9. How Is MIC Treated?

Javaherdashti R, “Corrosion Knowledge Management: How to deal with Corrosion as a Manager?. To be published.

Davies M, Scott PJB (1996) Remedial treatment of an occupied building affected by microbiologically influenced corrosion. Mater Perform (MP) 35(6):54–57.

Scott PJB, Davies M (1992) Microbiologically induced corrosion. Civ Eng 58–59.

Guiamet PS, Gomez de saravia SG, Videla HA (1991) An innovative method for preventing biocorrosion through microbial adhesion inhibition. J Int Biodeter Biodegradation 43:31–35.

Private Communication with Professor Hector A. Videla, 15 August 2006.

McCoy WF (1998) Imitating natural microbial fouling control. Mater Perform (MP) 37(4):45–48.

Verleun T (2004) Cleaning of oil and gas pipelines. Pigging Products and Services Association (PPSA). www.​ppsa-online.​com/​papers.​php.

Jack TR (2002) Biological corrosion failures. ASM International.

Archer ED, Brook R, Edyvean RG, Videla HA (2001) Selection of steels for use in SRB environments. Paper No. 01261, CORROSION 2001, NACE International.

King RA (2007a) Trends and developments in microbiologically induced corrosion in the oil and gas industry. In: “MIC an international perspective” symposium, extrin corrosion Consultants-Curtin University, Perth-Australia, 14–15 Feb 2007.

Scott PJB (2004) Expert consensus on MIC: prevention and monitoring, Part 1. Mater Perform (MP) 43(3)50–54.

See footnote 8.

Al-Majnouni AD, Jaffer AE (2003) Monitoring microbiological activity in a wastewater system using ultraviolet radiation as an alternative to chlorine gas. Paper No. 03067, CORROSION 2003, NACE International.

Saiz-Jimenez C (2001) The biodeterioration of Bvuilding Materiasl. In: Stoecket JG II (ed) A practical manual on microbiologically influenced corrosion, vol2, 2nd edn, NACE International.

Mittelman MW (1991) Bacterial growth and biofouling control in purified water systems. In: Flemming H-C, Geesey GG (eds) Biofouling and Biodeterioration in Industrial water systems, proceedings of the international workshop on industrial biofouling and biocorrosion, Stuttgart, 13–14 Sept 1990, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Flemming H-C, Schaule G (1996) Measures against biofouling .InHeitz E, Flemming H-C, Sand W (eds) Microbially influenced corrosion of materials, scientific and engineering aspects, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Pound BG, Gorfu Y, Schattner P, Mortelmans KE (2005) Ultrasonic mitigation of microbiologically influenced corrosion. CORROSION 61(5):452–463.

Flemming H-C (1991) biofouling in water treatmen. In: Flemming H-C, Geesey GG (eds) “Biofouling and biodeterioration in industrial water systems”, proceedings of the international workshop on industrial biofouling and biocorrosion, Stuttgart, 13–14 Sept 1990, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

“regrowth”, “aftergrowth” or “recovery” all refer to rapid returning of biofilms back immediately after a biocidal treatment. There could be five reasons for regrowth, (1) if the remaining biofilm still has enough viable organisms to let the bacterial community jump from “lag phase”-where a critical size of bacterial population is needed to arrive at rapid growth (or, log phase where the increase in bacterial population is very rapid)- then, after a shock treatment, the bacterial number on such surfaces increases skyrocket in comparison with a previously clean surface, (2) the remaining biofilm offers a “rough” surface to the planktonic bacteria that can use it more efficiently than a clean surface, thus facilitating formation of more sessile bacteria, (3) biocides like chlorine may not be able to penetrate deep enough to affect the biofilm cells, in this case, while chlorine removes the outer cells and EPS, after chlorination stops, the “deep-down” cells will have a better access to nutrients so that their growth is enhanced, (4) the surviving “deep-down” cells will start to rapidly create EPS to counteract the effect of chlorine and (5) if there are micro-organisms that could be “less susceptible” to a biocidal treatment, they can rapidly proliferate between biocide treatment programs. See footnote 18.

