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The Significance of Freedom of Competition in the European Union Law Read chapter Read first chapter

2016 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

5. Horizontal and Vertical Restraints in Practice

Author : Walter Frenz

Published in: Handbook of EU Competition Law

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

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Abstract

Classic cartel agreements must be greeted with scepticism. They generally do not result in any positive effects for consumers and competition. In its Guidelines on horizontal agreements, the Commission highlights specific groups of cases where particular circumstances may act as justification. By contrast, classic cartel agreements may not be removed from the definition of a cartel based on their serious infringements of competition and may likewise not be exempted as a rule. Regularly they are intended. The De Minimis Notice has no application to such agreements from the outset. The second large group of important restraints relevant to competition law comprises vertical restraints like exclusive or selective distribution, franchising and exclusive supply. It was easier accepted depending on market shares of the participating companies.

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previous chapter Exemptions
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Appendix
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Footnotes
1
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1, last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22; see below paras 2886 et seq.
 
2
Not even when relying on the rule of reason, ECJ, Case C-235/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:362 (para 133)—Montecatini; General Court, Case T-148/89, ECLI:EU:T:1995:68 (para 109)—Tréfilunion; General Court, Case T-374/94 inter alia, ECLI:EU:T:1998:198 (para 136)—European Night Services: The only remaining option is a balancing of interests under Art. 101 (3) TFEU.
 
3
Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 101 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice), OJ 2014 C 291, p. 1.
 
4
For the former version (2001), Winterstein et al., In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 348. See above paras 879 et seq.
 
5
Cf. regarding these special aspects, Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 537.
 
6
An overview of Commission decisions on the whole in table form, Haag, In: von der Groeben and Schwarze (2003), nach Art. 81 EG—Fallgruppen: Kooperationsabsprachen paras 14 et seq., 17 et seq.
 
7
Accord, Lübbig, In: Wiedemann (2008), § 8 para 198 citing Commission Decision 74/292/EEC, OJ 1974 L 160, p. 1 (paras 19 et seq.)—Packaging glass as well as Commission Decision 75/497/EEC, OJ 1975 L 228, p. 3 (9)—IFTRA/Primary aluminium; see also ECJ, Case 8/72, ECLI:EU:C:1972:84 (paras 23/24 et seq.)—Cementhandelaren; cf. also addressing fine art auction houses, Commission 32nd Report on Competition Policy 2002, p. 198 et seq. = Commission Decision COMP/E-2/37.784—Fine Art Auction Houses.
 
8
Categorising them both as a sub-form of price fixing and, as such, customer allocation, Lübbig, In: Wiedemann (2008), § 8 paras 247 et seq.
 
9
ECJ, Case 209 inter alia/78, ECLI:EU:C:1980:248 (paras 96 et seq.)—van Landewyck.
 
10
Commission Decision 75/497/EEC, OJ 1975 L 228, p. 3 (12)—IFTRA/Primary aluminium.
 
11
Cf. on an overall basis, Lübbig, In: Wiedemann (2008), § 7 paras 22 et seq.
 
12
Commission, 33rd Report on Competition Policy 2003, p. 199. As a result, the fines for the farmers’ associations was increased by 30 %, cf. Commission Decision 2003/600/EC, OJ 2003 L 209, p. 12 (para 173)—Viandes bovines françaises.
 
13
Commission Decision 94/601/EC, OJ 1994 L 243, p. 1 (paras 130 et seq.)—Carton board; cf. discussion additional example cases, Winterstein et al., In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV paras 358 et seq.; Lübbig, In: Wiedemann (2008), § 7 paras 22 et seq.; regarding price cartels, see also Commission Decision 2004/138/EC, OJ 2004 L 56, p. 1—Austrian Banks (“Lombard Club”).
 
14
Cf. also Commission 33rd Report on Competition Policy 2003, p. 201 for the Sorbate case (Commission Decision COMP/E-1/37.370—Sorbate).
 
15
E.g. subject to assignment to individual cartel member Commission Decision 2003/437/EC, OJ 2003 L 153, p. 1—Zinc phosphate; cf. also 33rd Report on Competition Policy 2003, sub-section 201 et seq.; Commission Decision 2004/420/EC, OJ 2004 L 125, p. 45—Electrical and mechanical carbon and graphite products (cf. Commission Decision 2002/271/EC, OJ 2002 L 100, p. 1—Graphite electrodes and Speciality graphite products (Commission Decision of 17 December 2002, COMP. 37667—Speciality graphite products), summarised in by the Commission, 32nd Report on Competition Policy 2002, p. 200 et seq.
 
16
Cf. Winterstein et al., In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 359.
 
17
Commission Decision 80/1334/EEC, OJ 1980 L 383, p. 19 (21, 24 et seq.)—Cast glass in Italy; regarding exceptions to market division, Klawitter, In: Wiedemann (2008), § 13 paras 150 et seq.
 
18
E.g. Graphite electrodes (Commission Decision 2002/271/EC, OJ 2002 L 100, p. 1 (paras 71 et seq.)—Graphite electrodes).
 
19
This was the case in Commission Decision 2001/418/EC, OJ 2001 L 152, p. 24 (paras 186 et seq.)—Amino acids. There, sales quotas (paras 211 et seq.) were agreed to in addition to set prices (paras 186 et seq.). In addition, the parties agreed to some extent to limits sales to their respective “own” market (paras 211 et seq.).
 
20
Winterstein et al., In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 361.
 
21
E.g. Commission Decision 94/815/EC, OJ 1994 L 343, p. 1 (para 45)—Cement.
 
22
Commission Decision 2004/139/EC, OJ 2004 L 56, p. 76 (paras 105 et seq.)—REIMS II.
 
23
Commission Decision 80/917/EEC, OJ 1980 L 260, p. 24 (paras 48 et seq.)—National Sulphuric Acid Association.
 
24
See previously, Commission Decision 76/159/EEC, OJ 1976 L 28, p. 19 (paras 25 et seq., 38 et seq.)—SABA.
 
25
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 81 (3) of the Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 97 (para 46).
 
