Skip to main content
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Published in:
Read chapter Read first chapter

2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

How Do We Study Pedestrian Interaction with Automated Vehicles? Preliminary Findings from the European interACT Project

Authors : Natasha Merat, Yee Mun Lee, Gustav Markkula, Jim Uttley, Fanta Camara, Charles Fox, André Dietrich, Florian Weber, Anna Schieben

Published in: Road Vehicle Automation 6

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

This paper provides an overview of a set of behavioural studies, conducted as part of the European project interACT, to understand road user behaviour in current urban settings. The paper reports on a number of methodologies used to understand how humans currently interact in urban traffic, in order to establish what information would be useful for the design of future AVs, when interacting with other road users, especially pedestrians. In addition to summarising the results from a number of observation studies, we report on preliminary results from Virtual Reality studies, investigating if, in the absence of a human vehicle controller, externally presented interfaces can be used for communication between AVs and pedestrians. Finally, an overview of the mathematical and computational modelling techniques used to understand how AV and pedestrian behaviour can be both cooperative, and effective is provided. The hope is that future AVs can be designed with an understanding of how humans cooperate and communicate in mixed traffic, promoting good traffic flow, user acceptance and user trust.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Business + Economics & Engineering + Technology"

Online-Abonnement

Springer Professional "Business + Economics & Engineering + Technology" gives you access to:

  • more than 102.000 books
  • more than 537 journals

from the following subject areas:

  • Automotive
  • Construction + Real Estate
  • Business IT + Informatics
  • Electrical Engineering + Electronics
  • Energy + Sustainability
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Leadership
  • Marketing + Sales
  • Mechanical Engineering + Materials
  • Insurance + Risk


Secure your knowledge advantage now!

inform now

Springer Professional "Engineering + Technology"

Online-Abonnement

Springer Professional "Engineering + Technology" gives you access to:

  • more than 67.000 books
  • more than 390 journals

from the following specialised fileds:

  • Automotive
  • Business IT + Informatics
  • Construction + Real Estate
  • Electrical Engineering + Electronics
  • Energy + Sustainability
  • Mechanical Engineering + Materials





 

Secure your knowledge advantage now!

inform now

Springer Professional "Business + Economics"

Online-Abonnement

Springer Professional "Business + Economics" gives you access to:

  • more than 67.000 books
  • more than 340 journals

from the following specialised fileds:

  • Construction + Real Estate
  • Business IT + Informatics
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Leadership
  • Marketing + Sales
  • Insurance + Risk



Secure your knowledge advantage now!

inform now
previous chapter SIP-adus: Field Operational Tests and Regulatory Issues
next chapter The Role of Human Factors in the Design of Automated Vehicle External Communication
Footnotes
1
EU H2020 interACT: Designing cooperative interaction of automated vehicles with other road users in mixed traffic environments under grant agreement No 723395.
 
2
For safety reasons, an “operator” was present in these vehicles. This was a trained individual, who was responsible for managing the vehicle’s manoeuvres during difficult circumstances, such as intervening when movements were required to avoid obstacles which appeared unexpectedly in the vehicle’s path (such as parked cars).
 
