (2013) Nucleation of electrodeposited lithium metal: dendritic growth and the effect of co-deposited sodium. J Electrochem Soc 160(9):D337–D342. doi:10.1149/2.028309jes

Stone GM, Mullin SA, Teran AA, Hallinan DT, Minor AM, Hexemer A, Balsara NP (2012) Resolution of the modulus versus adhesion dilemma in solid polymer electrolytes for rechargeable lithium metal batteries. J Electrochem Soc 159(3):A222–A227. doi:10.1149/2.030203jes

Sudha V, Sangaranarayanan MV (2002) Underpotential deposition of metals: structural and thermodynamic considerations. J Phys Chem B 106:2699–2707CrossRef

Sudo R, Nakata Y, Ishiguro K, Matsui M, Hirano A, Takeda Y, Yamamoto O, Imanishi N (2014) Interface behavior between garnet-type lithium-conducting solid electrolyte and lithium metal. Solid State Ionics 262:151–154. doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2013.09.024

Suo L, Hu YS, Li H, Armand M, Chen L (2013) A new class of solvent-in-salt electrolyte for high-energy rechargeable metallic lithium batteries. Nat Commun 4:1481. doi:10.1038/ncomms2513

Surampudi S, Shen DH, Huang C-K, Narayanan SR, Attia A, Halpert G, Peled E (1993) Effect of cycling on the lithium/electrolyte interface in organic electrolytes. J Power Sour 43–44:21–26CrossRef

Suresh P, Shukla AK, Shivashankar SA, Munichandraiah N (2002) Electrochemical behaviour of aluminium in non-aqueous electrolytes over a wide potential range. J Power Sour 110:11–18CrossRef

Suzuki Y, Kami K, Watanabe K, Watanabe A, Saito N, Ohnishi T, Takada K, Sudo R, Imanishi N (2015) Transparent cubic garnet-type solid electrolyte of Al₂O₃-doped Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂. Solid State Ionics 278:172–176. doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2015.06.009

Swiderska-Mocek A, Naparstek D (2014) Compatibility of polymer electrolyte based on N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium Bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide Ionic Liquid with LiMn₂O₄ cathode in Li–Ion batteries. Solid State Ionics 267:32–37. doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2014.09.007

Tachikawa H (1993) Characterization of lithium electrode surface in lithium secondary batteries by in situ Raman spectrscopic methods. US Government report AD-A263 728

Takada K (2013) Progress and prospective of solid-state lithium batteries. Acta Mater 61(3):759–770. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2012.10.034

Takehara Z-I (1997) Future prospects of the lithium metal anode. J Power Sour 68:82–86CrossRef

Takehara Z-I, Ogumi Z, Uchimoto Y, Yasuda K, Yoshida H (1993) Modification of lithium/electrolyte interface by plasma polymerization of 1,1-Difluoroethene. J Power Sour 43–44:377–383CrossRef

Tatsumisago M, Mizuno F, Hayashi A (2006) All-solid-state lithium secondary batteries using sulfide-based glass–ceramic electrolytes. J Power Sour 159(1):193–199. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.04.037

Tavassol H, Chan MKY, Catarello MG, Greeley J, Cahill DG, Gewirth AA (2013) Surface coverage and sei induced electrochemical surface stress changes during Li deposition in a model system for Li-Ion battery anodes. J Electrochem Soc 160(6):A888–A896. doi:10.1149/2.068306jes

Teran AA, Balsara NP (2011) Effect of lithium polysulfides on the morphology of block copolymer electrolytes. Macromolecules 44(23):9267–9275. doi:10.1021/ma202091z

Teran AA, Mullin SA, Hallinan DT, Balsara NP (2012) Discontinuous changes in ionic conductivity of a block copolymer electrolyte through an order–disorder transition. ACS Macro Lett 1:305–309. doi:10.1021/mz200183t