26
Winterstein et al., In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 365.
 
27
Winterstein et al., In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV paras 366 et seq.
 
28
Winterstein et al., In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 365.
 
29
Commission Decision 84/405/EEC, OJ 1984 L 220, p. 27—Zinc Producer Group.
 
30
Commission Decision 84/405/EEC, OJ 1984 L 220, p. 27 (paras 99 et seq.)—Zinc Producer Group; contrary view, also General Court and ECJ which determined that the existence of a crisis in the respective industry sector could not result in preventing the application of the prohibition of cartels, General Court, Case T-305 inter alia/94, ECLI:EU:T:1999:80 (para 740)—Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij; affirming, ECJ, Case C-238 inter alia/99 P, ECLI:EU:C:2002:582 (paras 488 et seq.)—Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij; cf. also Winterstein et al., In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 368.
 
31
E.g. Commission Decision 94/296/EC, OJ 1994 L 131, p. 15 (para 6)—Stichting Baksteen and 84/380/EEC, OJ 1984 L 207, p. 17 (paras 16 et seq., 25 et seq.)—Synthetic fibres.
 
32
Winterstein, In: Schröter et al. (2003), Art. 81—Fallgruppen: Marktabsprachen para 30.
 
33
Winterstein et al., In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 370.
 
34
E.g. Commission Decision 94/296/EC, OJ 1994 L 131, p. 15 (paras 24 et seq.)—Stichting Baksteen; cf. Winterstein et al., In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV paras 370 et seq.
 
35
See above paras 1145 et seq.
 
36
Limited to such circumstances, von Bernuth (1996), p. 134.
 
37
Cf. above at para 1147.
 
38
Additional discussion of reorganisational mergers during structural crises, below paras 3771 et seq.
 
39
Cf. also Lübbig, In: Wiedemann (2008), § 8 para 211.
 
40
Commission Decision 84/380/EEC, OJ 1984 L 207, p. 17 (para 28)—Synthetic fibres.
 
41
Cf. Lübbig, In: Wiedemann (2008), § 8 para 209.
 
42
Winterstein et al., In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV paras 368 et seq.
 
43
See the assumption by the Commission that external competition is preserved by having additional undertakings that are not parties to an agreement, Commission Decision 84/380/EEC, OJ 1984 L 207, p. 17 (paras 48 et seq.)—Synthetic fibres; 94/296/EC, OJ 1994 L 131, p. 15 (para 40)—Stichting Baksteen.
 
44
See below paras 3770 et seq.
 
45
Commission Decision 94/296/EC, OJ 1994 L 131, p. 15 (para 6)—Stichting Baksteen.
 
46
Commission Decision 84/380/EEC, OJ 1984 L 207, p. 17 (para 19)—Synthetic fibres.
 
47
Commission Decision 94/296/EC, OJ 1994 L 131, p. 15 (para 6)—Stichting Baksteen.
 
48
On the topic as a whole, see previously Winterstein et al., In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 370.
 
49
Cf. Lübbig, In: Wiedemann (2008), § 8 para 209.
 
50
Winterstein et al., In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 370; Commission Decision 84/380/EEC, OJ 1984 L 207, p. 17 (para 18)—Synthetic fibres.
 
51
On the issue as a whole, Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (paras 1 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
52
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 6), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
53
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (paras 51, 111 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172 p. 22.
 
54
See above paras 172 et seq. as well as paras 1591 et seq.
 
55
Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1217/2010 of 14 December 2010 on the application of Article 101 (3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to certain categories of research and development agreements, OJ 2010 L 335, p. 36.
 
56
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 111), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
57
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 128), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
58
Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 563.
 
59
On the issue as a whole, Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 112), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
60
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (paras 113 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172 p. 22.
 
61
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 120), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
62
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 122), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
63
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 129), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
64
Cf. also Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 565.
 
65
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 132), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
66
See above paras 1323 et seq.
 
67
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 133), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
68
Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 566.
 
69
Commission Decision 2000/182/EC, OJ 2000 L 58, p. 16 (para 70)—GEAE/P&W: In this case, economic benefits related to joint development are seen as insufficient if the undertakings each remain able to conduct the research for themselves (para 75). Now, Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 130), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
70
See above paras 1145 et seq.
 
71
Commission Decision 94/823/EC, OJ 1994 L 341, p. 66 (paras 29 et seq.)—Fujitsu AMD Semiconductor.
 
72
Commission Decision 94/770/EEC, OJ 1994 L 309, p. 1 (paras 56 et seq.)—Pasteur Mérieux/Merck; 94/896/EC, OJ 1994 L 354, p. 87 (para 22)—Asahi/Saint Gobain.
 
73
Commission Decision 93/49/EEC, OJ 1993 L 20, p. 14 (para 21)—Ford/Volkswagen.
 
74
Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 463.
 
75
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 134), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
76
Regarding this specifically and the topic as a whole, Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV paras 568 et seq.
 
77
Cf. critical view, above para 1592.
 
78
Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 101 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice), OJ 2014 C 291, p. 1. See above paras 875 et seq.
 
79
Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 101 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice), OJ 2014 C 291, p. 1 (para 8).
 
80
Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1217/2010 of 14 December 2010 on the application of Article 101 (3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to certain categories of research and development agreements, OJ L 335, p. 36. For additional discussion, see above paras 1321 et seq.
 
81
Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 457 et seq.
 
82
Cf. Commission Decision 91/38/EEC, OJ 1991 L 19, p. 25 (paras 23 et seq.)—KSB/Goulds/Lowara/ITT addressing Commission Regulation (EU) No. 418/85 of 19 December 1984 on the application of Article 85 (3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of research and development agreements, OJ 1985 L 153, p. 5.
 
83
Cf. Commission Decision 85/560/EEC, OJ 1985 L 369, p. 6 (para 15 alt. b))—BP/Kellogg.
 
84
Cf. Commission Decision 90/46/EEC, OJ 1990 L 32, p. 19 (para 17)—ALCATEL/ESPACE/ANT.
 
85
Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 464. For general discussion, see above para 1206.
 