Grondin EY Lefebvre N Perreault K (1996) Given, “strategies for the effective application of microbiological control to aluminium casting cooling systems”. In: Presented at “ET 96”, Chicago, USA, 14–17 May 1996.

Lutey RW (1995) Process cooling water, Sect. 3.​3.​6. In: Rossmore HW (ed) Handbook of biocide and Preservative Use. Blackie Academic & Professional (Chapman & Hall), Glasgow, UK.

Ibid footnote 21, Sect. 3.​2.​4.

Ibid footnote 21, Sect. 3.​4.

Boivin J (1995) Oil industry biocides. Mater Perform (MP) 34(2)65–68.

Videla HA, Viera MR, Guiamet PS, Staibano JC Alais (1995) Using Ozone to control biofilms. Mater Perform (MP) 34 (7):40–44.

See also Cochran M, “Extending ClO₂;s Reach in Anti-microbial Applications”. www.​engelhard.​com/​aseptrol.

Scott PJB (2000) Microbiologically influenced corrosion monitoring: real world failures and how to avoid them. Mater Perform (MP) 39(1):54–59.

One of the chemicals that in the role of a nutrient supports the growth of micro-organisms is assimilable organic carbon (AOC), which is a fraction of the organic matter that naturally exists in water. When ozone is added as a pert of an ozonation process, it increases AOC as a result of breaking up organic carbon large molecules into smaller molecules, (see: Cantor AF, Bushman JB, Glodoski MS, Kiefer E, Bersch R, Wallenkamp H (2006) “Copper pipe failure by microbiologically influenced Corrosion. Mater Perform (MP) 46(6):38–41). In other words, using ozone may kill the bacteria but, if not treated with intensive care, could cause regrowth promptly due to making organic matter more available to the micro-organisms.

Biocidal effect of hydrogen peroxide may be due to it providing other alternative cathodic reduction in addition to oxygen reduction, thus enhancing the possibility of ennoblement, see: Videla HA (1995) Biofilms and corrosion interactions on stainless steel in seawater. Int Biodeterior. Biodegradation 245–257.

The most frequently used types of isothiazolone are 3:1 ratio 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one (CMI), 2-methyl-4-isothiozolin-3-one (MIT) (see: Williams TM (2006) “The mechanism of Action of isothiazolone Biocides. Paper No. 06090, CORROSION 2006, NACE International, USA), and also 4,5-dicholo-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOI) (see: Williams TM (2004) Isothiazolone Biocides in water Treatment Applications. Paper No. 04083, CORROSION 2004, NACE International, USA). It has also been reported that (Williams 2006 CORROSION) isothiazolones use a two-step mechanism to affect micro-organisms: step 1. takes minutes and it involves rapid inhibition of growth and metabolic activities, step 2, taking hours to become effective, is an irreversible cell damage that is basically a kill process and end up in loss of viability. An investigation (see: Jacobson A, Williams TM (2000) The environmental fate of isothiazolone biocides. Chimica Oggi 18(10):105–108 reports that when isothiazolone molcule is degraded, it releases chlorine as chloride ion and “not as an organochlorine metabolite or by-product”. Therefore, if chloride-induced corrosion is a concern in a system, it is prudent not to use this biocide or use it with high degree of care. In addition, It has also been reported that isothiazalones have an active –SH group, that in the presence of sulphide, it can be affected (see: King RA (2007b) Microbiologically Induced Corrosion and biofilm Interactions. In: “MIC An international perspective” symposium, extrin corrosion Consultants-Curtin University, Perth-Australia, 14–15 Feb 2007).

Al-Hashem AH, Carew J, Al-Borno A (2004) Screening test for six dual biocide regimes against planktonic and sessile populations of bacteria. Paper No. 04748, CORROSION 2004, NACE International, USA.