Thangadurai V, Weppner W (2005) Li6ALa2Ta2O12 (A = Sr, Ba): Novel Garnet-like oxides for fast lithium ion conduction. Adv Funct Mater 15(1):107–112CrossRef

Thangadurai V, Weppner W (2006) Recent progress in solid oxide and lithium ion conducting electrolytes research. Ionics 12(1):81–92. doi:10.1007/s11581-006-0013-7

Thangadurai V, Kaack H, Weppner WJF (2003) Novel fast lithium ion conduction in garnet-type Li₅La₃M₂O₁₂ (M = Nb, Ta). J Am Ceram Soc 86(3):437–440CrossRef

Tobishima S-I, Yamaki J-I, Yamaji A, Okada T (1984) Dialkoxyethane-propylene carbonate mixed electrolytes for lithium secondary batteries. J Power Sour 13:261–271CrossRef

Tobishima S, Arakawa M, Hirai T, Yamaki J (1989) ethylene carbonate-based electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries. J Power Sour 26:449–454CrossRef

Tobishima S, Arakawa M, Yamaki J (1990) Ethylene carbonate/linear-structured solvent mixed electrolyte systems for high-rate secondary lithium batteries. Electrochim Acta 35(2):383–388CrossRef

Tobishima S-I, Hayashi K, Saito K-I, Yamaki J-I (1995) Ethylene carbonate-based ternary mixed solvent electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries. Electrochim Acta 40(5):537–544CrossRef

Togasaki N, Momma T, Osaka T (2014) Enhancement effect of trace H₂O on the charge–discharge cycling performance of a Li metal anode. J Power Sour 261:23–27. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.03.040

Uchiyama M, Slane S, Plichta E, Salomon M (1987) Solvent effects on rechargeable lithium cells. J Power Sour 20:279–286CrossRef

Ueno M, Imanishi N, Hanai K, Kobayashi T, Hirano A, Yamamoto O, Takeda Y (2011) Electrochemical properties of cross-linked polymer electrolyte by electron beam irradiation and application to lithium ion batteries. J Power Sour 196(10):4756–4761. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.01.054

van der Marel C, Vinkle GJB, Hennephof J, van der Lugt W (1982) The phase diagram of the system Lithium–Cadmium. J Phys Chem Solids 43(10):1013–1014CrossRef

Vega JA, Zhou J, Kohl PA (2009) Electrochemical comparison and deposition of lithium and potassium from phosphonium- and Ammonium-TFSI ionic liquids. J Electrochem Soc 156(4):A253–A259. doi:10.1149/1.3070657

Venkatasetty HV (1975) Transport behavior and Raman spectra of electrolytes in methyl formate and propylene carbonate. J Electrochem Soc 122(2):245–249CrossRef

Verma P, Maire P, Novák P (2010) A review of the features and analyses of the solid electrolyte interphase in Li–Ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 55(22):6332–6341. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2010.05.072

Visco SJ, Nimon E, De Jonghe LC, Katz B, Chu MY (2004a) LITHIUM FUEL CELLS. Paper presented at the proceedings of the 12th international meeting on lithium batteries, June 27–July 2, 2004, Nara, Japan

Visco SJ, Nimon E, De Jonghe C (2009) Secondary batteries-metal-air systems: Lithium-Air. In: Garche J, Dyer C, Moseley P, Ogumi Z, Rand D, Scrosati B (eds) Encyclopedia of electrochemical power sources, vol 5. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 376–383CrossRef

Wagner D, Gerischer H (1989) the deposition and reoxidation of lithium on gold in the underpotential range from acetonitrile solutions with small amounts of water. Electrochim Acta 34(9):1351–1356CrossRef

Wainwright D, Shimizu R (1991) Forces generated by anode growth in cylindrical Li/MoS₂ Cells. J Power Sour 34:31–38CrossRef