86
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 134), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
87
Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 587.
 
88
Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 464; Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 588; cf. also Commission Decision 94/896/EC, OJ 1994 L 354, p. 87 (para 30)—Asahi/Saint Gobain.
 
89
Commission Decision 90/46/EEC, OJ 1990 L 32, p. 19 (para 18)—ALCATEL/ESPACE/ANT; also 94/896/EC, OJ 1994 L 354, p. 87 (para 28)—Asahi/Saint Gobain, however in the context of indispensability.
 
90
Commission Decision 94/896/EC, OJ 1994 L 354, p. 87 (para 26)—Asahi/Saint Gobain.
 
91
Earlier 5 years, Commission Decision 94/896/EC, OJ 1994 L 354, p. 87 (para 31)—Asahi/Saint Gobain.
 
92
Commission Decision 94/823/EC, OJ 1994 L 341, p. 66 (para 46)—Fujitsu AMD Semiconductor.
 
93
Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 590.
 
94
Regarding this specifically and the topic as a whole, Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV paras 589 et seq.
 
95
Commission Decision 88/555/EEC, OJ 1988 L 305, p. 33 (para 23)—Continental/Michelin.
 
96
Likewise Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 591.
 
97
Regarding the resulting mergers of economically independent undertakings and the associated finding of compatibility of side agreements as well, below paras 3424 et seq.
 
98
Commission Decision 90/410/EEC, OJ 1990 L 209, p. 15 (paras 28 et seq.)—Elopak; Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 592, also regarding specific, potential agreements. Cf. also Commission Decision 94/823/EC, OJ 1994 L 341, p. 66 (paras 33 et seq.)—Fujitsu AMD Semiconductor; 90/410/EEC, OJ 1990 L 209, p. 15 (paras 28 et seq.)—Elopak.
 
99
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 150), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22, as well as regarding the following.
 
100
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 151), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
101
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 151 end), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172 p. 22.
 
102
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 154), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22, as well as regarding the following.
 
103
OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1.
 
104
Commission Regulation (EU) No. 330/2010 of 20 April 2010 on the application of Article 101 (3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices, OJ L 102, p. 1; see above.
 
105
Commission Notice of 18 December 1978 concerning the assessment of certain subcontracting agreements under Article 85 (1) of the Treaty establishing the European Community, OJ 1979 C 1, p. 2.
 
106
See Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 152), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
107
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (paras 155 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
108
Commission Decision 2000/182/EC, OJ 2000 L 58, p. 16 (paras 70 et seq.)—GEAE/P&W; 94/823/EC, OJ 1994 L 341, p. 66 (para 59)—Fujitsu AMD Semiconductor.
 
109
Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 593.
 
110
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11 p. 1 (paras 160, 162 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
111
Commission Decision 90/446/EEC, OJ 1990 L 228, p. 31 (33)—ECR 900; 88/568/EEC, OJ 1988 L 311, p. 36 (para 17)—Eurotunnel; cf. Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 601; see for further discussion below, para 1662.
 
112
See Rose (2012), para 6.058.
 
113
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (paras 165, 168 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
114
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 167), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
115
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 167), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
116
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (paras 174, 187 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
117
Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 101 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice), OJ 2014 C 291, p. 1 (para 8).
 
118
Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV paras 611 et seq.
 
119
Regarding this specifically and the topic as a whole, Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV paras 611 et seq.
 
120
Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1218/2010 of 14 December 2010 on the application of Article 101 (3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to certain categories of specialisation agreements, OJ L 335, p. 43.
 
121
Commission Regulation (EU) No. 330/2010 of 20 April 2010 on the application of Article 101 (3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices, OJ L 102, p. 1.
 
122
See above paras 1233 et seq.
 
123
See above para 1315, likewise with regard to the following and Rose (2012), para 6.064.
 
124
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 169), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
125
Commission Decision 93/49/EEC, OJ 1993 L 20, p. 14 (para 25)—Ford/Volkswagen; 94/986/EC, OJ 1994 L 378, p. 37 (para 25)—Philips/Osram.
 
126
Commission Decision 78/194/EEC, OJ 1978 L 61, p. 17 (para 6 a))—JAZ/Peter II.
 
127
Commission Decision 72/88/EEC, OJ 1972 L 31, p. 29 (para 29)—MAN/SAVIEM.
 
128
Commission Decision 93/49/EEC, OJ 1993 L 20, p. 14 (para 26)—Ford/Volkswagen; 94/823/EC, OJ 1994 L 341, p. 66 (para 41)—Fujitsi AMD Semiconductor; cf. on the topic as a whole, Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 627 with additional citations.
 
129
Commission Decision 93/49/EEC, OJ 1993 L 20, p. 14 (para 27)—Ford/Volkswagen; 94/986/EC, OJ 1994 L 378, p. 37 (para 27)—Philips/Osram.
 
130
Commission Decision 83/668/EEC, OJ 1983 L 376, p. 11 (para 34)—VW/MAN; cf. on the topic as whole, Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 628, in each case with additional citations.
 
131
See above paras 1433 et seq.
 
132
Adopting this view, Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 536.
 
133
Commission Decision 94/986/EC, OJ 1994 L 378, p. 37 (para 28)—Philips/Osram.
 
134
Commission Decision 93/49/EEC, OJ 1993 L 20, p. 14 (para 29)—Ford/Volkswagen; 94/823/EC, OJ 1994 L 341, p. 66 (para 42)—Fujitsu AMD Semiconductor.
 
135
Commission Decision 94/986/EC, OJ 1994 L 378, p. 37 (para 28)—Philips/Osram.
 
136
Commission Decision 77/543/EEC, OJ 1977 L 215, p. 11 (15, 17 et seq.)—De Laval/Stork.
 
137
Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 629.
 
138
Cf. e contrario Commission Decision 75/76/EEC, OJ 1975 L 29, p. 20 (24)—RANK/SOPELEM; cf. Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 536 with additional citations.
 