Williams TM, Cooper LE (2014) The environmental fate of oil and gas biocides: a review. Paper No. 3876, CORROSION 2014, Houston, TX, USA.

Ludensky ML, Himpler FJ, Sweeny PG (1998) Control of biofilms with cooling water biocides. Mater Perform (MP) 37(10):50–55.

Abdullah Dar M (2011) A review: plant extracts and oils as corrosion inhibitors in aggressive media. Ind Lubr Tribol 63(4):227–233.

Rasooli I (2007) Food preservation—A biopreservative approach. Food m 1(2):111–136.

Jahan T, Ara Begum Z, Sultana S (2007) Effect of neem oil on some pathogenic bacteria. Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2:71–72.

Bhola SM, Alabbas FM, Bhola R, Spear JR, Mishra B, Olson DL, Kakpovbia AE (2014) Neem extract as an inhibitor for biocorrosion influenced by sulfate reducing bacteria: A preliminary investigation. Eng Fail Anal 36:92–103.

Kuta FA, Abdulrasak ST, Saidu AN, Adedeji AS (2014) Antimicrobial effects of Azadirachta indica leaves on corrosion causing microorganism (Desulphovibrio sp.). Med Aromat Plant Res J 2(2):33–36.

Ocando L, de Romero MF, Urribarri A, Gonzalez D, Urdaneta E, Fuenmayor H (2013) Evaluation of Sulfate-reducing bacteria biofilms in the presence of biocides. Paper No. 2782, CORROSION 2013, Houston, TX, USA.

Javaherdashti R, Nikraz H (2010) A global warning on corrosions and environment: a new look at existing technical and managerial strategies and tactics. VDM Germany

Kajiyama, F, Okamura K (1999) Evaluating cathodic protection reliability on steel pipes in microbially active soils. CORROSION 55(1):74–80.

Tiller AK (1986) A review of the european research effort on microbial corrosion between 1950 and 1984. In: Dexter DC (ed) Biologically induced corrosion. NACE-8, NACE, Houston, TX, USA.

Fischer KP (1981) cathodic protection criteria for saline mud containing SRB at ambient and higher temperatures. Paper No. 110, CORROSION/ 81, NACE International, USA.

de Romero MF, Parra J, Ruiz R, Ocando L, Bracho M, de Rincón OT, Romero G, Quintero A (2006) Cathodic polarisation effects on sessile SRB growth and iron protection. CORROSION, Paper No. 06526, NACE International, USA.

de Gonzalez CB, Videla HA (1998) Prevention and control. In: Ferrari MD, de Mele MFL, videla HA (eds) In CYTED, Ibero-American programme of science and technology for development, practical manual of biocorrosin and biofouling for the industry, Subprogramme XV, Research Network XV.c. BIOCORR, Printed: POCH&INDUSTRIA GRAFICA S.A., La Plata, Bs.As., Argentina, 1st Edn. March 1998.

Geesey GG (1993) Biofilm Formation. In: Kobrin G (ed) A practical manual on microbiologically-influenced corrosion. NACE, Houston, TX, USA.

Pedersen K (1999) Subterranean micro-organisms and radioactive waste disposal in sweden. Eng Geol 52:163–176.

Stein AA (1993) MIC treatment and prevention. In: Kobrin G (ed) A practical manual on microbiologically-influenced corrosion. NACE, Houston, TX, USA.

Lee J (1998) Bacterial biofilms less likely on electropolished steel. Agric Res 10.

Percival SL, Knapp JS, Wales DS, Edyvean RGJ (2000) Metal and inorganic ion accumulation in biofilms exposed to flowing and stagnant water. Brit Corros J 36(2):105–110.

Sreekumari KR, Nandakumar K, Kikuchi Y (2004) Effect of metal microstructure on bacterial attachment a contributing factor for preferential MIC attack of welds. CORROSION 2004, Paper No. 04597, NACE International.