Wanakule NS, Panday A, Mullin SA, Gann E, Hexemer A, Balsara NP (2009) Ionic conductivity of block copolymer electrolytes in the vicinity of order−disorder and order−order transitions. Macromolecules 42(15):5642–5651. doi:10.1021/ma900401a

Wang J, King P, Huggins RA (1986) Investigations of binary Lithium–Zinc, Lithium–Cadmium and Lithium–Lead alloys as negative electrodes in organic solvent-based electrolyte. Solid State Ionics 20:185–189CrossRef

Wang X, Yasukawa E, Mori S (1999) Electrochemical behavior of lithium imide/cyclic ether electrolytes for 4 V lithium metal rechargeable batteries. J Electrochem Soc 146:3992–3998CrossRef

Wang X, Yasukawa E, Kasuya S (2000) Lithium imide electrolytes with two-oxygen-atom-containing cycloalkane solvents for 4 V lithium metal rechargeable batteries. J Electrochem Soc 147(7):2421–2426CrossRef

Wang Y, Nakamura S, Ue M, Balbuena PB (2001) Theoretical studies to understand surface chemistry on carbon anodes for Lithium-Ion batteries: reduction mechanisms of ethylene carbonate. J Am Chem Soc 123:11708–11718CrossRef

Wang C, Wang D, Wang Q, Chen H (2010) Fabrication and lithium storage performance of three-dimensional porous NiO as anode for Lithium-Ion battery. J Power Sour 195(21):7432–7437. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.04.090

Wang H, Imanishi N, Hirano A, Takeda Y, Yamamoto O (2012) Electrochemical properties of the polyethylene oxide–Li(CF₃SO₂)2 N and ionic liquid composite electrolyte. J Power Sour 219:22–28. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.07.020

Wang H, Im D, Lee DJ, Matsui M, Takeda Y, Yamamoto O, Imanishi N (2013a) A composite polymer electrolyte protect layer between lithium and water stable ceramics for aqueous Lithium-Air batteries. J Electrochem Soc 160(4):A728–A733. doi:10.1149/2.020306jes

Wang X, Hou Y, Zhu Y, Wu Y, Holze R (2013c) An aqueous rechargeable lithium battery using coated Li metal as anode. Sci Rep 3:1401. doi:10.1038/srep01401

Wang H, Zong Y, Zhao W, Sun L, Xin L, Liu Y (2015b) Synthesis of high aspect ratio CuO submicron rods through oriented attachment and their application in Lithium-Ion batteries. RSC Adv 5(62):49968–49972. doi:10.1039/c5ra07592k

Wang Y, Richards WD, Ong SP, Miara LJ, Kim JC, Mo Y, Ceder G (2015c) Design principles for solid-state lithium superionic conductors. Nat Mater 14(10):1026–1031. doi:10.1038/nmat4369

Wen CJ, Huggins RA (1980) Chemical diffusion in intermediate phases in the lithium–tin system. J Solid St Chem 35:376–384CrossRef

Wen CJ, Huggins RA (1981) Chemical diffusion in intermediate phases in the Lithium–Silicon system. J Solid St Chem 37:271–278CrossRef

Wen CJ, Boukamp BA, Huggins RA, Weppner W (1979) Thermodynamic and mass transport properties of “LiAl”. J Electrochem Soc 126(12):2258–2266CrossRef

Wetjen M, Kim G-T, Joost M, Winter M, Passerini S (2013) Temperature dependence of electrochemical properties of cross-linked Poly(ethylene oxide)–Lithium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide–N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide solid polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries. Electrochim Acta 87:779–787. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2012.09.034

Wibowo R, Jones SEW, Compton RG (2009) Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the Li/Li + couple in the room temperature ionic liquid N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) Imide in the temperature range 298–318 K: a theoretical and experimental study using Pt and Ni electrodes. J Phys Chem B 113:12293–12298CrossRef

Wibowo R, Jones SEW, Compton RG (2010) Investigating the electrode kinetics of the Li/Li + couple in a wide range of room temperature ionic liquids at 298 K. J Chem Eng Data 55:1374–1376CrossRef