139
Commission Decision 94/986/EC, OJ 1994 L 378, p. 37 (para 28)—Philips/Osram; 83/390/EEC, OJ 1983 L 224, p. 19—Rockwell/Iveco.
 
140
Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 629 with additional citations.
 
141
Commission Decision 1999/574/EC, OJ 1999 L 218, p. 24 (paras 46 et seq.)—Télécom Développement; detailed treatment with additional citations and regarding possible side agreements, Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 631.
 
142
Council Regulation of 20 January 2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings (“Merger Directive”), OJ 2004 L 24, p. 1.
 
143
Partial-function joint ventures do not fall within the scope of Art. 3 ECMR, e.g. Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 3 FKVO paras 20, 22; Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 3 FKVO paras 27 et seq.; in the topic as a whole, Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 547.
 
144
Haag, In: von der Groeben and Schwarze (2003), nach Art. 81 EG—Fallgruppen: Kooperationsabsprachen para 42.
 
145
See Bennett et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), paras 7.369 and 7.370.
 
146
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 195), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
147
Commission Regulation (EU) No. 330/2010 of 20 April 2010 on the application of Article 101 (3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices, OJ L 102, p. 1; see above paras 1233 et seq.
 
148
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1.
 
149
Commission Decision 91/329/EEC, OJ 1991 L 178, p. 31 (para 29)—Scottish Nuclear.
 
150
See Commission Decision 2000/400/EC, OJ 2000 L 151, p. 18 (para 52 et seq.)—Eurovision, declared void by General Court, Case T-185 inter alia/00, ECLI:EU:T:2002:242 (paras 31 et seq.)—M6, however in light of an exemption.
 
151
ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795 (para 37)—Expedia.
 
152
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 208), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
153
See Bennett et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 7.379.
 
154
Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 101 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice), OJ 2014 C 291, p. 1.
 
155
Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 101 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice), OJ 2014 C 291, p. 1 (para 8).
 
156
Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 556.
 
157
ECJ, Case C-250/92, ECLI:EU:C:1994:413 (paras 32 et seq.)—DLG; Haag, In: von der Groeben and Schwarze (2003), nach Art. 81 EG—Fallgruppen: Kooperationsabsprachen para 44.
 
158
See also ECJ, Case C-250/92, ECLI:EU:C:1994:413 (para 35)—DLG.
 
159
Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 560; see above paras 1436 et seq.
 
160
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (paras 197 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
161
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (paras 198, 200 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
162
Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 561.
 
163
On this topic, see also Haag, In: von der Groeben and Schwarze (2003), nach Art. 81 EG—Fallgruppen: Kooperationsabsprachen para 45 citing Commission Decision 80/917/EEC, OJ 1980 L 260, p. 24 (para 51)—National Sulphuric Acid Association.
 
164
Commission Decision 80/917/EEC, OJ 1980 L 260, p. 24 (para 51)—National Sulphuric Acid Association; 91/50/EEC, OJ 1991 L 28, p. 32 (para 53)—Ijsselcentrale; cf. Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 561.
 
165
Also Commission Decision 80/234/EEC, OJ 1980 L 51, p. 19—Rennet; Bennett et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 7.404.
 
166
Commission Decision 80/917/EEC, OJ 1980 L 260, p. 24 (para 54)—National Sulphuric Acid Association.
 
167
Haag, In: von der Groeben and Schwarze (2003), nach Art. 81 EG—Fallgruppen: Kooperationsabsprachen para 45; however see Commission Decision 75/482/EEC, OJ 1975 L 212, p. 23 (24)—INTERGROUP: no appreciability.
 
168
On the issue as a whole, Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11 p. 1 (paras 201 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
169
See above para 1513.
 
170
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 225), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
171
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1.
 
172
Commission Regulation (EU) No. 330/2010 of 20 April 2010 on the application of Article 101 (3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices, OJ L 102, p. 1.
 
173
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 227), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
174
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 227), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
175
Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 652.
 
176
Cf. also Commission Decision 91/301/EEC, OJ 1991 L 152, p. 54 (para 19)—ANSAC.
 
177
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 237), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
178
Not only in the case of individual tenders but for entire markets, e.g. Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 662 citing Commission Decision 90/446/EEC, OJ 1990 L 228, p. 31 (34)—ECR 900; similarly Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 570.
 
179
For general discussion, see above paras 1613 et seq., 1662 et seq.
 
180
Cf. Commission Decision 91/301/EEC, OJ 1991 L 152, p. 54 (para 19)—ANSAC.
 
181
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (paras 234 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
182
Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 572.
 
183
Commission Decision 91/301/EEC, OJ 1991 L 152, p. 54 (para 19)—ANSAC; Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 660 with additional citations.
 
184
Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 571; providing an example of a joint venture, Commission Decision 93/48/EEC, OJ 1993 L 20, p. 10 (paras 21 et seq.)—Fiat/Hitachi; for the comparable effect through the use of one of the undertakings participating in production in sales, Commission Decision 83/668/EEC, OJ 1983 L 376, p. 11 (para 20)—VW/MAN; with additional examples including additional citations in each case Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 654.
 
185
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (paras 244 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
186
Commission Decision 74/431/EEC, OJ 1974 L 237, p. 3 (8)—Papiers peints de Belgique; Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 575.
 
187
Commission Decision 86/399/EEC, OJ 1986 L 232, p. 15 (para 73)—Roofing and sealing membranes; Haag, In: von der Groeben and Schwarze (2003), nach Art. 81 EG—Fallgruppen: Kooperationsabsprachen para 52.
 
188
Commission Decision 85/76/EEC, OJ 1985 L 35, p. 35 (paras 38 et seq.)—Milk subsidy fund; cf. Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 575.
 
189
Cf. on this point, with citations in support of an exemption for such restrictions, Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 576.
 
190
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 240), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
191
Likewise critical, Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 672.
 
192
Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 101 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice), OJ 2014 C 291, p. 1.
 
193
Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 101 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice), OJ 2014 C 291, p. 1 (paras 8, 10, 11).
 