Mains AD, Evans LV, Edyvean RGJ (1992) Interactions between marine microbiological fouling and cathodic protection Scale. In: Sequeira CAC, Tillere AK (eds) Microbial corrosion, proceedings of the 2nd EFC workshop, portugal 1991. European Federation of Corrosion Publications, Number 8, The institute of Materials.

Due to any possible reason ranging from poor practice of CP to irregularities in its application which are not rare when it comes to the field conditions.

Habash M, Reid G (1999) Microbial biofilms: their development and significance for medical devices-related infections. J Clin Pharmacol 39:887–898.

See the last two paragraphs of the “ introduction” of the paper by Maxwell S, Devine C, Rooney F, Spark I (2004) Monitoring and control of bacterial biofilms in oilfield water handling systems. Paper No. 04752, CORROSION 2004, NACE International, USA.

Li SY, Kim YG, Kho YT (2003) Corrosion behaviour of carbon steel influenced by sulfate-reducing bacteria in soil environments. Paper No. 03549, CORROSION 2003, NACE International.

Javaherdashti R, Vimpani P (2003) Corrosion of steel piles in soils containing SRB: a review. In: Proceedings of corrosion control and NDT, 23–26 Nov 2003, Melbourne, Australia.

Wiebe D, Connor J, Dolderer G, Riha R, Dyas B (1997) Protection of concrete structures in immersion service from biological fouling with silicone-based coatings. Mater Perform (MP) 36(5):26–31.

Metosh-Dickey CA, Portier RJ, Xie X (2004) A novel surface coating incorporating copper Metal Flakes for Reducing Biofilm attachment. Mater Perform (MP) 43(10):30–34.

Filip Z, Pommer E-H (eds) (1992) Microbiologically influenced deterioration of materials. In: Microbiological degradation of materials and methods of protection. European Federation of Corrosion Publications, Number 9, The Institute of Materials.

A Possible, yet still theoretical, use of magnetic bacteria (Chapter 4) could be using them in a system contaminated with, say, SRB to corral the SRB and, literally speaking, “pushing” them to a spot under the effect of a magnetic field and then apply biocide to them. See Javaherdashti R (1997) Magnetic bacteria against MIC. Paper No. 419, Corrosion 97, NACE International, USA.

Dzierzewicz Z, Cwalina B, Chodurek E, Bulas L (1997) Differences in hydrogenese and APS-Reductase activity between desulfovibrio desulfuricans strains growing on sulphate or nitrate. ACTA BIOLOGICA CRACOVIENSIA Series Botanica 39:9–15.

Dunsmore BC, Whitfield TW, Lawson PA, Collins MD (2004) Corrosion by sulfate-reducing bacteria that Utilize Nitrate. Paper No. 04763, CORROSION 2004, NACE International, USA.

Nitrite has inhibitory effect on SRB, because of mainly two reasons: (a) nitrite is toxic to SRB and with their nitrite reductase, the bacteria will produce a detoxifying reaction. The end result is that while the bacteria are still alive, no growth happens and their sulphate reduction activity will be inhibited, (b) nitrite can directly affect the enzyme required for reducing sulphite to sulphide, see footnote 58.

Little B, Lee J, Ray R (2007) New development in mitigation of microbiologically influenced corrosion. In: MIC “An international perspective” symposium, extrin corrosion consultants-Curtin University, Perth-Australia, 14–15 Feb 2007.

Hubert C, Voordouw G, Arensdorf J, Jenneman GE (2006) Control of souring through a novel class of bacteria that oxidize sulfide as well as oil organics with nitrate. Paper No. 06669, CORROSION 2006, NACE International, USA.

Bouchez T, Patureau D, Dabert P, Juretschko S, Delgenes J, Molette, Ecological study of a bioaugmentation failure. As reported in footnote 56.

Zhu XY, Modi H, Kilbane JJ II (2006) Efficacy and risks of nitrate application for the mitigation of SRB-induced corrosion. Paper No. 06524, CORROSION 2006, NACE International, USA.