Wilkinson DP, Wainwright D (1993) Control of lithium metal anode cycleability by electrolyte temperature. J Electroanal Chem 355:193–203CrossRef

Wilkinson DP, Blom H, Brandt K, Wainwright D (1991) Effects of physical constraints on Li cyclability. J Power Sour 36:517–527CrossRef

Wu M, Wen Z, Liu Y, Wang X, Huang L (2011) Electrochemical behaviors of a Li3 N modified Li metal electrode in secondary lithium batteries. J Power Sour 196(19):8091–8097. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.05.035

Wu M, Wen Z, Jin J, Cui Y (2013) Effects of combinatorial AlCl₃ and pyrrole on the SEI formation and electrochemical performance of Li electrode. Electrochim Acta 103:199–205. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.181

Wu F, Qian J, Chen R, Lu J, Li L, Wu H, Chen J, Zhao T, Ye Y, Amine K (2014) An effective approach to protect lithium anode and improve cycle performance for Li-S batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6(17):15542–15549. doi:10.1021/am504345s

Xianming W, Yasukawa E, Kasuya S (2001) electrochemical properties of tetrahydropyran-based ternary electrolytes for 4 V lithium metal rechargeable batteries. Electrochim Acta 46:813–819CrossRef

Xiong S, Kai X, Hong X, Diao Y (2011) Effect of LiBOB as additive on electrochemical properties of Lithium–Sulfur batteries. Ionics 18(3):249–254. doi:10.1007/s11581-011-0628-1

Xu X, Han M, Ma J, Zhang C, Li G (2015) Preparation of a nanoporous CuO/Cu composite using a dealloy method for high performance Lithium-Ion batteries. RSC Adv 5(88):71760–71764. doi:10.1039/c5ra14123k

Xue Z, He D, Xie X (2015) Poly(ethylene oxide)-based electrolytes for Lithium-Ion batteries. J Mater Chem A 3(38):19218–19253. doi:10.1039/c5ta03471j

Yamada Y, Takazawa Y, Miyazaki K, Abe T (2010) Electrochemical lithium intercalation into graphite in dimethyl sulfoxide-based Electrolytes: effect of solvation structure of lithium ion. J Phys Chem C 114:11680–11685

Yamada Y, Yaegashi M, Abe T, Yamada A (2013) A superconcentrated ether electrolyte for fast-charging Li-Ion batteries. Chem Commun 49(95):11194–11196. doi:10.1039/c3cc46665e

Yamada Y, Usui K, Chiang CH, Kikuchi K, Furukawa K, Yamada A (2014a) General observation of lithium intercalation into graphite in ethylene-carbonate-free superconcentrated electrolytes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6(14):10892–10899. doi:10.1021/am5001163

Yamada Y, Furukawa K, Sodeyama K, Kikuchi K, Yaegashi M, Tateyama Y, Yamada A (2014b) Unusual stability of acetonitrile-based superconcentrated electrolytes for fast-charging Lithium-Ion batteries. J Am Chem Soc 136(13):5039–5046CrossRef

Yamamoto K, Iriyama Y, Asaka T, Hirayama T, Fujita H, Nonaka K, Miyahara K, Sugita Y, Ogumi Z (2012) Direct observation of lithium-ion movement around an in-situ-formed-negative-electrode/solid-state-electrolyte interface during initial charge–discharge reaction. Electrochem Commun 20:113–116. doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2012.04.013

Yang H, Fey EO, Trimm BD, Dimitrov N, Whittingham MS (2014) Effects of pulse plating on lithium electrodeposition, morphology and cycling efficiency. J Power Sour 272:900–908. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.09.026

Yoo E, Zhou H (2011) Li−Air rechargeable battery based on metal-free graphene nanosheet catalysts. ACS Nano 5(4):3020–3026CrossRef