194
Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 101 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice), OJ 2014 C 291, p. 1 (para 13).
 
195
Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 101 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice), OJ 2014 C 291, p. 1 (para 4 with fn. 5).
 
196
Commission Decision 72/23/EEC, OJ 1972 L 13, p. 44—SAFCO.
 
197
Commission Decision 80/182/EEC, OJ 1980 L 39, p. 51 (56 et seq.)—FLORAL.
 
198
Commission Decision 78/732/EEC, OJ 1978 L 242, p. 15 (para 76)—CSV; Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 673; Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 573; further discussion above, paras 1083 et seq.
 
199
Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 674.
 
200
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 248), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
201
Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV paras 680 et seq. citing, e.g. Commission Decision 91/301/EEC, OJ 1991 L 152, p. 54 (para 25)—ANSAC; 80/182/EEC, OJ 1980 L 39, p. 51 (57 et seq.)—FLORAL.
 
202
Cf. with regard to the particularities of the distribution of drive axles for trucks, Commission Decision 83/390/EEC, OJ 1983 L 224, p. 19—Rockwell/Iveco.
 
203
Commission Decision 94/579/EC, OJ 1994 L 223, p. 36 (para 54)—BT/MCI: in this case joint distribution in the form of a side agreement with accessory importance was rejected as a concurrent exemption, however it did satisfy all of the requirements for an exemption; Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 677.
 
204
See generally paras 1145 et seq.
 
205
Cf. on this topic the Commission’s evaluation of the activities of a joint venture in the matter of ATR/BAe (Commission Decision IV/M.551, OJ 1995 C 264, p. 8 (paras 2 et seq.)), summarised in German in Commission, 25th Report on Competition Policy 1995, p. 137 et seq.
 
206
Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 574 citing Commission Decision 89/467/EEC, OJ 1989 L 226, p. 25 (paras 44 et seq.)—UIP and Commission, 29th Report on Competition Policy 1999, p. 167 et seq.
 
207
Commission Decision 2003/778/EC, OJ 2003 L 291, p. 25 (paras 32 et seq., 47 et seq.)—Joint marketing of commercial rights to the UEFA Champions League, see also ECJ, Case C-403 and 429/08, ECLI:EU:C:2011:631—Football Association Premier League; see above paras 1521 et seq.
 
208
Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 632.
 
209
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 257), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
210
Bennett et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 7.510.
 
211
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 261), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
212
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 261), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
213
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 261), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
214
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (paras 263 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
215
Comprehensive treatment, Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 635 and 688 respectively.
 
216
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 263), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
217
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 280), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
218
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (paras 281 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
219
Commission Decision 87/69/EEC, OJ 1987 L 35, p. 36 (paras 42 et seq.)—X/Open Group.
 
220
Commission Decision 87/69/EEC, OJ 1987 L 35, p. 36 (para 43)—X/Open Group; Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 647.
 
221
Rejected in Commission Decision 78/156/EEC, OJ 1978 L 47, p. 42 (para 31)—Video cassette recorders; cf. also Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 648.
 
222
Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 577.
 
223
Commission Decision 87/69/EEC, OJ 1987 L 35, p. 36 (paras 36 et seq.)—X/Open Group; Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 651.
 
224
Bennett et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 7.407. Cf. on the topic as a whole, Grauel (1982), p. 177 et seq.
 
225
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (paras 55 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22. Most recently also Higher Regional Court Düsseldorf, judgement of 29 October 2012, V-1 Kart 1-6/12 (Owi) et al. Critical view Heyers (2013), 103 with additional citations.
 
226
Bennett et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 7.408.
 
227
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 60), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
228
ECJ, Case C-7/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1998:256 (para 86)—John Deere; Case C-8/08, ECLI:EU:C:2009:343 (para 26)—T-Mobile Netherlands inter alia.
 
229
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 61), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
230
General Court, Case T-25 inter alia/95, ECLI:EU:T:2000:77 (para 1849)—Cimenteries CBR. Critical and limiting, Heyers (2013), 102. For additional discussion, see above paras 848 et seq.
 
231
See Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV paras 93 et seq.
 
232
Commission Decision 89/190/EEC, OJ 1989 L 74, p. 1 (paras 17 et seq., 29 et seq.)—PVC.
 
233
Commission Decision 92/157/EEC, OJ 1992 L 68, p. 19 (paras 17 et seq.)—UK Agricultural Tractor Registration Exchange.
 
234
Commission Decision 84/405/EEC, OJ 1984 L 220, p. 27 (para 67)—Zinc Producer Group.
 
235
Commission Decision 84/405/EEC, OJ 1984 L 220, p. 27 (para 68)—Zinc Producer Group.
 
236
Haag, In: von der Groeben and Schwarze (2003), nach Art. 81 EG—Fallgruppen: Kooperationsabsprachen paras 65 et seq.
 
237
Cf. here Commission Decision 2004/138/EC, OJ 2004 L 56, p. 1 (para 423)—Austrian Banks (“Lombard Club”).
 
238
ECJ, Case 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174 (para 173/174)—Suiker Unie; General Court, Case T-4/89, ECLI:EU:T:1991:73 (para 219)—BASF/Commission; Commission Decision 92/157/EEC, OJ 1992 L 68, p. 19 (para 43)—UK Agricultural Tractor Registration Exchange.
 
239
Commission Decision 92/157/EEC, OJ 1992 L 68, p. 19 (para 43)—UK Agricultural Tractor Registration Exchange. For additional discussion, see above para 942.
 
240
Cf. Commission Decision 2001/418/EC, OJ 2001 L 152, p. 24 (para 229)—Amino acids.
 
241
ECJ, Case C-8/08, ECLI:EU:C:2009:343 (para 33)—T-Mobile Netherlands inter alia.
 
242
Detailed treatment, Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11 p. 1 (paras 77 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172 p. 22.
 
243
See Commission Decision 92/157/EEC, OJ 1992 L 68, p. 19 (para 38)—UK Agricultural Tractor Registration Exchange: In this case, four undertakings held an 80 % market share in the British market for tractors.
 