3
Ethical approval was granted by the University of Leeds ethics committee (Ref: LTTRAN-097).
 
Literature
1.
2.
Lee, Y.M., Madigan, R., Giles, O., Garach-Morcillo, L., Markkula, G., Fox, C., Camara, F., Rothmueller, M., Vendelbo-Larsen, S.A., Rasmussen, P.H., Dietrich, A., Nathanael, D., Portouli, V., Schieben, A., Merat, N.: What can we learn from current communication and interactions by European road users: a contribution to external interface design for future Automated Vehicles (submitted)
3.
International Standards Organisation committee TC22/WC 39
4.
Dietrich, A., Ruenz, J.: Observing traffic–utilizing a ground based LiDAR and observation protocols at a T-junction in Germany. In: Bagnara, S., Tartaglia, R., Albolino, S., Alexander, T., Fujita, Y. (eds.) Proceedings of the 20th Congress of the International Ergonomics Association, IEA 2018. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 823. Springer, Cham (2019). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​978-3-319-96074-6_​56
5.
6.
Dietrich, A., Willrodt, J.-H., Wagner, K., Bengler, K.: Projection-based external human machine interfaces–enabling interaction between automated vehicles and pedestrians. In: Proceedings of the DSC 2018 Europe VR, Driving Simulation & Virtual Reality Conference & Exhibition, pp. 43–50 (2018)
7.
Risto, M., Emmenegger, C., Vickhuyzen, E., Cefkin, M., Hollan, J.: Human-vehicle interfaces: the power of vehicle movement gestures in human road user coordination. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle Design, pp. 186–192 (2017)
8.
Schieben, A., Wilbrink, M., Kettwich, C., Madigan, R., Louw, T., Merat, N.: Designing the interaction of automated vehicles with other traffic participants: design considerations based on human needs and expectations. Cogn. Technol. Work 109, 1–17 (2018)
9.
Sucha, M., Dostal, D., Risser, R.: Pedestrian-driver communication and decision strategies at marked crossings. Accid. Anal. Prev. 102, 41–50 (2017)CrossRef
10.
Dey, D., Terken, J.: Pedestrian interaction with vehicles: roles of explicit and implicit communication. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (Au-tomotiveUI’17), pp. 109–113 (2017). http://​doi.​org/​10.​1145/​3122986.​3123009
11.
Lagstorm, T., Lundgren, V.M.: AVIP-autonomous vehicles interaction with pedestrians. Master’s thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenborg, Sweden (2015)
12.
Clamann, M., Aubert, M., Cummings, M.L.: Evaluation of vehicle-to-pedestrian communication displays for autonomous vehicles. Technical report (2017)
13.
14.
Deb, S., Strawderman, L.J., Carruth, D.W.: Investigating pedestrian suggestions for external features on fully autonomous vehicles: a virtual reality experiment. Transp. Res. Part F 59, 135–149 (2018)CrossRef
15.
16.
Lee, Y.M., Uttley, J., Solernou, A., Giles, O., Markkula, G., Romano, R., Merat, N.: Investigating pedestrians’ crossing behaviour during car deceleration using wireless head mounted display: an application towards the evaluation of eHMI of automated vehicles, New Mexico, Driving Assessment (2019)
17.
Lundgren, V.M. Habibovic, A., Andersson, J., Lagström, T., Nilsson, M., Sirkka, A., Fagerlönn, J., Fredriksson, R., Edgren, C., Krupenia, S., Saluäär, D.: Will there be new communication needs when introducing automated vehicles to the urban context? In: Stanton, N., Landry, S., Di Bucchianico, G., Vallicelli, A. (eds.) Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 484, Springer, Cham (2017). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​978-3-319-41682-3_​41
18.
Zhou, R., Horrey, W.J., Yu, R.: The effect of conformity tendency on pedestrians’ road-crossing intentions in China: an application of the theory of planned behaviour. Accid. Anal. Prev. 41(3), 491–497 (2009)CrossRef
19.
Velasco, J.P., Lee, Y.M., Uttley, J., Solernou, A., Farah, H., van Arem, B., Hagenzieker, M., Merat, N.: Interactions with automated vehicles: the effect of drivers’ attentiveness and presence on pedestrians’ road crossing behaviour. In: Road Safety and Simulation Conferences, University of Iowa (2019, submitted)
20.