Yoon S, Lee J, Kim S-O, Sohn H-J (2008) Enhanced cyclability and surface characteristics of lithium batteries by Li–Mg Co-deposition and addition of HF acid in electrolyte. Electrochim Acta 53(5):2501–2506. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2007.10.019

Yoshida K, Nakamura M, Kazue Y, Tachikawa N, Tsuzuki S, Seki S, Dokko K, Watanabe M (2011) Oxidative-stability enhancement and charge transport mechanism in glyme-lithium salt equimolar complexes. J Am Chem Soc 133(33):13121–13129. doi:10.1021/ja203983r

Yoshimatsu I, Hirai T, Yamaki J-I (1988) Lithium electrode morphology during cycling in lithium cells. J Electrochem Soc 135(10):2422–2427CrossRef

Young W-S, Epps TH (2012) Ionic conductivities of block copolymer electrolytes with various conducting pathways: sample preparation and processing considerations. Macromolecules 45(11):4689–4697. doi:10.1021/ma300362f

Young W-S, Brigandi PJ, Epps TH III (2008) Crystallization-induced lamellar-to-lamellar thermal transition in salt-containing block copolymer electrolytes. Macromolecules 41:6276–6279CrossRef

Young W-S, Albert JNL, Schantz AB, Epps TH (2011) Mixed-salt effects on the ionic conductivity of lithium-doped PEO-containing block copolymers. Macromolecules 44(20):8116–8123. doi:10.1021/ma2013157

Young W-S, Kuan W-F, Epps TH (2014) Block copolymer electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries. J Polym Sci B 52(1):1–16. doi:10.1002/polb.23404

Yuan WX, Wang WJ, Song YT, Chen XL (2003) Thermodynamic descriptions of the Ga–Li system. Scripta Mater 48(8):1053–1059. doi:10.1016/s1359-6462(02)00634-6

Yun YS, Kim JH, Lee S-Y, Shim E-G, Kim D-W (2011) Cycling performance and thermal stability of lithium polymer cells assembled with ionic liquid-containing gel polymer electrolytes. J Power Sour 196(16):6750–6755. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.10.088

Zaban A, Aurbach D (1995) impedance spectroscopy of lithium and nickel electrodes in propylene carbonate solutions of different lithium salts. Comp Study J Power Sour 54:289–295CrossRef

Zaban A, Zinigrad E, Aurbach D (1996) Impedance spectroscopy of Li electrodes. 4. A general simple model of the Li−solution interphase in polar aprotic systems. J Phys Chem 100:3089–3101CrossRef

Zeng Z, Liang WI, Chu YH, Zheng H (2014) In situ TEM study of the Li–Au reaction in an electrochemical liquid cell. Faraday Discuss 176:95–107. doi:10.1039/c4fd00145a

Zhang SS (2013a) New insight into liquid electrolyte of rechargeable lithium/sulfur battery. Electrochim Acta 97:226–230. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2013.02.122

Zhang X-W, Wang C, Appleby AJ, Little FE (2002) Characteristics of Lithium-Ion-conducting composite polymer-glass secondary cell electrolytes. J Power Sour 112:209–215CrossRef

Zhang J, Xie S, Wei X, Xiang YJ, Chen CH (2004a) Lithium insertion in naturally surface-oxidized copper. J Power Sour 137(1):88–92. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.05.041

Zhang X-W, Li Y, Khan SA, Fedkiw PS (2004b) Inhibition of lithium dendrites by fumed silica-based composite electrolytes. J Electrochem Soc 151(8):A1257-A1263. doi:10.1149/1.1767158

Zhang T, Imanishi N, Hasegawa S, Hirano A, Xie J, Takeda Y, Yamamoto O, Sammes N (2008) Li∕polymer electrolyte∕water stable lithium-conducting glass ceramics composite for lithium–air secondary batteries with an aqueous electrolyte. J Electrochem Soc 155(12):A965–A969. doi:10.1149/1.2990717