244
General Court, Case T-35/92, ECLI:EU:T:1994:259 (para 51)—John Deere.
 
245
General Court, Case T-34/92, ECLI:EU:T:1994:258 (para 91)—Fiatagri.
 
246
General Court, Case T-34/92, ECLI:EU:T:1994:258 (para 91)—Fiatagri; if the information exchange does not serve to make other classic cartel agreements possible in the first place, cf. on this issue regarding an exchange of information without reporting unit, Commission Decision 2004/421/EC, OJ 2004 L 125, p. 50 (para 11)—Industrial tubes as well as Gipsplatten (Commission Decision COMP/E-1/37.152), summarised in Commission 32nd Report on Competition Policy 2002, p. 206 et seq.
 
247
General Court, Case T-34/92, ECLI:EU:T:1994:258 (para 87)—Fiatagri.
 
248
General Court, Case T-34/92, ECLI:EU:T:1994:258 (para 91)—Fiatagri.
 
249
Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 455.
 
250
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 89), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
251
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 89 end), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
252
General Court, Case T-191/98 inter alia, ECLI:EU:T:2003:245 (para 3275)—Atlantic Container Line.
 
253
Seel, e.g. Higher Regional Court Düsseldorf, judgement of 29 October 2012, V-1 Kart 1-6/12 (OWi) et al.
 
254
See above para 1649.
 
255
Bechtold (2012), 111; Heyers (2013), 102.
 
256
Commission Decision 92/157/EEC, OJ 1992 L 68, p. 19 (para 50)—UK Agricultural Tractor Registration Exchange. In this case, the Commission presumed that it was not possible to draw conclusions about current competitive behaviour in the case of the annual exchange of 1-year-old data.
 
257
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 90), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
258
Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 455 citing Commission Communication pursuant to Art. 19 (3) of Council Regulation No. 17 (Case No. IV/33.815, 35.842—EUDIM), OJ 1996 C 111, p. 8 (para 13). In this case, 3000 large European wholesalers were active in the market for sanitary facilities, heaters and sanitary accessories with a product range comprising some one million products.
 
259
Cf. here Commission authorisation in the case of Operational Riskdata eXchange, Commission 32nd Report on Competition Policy 2002, p. 209.
 
260
Commission Decision 87/69/EEC, OJ 1987 L 35, p. 36 (para 38)—X/Open Group.
 
261
Commission Regulation (EU) No 267/2010 of 24 March 2010 on the application of Article 101 (3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of agreements, decisions and concerted practices in the insurance sector, OJ L 83, p. 1.
 
262
Cf, e.g. Commission Regulation (EU) No. 267/2010 of 24 March 2010 on the application of Article 101 (3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to certain categories of agreements, decisions and concerted practices in the insurance sector, OJ L 83, p. 1 For additional discussion, see above paras 1342 et seq.
 
263
Schuhmacher, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 379 citing, e.g. Council Regulation (EC) No. 906/2009 of 28 September 2009 on the application of Article 81 (3) of the Treaty to certain categories of agreements, decisions and concerted practices between liner shipping companies (consortia), OJ L 256, p. 31 or Council Regulation (EC) No. 169/2009 of 26 February 2009 applying rules of competition to transport by rail, road and inland waterways, OJ L 61, p. 1.
 
264
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 74), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
265
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 95), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
266
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 96), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
267
See above para 1653.
 
268
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (paras 98 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
269
Bennett et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 7.430.
 
270
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 100), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
271
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 101 end), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
272
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 101), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
273
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 101), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
274
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 103), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
275
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 103), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.
 
276
See Commission Decision 90/410/EEC, OJ 1990 L 209, p. 15 (paras 24 et seq.)—Elopak.
 
277
Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 529.
 
278
Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 529.
 
279
Commission Notice on agreements, decisions and concerted practices in the field of co-operation between enterprises, OJ 1968 C 75, p. 3.
 
280
Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV paras 528 et seq.
 
281
Commission Decision 90/410/EEC, OJ 1990 L 209, p. 15 (paras 24 et seq.)—Elopak; Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 532.
 
282
Commission Notice on agreements, decisions and concerted practices in the field of co-operation between enterprises, OJ 1968 C 75, p. 3 (Section II.5).
 
283
Commission Decision 90/446/EEC, OJ 1990 L 228, p. 31 (33)—ECR 900; 88/568/EEC, OJ 1988 L 311, p. 36 (para 17)—Eurotunnel.
 
284
However, making distinctions, Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 533 end.
 
285
Using this as a basis, Koenig et al. (2005), 135.
 
286
See Commission Decision 90/410/EEC, OJ 1990 L 209, p. 15 (paras 24 et seq.)—Elopak.
 
287
See above paras 1145 et seq.
 
288
Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 534.
 
289
Commission Decision 90/446/EEC, OJ 1990 L 228, p. 31 (33)—ECR 900; 1999/574/EC, OJ 1999 L 218, p. 24 (para 34)—Télécom Développement.
 
290
Commission Decision 90/446/EEC, OJ 1990 L 228, p. 31 (33)—ECR 900.
 
291
Commission Decision 2000/182/EC, OJ 2000 L 58, p. 16 (para 75)—GEAE/P&W.
 
292
Cf. on an overall basis, Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV paras 534 et seq.; Commission Decision 90/446/EEC, OJ 1990 L 228, p. 31—ECR 900.
 
293
On the distinction between horizontal and vertical agreements, see Jungermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 101 (1), (3) AEUV Fallgruppen II.1 paras 27 et seq.
 
294
Gurin and Pepperkorn, In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 9.01 et seq.
 
295
For definitional differences, see Jungermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 101 (1), (3) AEUV Fallgruppen I. paras 22 et seq.
 
296
See Whish and Bailey (2012), p. 618 et seq. with an overview.
 
297
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 2); similarly Art. 1 alt. a) Vertical BER.
 
298
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 6).
 