Dietrich, A., Tondera, M., Bengler, K.: Automated vehicles in urban traffic: the effects of kinematics and eHMI on pedestrian crossing behaviour. In: Road Safety and Simulation Conferences, Universty of Iowa (2019, submitted)
21.
22.
Casas, J., Perarnau, J., Torday, A.: The need to combine different traffic modelling levels for effectively tackling large-scale projects adding a hybrid meso/micro approach. Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 20, 251–262 (2011)CrossRef
23.
Ratcliff, R., Smith, P.L., Brown, S.D., McKoon, G.: Diffusion decision model: current issues and history. Trends Cogn. Sci. 20(4), 260–281 (2016)CrossRef
24.
Rinke, N., Schiermeyer, C., Pascucci, F., Berkhahn, V., Friedrich, B.: A multi-layer social force approach to model interactions in shared spaces using collision prediction. Transp. Res. Procedia 25, 1249–1267 (2017)CrossRef
25.
Anvari, B., Bell, M.G., Sivakumar, A., Ochieng, W.Y.: Modelling shared space users via rule-based social force model. Transp. Res. Part C: Emerg. Technol. 51, 83–103 (2015)CrossRef
26.
Behbahani, F., Shiarlis, K., Chen, X., Kurin, V., Kasewa, S., Stirbu, C., Gomes, J., Paul, S., Oliehoek, F.A., Messias, J., Whiteson, S.: Learning from demonstration in the wild (2018). arXiv preprint arXiv:​1811.​03516
27.
Cheng, H., Sester, M.: Mixed traffic trajectory prediction using LSTM–based models in shared space. In: The Annual International Conference on Geographic Information Science, pp. 309–325 (2018)
28.
Chen, B., Zhao, D., Peng, H.: Evaluation of automated vehicles encountering pedestrians at signalized crossings. In: 2017 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), pp. 1679–1685, June 2017
29.
Markkula, G., Boer, E., Romano, R., Merat, N.: Sustained sensorimotor control as intermittent decisions about prediction errors: computational framework and application to ground vehicle steering. Biol. Cybern. 112(3), 181–207 (2018)CrossRef
30.
Purcell, B.A., Heitz, R.P., Cohen, J.Y., Schall, J.D., Logan, G.D., Palmeri, T.J.: Neurally constrained modeling of perceptual decision making. Psychol. Rev. 117(4), 1113–1143 (2010)CrossRef
31.
32.
Fox, C., Camara, F., Markkula, G., Romano, R.A., Madigan, R., Merat, N.: When should the chicken cross the road? Game theory for autonomous vehicle-human interactions. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems (VEHITS), Funchal, Madeira, 16–18 March 2018
33.
Camara, F., Romano, R., Markkula, G., Madigan, R., Merat, N., Fox, C.: Empirical game theory of pedestrian interaction for autonomous vehicles. In: Proceedings of the Measuring Behaviour 2018: International Conference on Methods and Techniques in Behavioural Research (2018)
34.
35.
Camara, F., Giles, O., Madigan, R., Rothmueller, M., Rasmussen, P.H., Vendel-bo-Larsen, A., Markkula, G., Lee, Y.M., Merat, N., Fox, C.W.: Predicting pedestrian road-crossing assertiveness for autonomous vehicle control. In: Proceedings of the 21st IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (2018)
36.
Camara, F., Giles, O., Madigan, R., Rothmuller, M., Rasmussen, P.H., Vendel-bo-Larsen, S.A., Markkula, G., Lee, Y.M., Garach-Morcillo, L., Merat, N., Fox, C.: Filtration analysis of pedestrian-vehicle interactions for autonomous vehicle control. In: 15th International Conference on Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Baden-Baden, Germany, 11–15 June 2018
37.
Sullivan, J.M., Flannagan, M.J., Pradhan, A.K., Bao, S.: Literature review of behavioural adaptation to advanced driver assistance systems. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, Washington, DC (2016)
Metadata
Title
How Do We Study Pedestrian Interaction with Automated Vehicles? Preliminary Findings from the European interACT Project
Authors
Natasha Merat
Yee Mun Lee
Gustav Markkula
Jim Uttley
Fanta Camara
Charles Fox
André Dietrich
Florian Weber
Anna Schieben
Copyright Year
2019
Book
Road Vehicle Automation 6

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-22932-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-22933-7

Copyright Year: 2019

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22933-7_3

Premium Partner

    Image Credits