Zhang T, Imanishi N, Hasegawa S, Hirano A, Xie J, Takeda Y, Yamamoto O, Sammes N (2009) Water-stable lithium anode with the three-layer construction for aqueous lithium–air secondary batteries. Electrochem Solid-State Lett 12(7):A132–A135. doi:10.1149/1.3125285

Zhang T, Imanishi N, Shimonishi Y, Hirano A, Takeda Y, Yamamoto O, Sammes N (2010b) A novel high energy density rechargeable lithium/air battery. Chem Commun 46(10):1661–1663. doi:10.1039/b920012f

Zhang T, Imanishi N, Shimonishi Y, Hirano A, Xie J, Takeda Y, Yamamoto O, Sammes N (2010c) Stability of a water-stable lithium metal anode for a lithium–air battery with acetic acid–water solutions. J Electrochem Soc 157(2):A214-A218. doi:10.1149/1.3271103

Zhang T, Imanishi N, Hirano A, Takeda Y, Yamamoto O (2011) Stability of Li/polymer electrolyte-ionic liquid composite/lithium conducting glass ceramics in an aqueous electrolyte. Electrochem Solid-State Lett 14 (4):A45–A48. doi:10.1149/1.3545964

Zhang YJ, Liu XY, Bai WQ, Tang H, Shi SJ, Wang XL, Gu CD, Tu JP (2014c) Magnetron sputtering amorphous carbon coatings on metallic lithium: towards promising anodes for lithium secondary batteries. J Power Sour 266:43–50. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.04.147

Zheng J, Qin J, Zhao Y, Abe T, Ogumi Z (2005) Temperature dependence of the electrochemical behavior of licoo2 in quaternary ammonium-based ionic liquid electrolyte. Solid State Ionics 176 (29–30):2219–2226. doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2005.06.020

Zheng G, Lee SW, Liang Z, Lee HW, Yan K, Yao H, Wang H, Li W, Chu S, Cui Y (2014) Interconnected hollow carbon nanospheres for stable lithium metal anodes. Nat Nanotechnol 9(8):618–623. doi:10.1038/nnano.2014.152

Zheng J, Yan P, Mei D, Engelhard MH, Cartmell SS, Polzin BJ, Wang C, Zhang J-G, Wu Xu (2015) Highly stable operation of li metal batteries enabled by the formation of transient high concentration electrolyte layer. Submitted to advanced energy materials

Zhou YN, Wang XJ, Lee HS, Nam KW, Yang XQ, Haas O (2010) Electrochemical investigation of Li–Al anodes in Oligo(ethylene glycol) Dimethyl Ether/LiPF6. J Appl Electrochem 41(3):271–275. doi:10.1007/s10800-010-0233-4

Zhu C, Cheng H, Yang Y (2008) Electrochemical characterization of two types of PEO-based polymer electrolytes with room-temperature ionic liquids. J Electrochem Soc 155(8):A569–A575. doi:10.1149/1.2931523

Zhuang G, Wang K, Chottiner G, Barbour R, Luo Y, Bae IT, Tyrk D, Scherson DA (1995) novel in situ and ex situ techniques for the study of lithium/electrolyte interfaces. J Power Sour 54:20–27CrossRef

Zinigrad E, Levi E, Teller H, Salitra G, Aurbach D, Dan P (2004) Investigation of lithium electrodeposits formed in practical rechargeable Li-LixMnO₂ batteries based on LiAsF₆/1,3-Dioxolane solutions. J Electrochem Soc 151(1):A111–A118. doi:10.1149/1.1630591

Zlatilova P, Balkanov I, Geronov Y (1988) Thin foil Lithium–Aluminum electrode. The effect of thermal treatment on its electrochemical behavior in nonaqueous media. J Power Sour 24:71–79CrossRef

Springer Professional

3. High Coulombic Efficiency of Lithium Plating/Stripping and Lithium Dendrite Prevention

Abstract

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"