299
General Court, Case T-450/05, ECLI:EU:T:2009:262 (para 173)—Peugeot.
 
300
Rose (2012), para 7.006.
 
301
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 9).
 
302
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (paras 9 and in detail 96 et seq.) citing General Court, Case T-7/93, ECLI:EU:T:1995:98 (para 98)—Langnese Iglo.
 
303
Starting with the ECJ, Case 5/69, ECLI:EU:C:1969:35—Völk; Case 1/71, ECLI:EU:C:1971:47—Cadillon; Case C-306/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:173 (paras 16 et seq.)—Javico.
 
304
ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795 (para 25)—Expedia.
 
305
See S. Mäger, In: Mäger (2011), ch. 4 para 9.
 
306
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 11) with a link to the definition contained in the Annex to the Commission Recommendation of 6 May 2003 concerning the definition of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, OJ L 124, p. 36.
 
307
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 11).
 
308
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 6 end); see S. Mäger, In: Mäger (2011), ch. 4 paras 2 et seq.
 
309
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 10).
 
310
See e.g. ECJ, Case C-501 inter alia/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:610 (paras 64 et seq.)—GlaxoSmithKline Services.
 
311
Explicitly so, Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 5 end) citing Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 81 (3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 97.
 
312
See detailed discussion above at paras 70 et seq.
 
313
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 47).
 
314
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 47 in conjunction with footnote 2).
 
315
See above paras 77 et seq.
 
316
See above paras 1666 et seq.; Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (paras 8 et seq.).
 
317
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (paras 9 et seq.)
 
318
See also Simon (2010), 498 et seq.
 
319
ECJ, Case C-217/05, ECLI:EU:C:2006:784—Confederación Española de Empresarios de Estaciones de Servicio; Case C-279/06, ECLI:EU:C:2008:485—CEPSA; General Court, Case T-325/01, ECLI:EU:T:2005:322—DaimlerChrysler; see also S. Mäger, In: Mäger (2011), ch. 4 paras 96 et seq.
 
320
See Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 17 end).
 
321
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 14); see also S. Mäger, In: Mäger (2011), ch. 4 para 99.
 
322
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 14).
 
323
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 17 end).
 
324
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 14 end).
 
325
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 13).
 
326
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 13).
 
327
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 17).
 
328
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 15).
 
329
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 16) with additional aspects.
 
330
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 19), subject to the regular exception in the case of exclusive representative clauses due to a lack of anti-competitive effects.
 
331
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 20).
 
332
Additional discussion, S. Mäger, In: Mäger (2011), ch. 4 paras 110 et seq.
 
333
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 22).
 
334
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 22) citing Commission Notice of 18 December 1978 concerning the assessment of certain subcontracting agreements under Article 85 (1) of the Treaty establishing the European Community, OJ 1979 C 1, p. 2 (no. 3).
 
335
ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795 (para 25, 37)—Expedia.
 
336
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (paras 8 et seq.); further discussion above, paras 1666 et seq.
 
337
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 110).
 
338
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 87). See above paras 1247 et seq.
 
339
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (paras 88 et seq.).
 
340
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 89).
 
341
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 94).
 
342
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 89).
 
343
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 95).
 
344
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 89).
 
345
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 92).
 
346
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 98).
 
347
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 114).
 
348
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 116).
 
349
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 116).
 
350
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 117).
 
351
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 117).
 
352
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 117).
 
353
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 118).
 
354
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (paras 120 et seq.)
 
355
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 179 end) considering a presumptive effect which must then be rebutted.
 
356
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 97).
 
357
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 113).
 
358
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 100) with regard to the foregoing as well.
 
359
Rodger and MacCulloch (2014), p. 236.
 
360
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 102, 104).
 
361
See above para 1145.
 
362
See Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 107 alt. b)).
 
363
Ellger, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (3) AEUV para 518.
 
364
Ellger, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (3) AEUV para 532.
 
365
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 106).
 
366
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 107 alt. a)) with delimitation to false free loader constellations (e.g. customer service after sale).
 
367
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 107 alt. b)).
 
368
See above paras 1145 et seq.
 
369
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 107 alt. b)).
 
370
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 107 alt. b)).
 
371
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 109).
 
372
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 125).
 
373
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 125).
 
374
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 126).
 
375
See e.g. General Court, Case T-131/99, ECLI:EU:T:2002:83—Shaw and Falla; Ellger, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (3) AEUV para 530 with additional citations.
 
376
General Court, Case T-51/89, ECLI:EU:T:1990:41—Tetra Pak I.
 
377
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 127).
 
378
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 128).
 
379
Gurin and Pepperkorn, In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), paras 9.57 et seq.
 
380
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 129), also for the previous section.
 
381
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 129), with regard to the constellation that the buyer must disclose the name of the more favourable supplier.
 
382
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 131).
 
383
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 133).
 
384
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 133).
 
385
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 132).
 
386
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 134).
 
387
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 134).
 
388
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 135).
 
389
See Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 135).
 
390
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 136).
 
391
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 136).
 
392
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 137).
 
393
Cf. Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1. (para 139).
 
394
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (paras 140 and 141) with regard to the case of cumulative foreclosure in which less than 40 % of the market can be bound by an agreement. In any case, less than 30 % of the entire market with a commitment to the single branding obligation are not a problem.
 
395
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (paras 145 et seq.).
 
396
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 148).
 
397
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 147).
 
398
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 151).
 
399
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 151).
 
400
ECJ, Cases 56 and 58/64, ECLI:EU:C:1966:41 (342 et seq.)—Consten und Grundig.
 
401
General Court, Case T-61/89, ECLI:EU:T:1992:79 (paras 98 et seq.)—Dansk Pelsdyravlerforening.
 
402
Ellger, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (3) AEUV para 522 citing ECJ, Case 56/65, ECLI:EU:C:1966:38 (250)—Maschinenbau Ulm).
 
403
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 153).
 
404
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 154).
 
405
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 154).
 
406
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 160).
 
407
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (paras 155, 161); on these principles above paras 1708 et seq.
 
408
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 161).
 
409
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 156).
 
410
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 162).
 
411
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 157).
 
412
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 158).
 
413
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 152).
 
414
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 152).
 
415
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 153).
 
416
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 163).
 
417
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 164).
 
418
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (paras 162 end, 164 end).
 
419
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (paras 161 end, 164).
 
420
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 168).
 
421
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 168).
 
422
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 168).
 
423
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 168).
 
424
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 169).
 
425
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 169).
 
426
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 172).
 
427
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 172).
 
428
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 172).
 
429
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 172).
 
430
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 174).
 
431
General Court, Case T-88/92, ECLI:EU:T:1996:192—Leclerc.
 
432
See e.g. ECJ, Case 107/82, ECLI:EU:C:1983:293 (para 35)—AEG/Commission; Case 31/80, ECLI:EU:C:1980:289 (paras 15 et seq.)—L’Oréal; Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 175).
 
433
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 175 end).
 
434
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 176).
 
435
See General Court, Case T-19/92, ECLI:EU:T:1996:190 (paras 112 et seq.)—Leclerc; Case T-88/92, ECLI:EU:T:1996:192 (paras 106 et seq.)—Leclerc.
 
436
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 177).
 
437
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 176).
 
438
Commission Decision 82/860/EC, OJ 1982 L 360, p. 31 (para 48)—Cafeteros de Colombia.
 
439
See also ECJ, Case 209 inter alia/78, ECLI:EU:C:1980:248—van Landewyck; Commission Decision 78/670/EEC, OJ 1978 L 224, p. 29 (paras 113 et seq.)—FEDETAB.
 
440
Commission Decision 85/616/EC, OJ 1985 L 376, p. 15 (paras 19 et seq.)—Villeroy & Boch.
 
441
Commission Decision 77/100/EEC, OJ 1977 L 30, p. 10 (paras 20 et seq.)—Junghans; 70/488/EEC, OJ 1970 L 242, p. 22 (para 7)—Omega; Ellger, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (3) AEUV para 531 with additional examples and numerous additional citations.
 
442
See Commission Decision 94/29/EC, OJ 1994 L 20, p. 15 (paras 36 et seq.)—Grundig EC distribution restraints.
 
443
See also Commission Decision 73/196/EEC, OJ 1973 L 194, p. 27 (item II.)—Du Pont de Nemours Germany; Commission Decision 70/332/EEC, OJ 1970 L 147, p. 24 (paras 23 et seq.)—Kodak.
 
444
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 185); this aspect equated with the other gains in efficiency Ellger, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (3) AEUV para 529.
 
445
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 179).
 
446
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 185).
 
447
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 185).
 
448
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 183).
 
449
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 183).
 
450
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 183); further discussion above, paras 1708 et seq.
 
451
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 182).
 
452
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 186).
 
453
Ellger, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (3) AEUV para 529.
 
454
ECJ, Case 26/76, ECLI:EU:C:1977:167 (para 43)—Metro I.
 
455
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 176).
 
456
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 179).
 
457
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 179).
 
458
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 178).
 
459
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 179).
 
460
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 178).
 
461
Specifically on internet/online distribution S. Mäger, In: Mäger (2011), ch. 4 paras 171 et seq.; Seeliger and Klauß (2010), 233 et seq.; Murach (2010), 212 et seq.; Simon (2010), 502.
 
462
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 179).
 
463
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 177).
 
464
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 179).
 
465
Ellger, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (3) AEUV with reference to Art. 4 Regulation (EU) No. 330/2010 as well as ECJ, Cases 56 and 58/64, ECLI:EU:C:1966:41 (346 et seq.)—Consten und Grundig.
 
466
ECJ, Case 161/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:41 (para 13)—Pronuptia.
 
467
See also S. Mäger, In: Mäger (2011), ch. 4 para 103.
 
468
ECJ, Case 161/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:41 (para 13)—Pronuptia.
 
469
ECJ, Case 161/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:41 (para 15)—Pronuptia.
 
470
ECJ, Case 161/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:41 (para 15)—Pronuptia.
 
471
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 189).
 
472
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 190).
 
473
ECJ, Case 161/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:41 (para 16)—Pronuptia.
 
474
ECJ, Case 161/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:41 (paras 17 et seq.)—Pronuptia.
 
475
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 190); for know-how see also S. Mäger, In: Mäger (2011), ch. 4 para 106.
 
476
ECJ, Case 161/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:41 (para 23)—Pronuptia; S. Mäger, In: Mäger (2011), ch. 4 para 107.
 
477
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 192).
 
478
Ellger, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (3) AEUV para 539.
 
479
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 194).
 
480
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 194).
 
481
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 194).
 
482
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 195).
 
483
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 199).
 
484
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 196).
 
485
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 198).
 
486
See Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 197) with reference to frequent, considerable market entry barriers.
 
487
Ellger, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (3) AEUV para 539; S. Mäger, In: Mäger (2011), ch. 4 para 157.
 
488
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 200).
 
489
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 201).
 
490
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 193).
 
491
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 214).
 
492
ECJ, Case C-333/94 P, ECLI:EU:C:1996:436 (para 37)—Tetra Pak.
 
493
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (paras 214 et seq.) in detail.
 
494
For more, see Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 215).
 
495
General Court, Case T-201/04, ECLI:EU:T:2007:289 (paras 917, 921 et seq.)—Microsoft.
 
496
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 216).
 
497
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 216 end).
 
498
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 217).
 
499
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 219).
 
500
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 220).
 
501
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 220).
 
502
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 221).
 
503
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 218); see also S. Mäger, In: Mäger (2011), ch. 4 para 213.
 
504
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 218).
 
505
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 222).
 
506
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 222).
 
507
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 222).
 
508
Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 222).
 
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Metadata
Title
Horizontal and Vertical Restraints in Practice
Author
Walter Frenz
Copyright Year
2016
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Book
Handbook of EU Competition Law

Print ISBN: 978-3-662-48591-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-662-48593-4

Copyright Year: 2016

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48593-4_5