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2021 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Hybrid Electric and Hybrid Hydraulic Technology Applications in Off-Road Vehicles

Authors : M. Abul Masrur, Vijay K. Garg

Published in: Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles

Publisher: Springer New York

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Excerpt

Off-road vehicle
An off-road vehicle is a vehicle which is capable of driving on and off paved or gravel surface. Vehicles that do not travel public streets or highways are generally termed off-highway vehicles, e.g., tractors, forklifts, cranes, backhoes, bulldozers, and golf carts.
Drive cycle
It is a relationship of either speed versus time or power versus time, for a particular vehicle which is driven in a given road profile. The road profile can be city streets, highways, steep grade, or some chosen mixed combination of these or other profiles, which will be predefined.
Internal combustion engine (ICE)
ICE is the one in which combustion of the fuel (e.g., gasoline, etc.) takes place internally inside a cylinder or other enclosed space using spark ignition or compression ignition to some combustible gas which will expand and produce high pressure which will produce mechanical power. ICE is thus a converter of chemical energy in mechanical energy.
Diesel IC engine
An IC engine that uses the heat of highly compressed mixture of air and spray of fuel (diesel) near the end of the compression stroke to create the combustion.
Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)
A vehicle which uses more than one source (two being most common) of propulsion, one being the internal combustion engine and the other uses an electric motor driven by either a generator run by the IC engine or a combination of generator and a battery which can be charged by the generator to provide the electricity or it can be a fuel cell instead of a battery or generator, which can directly run the motor.
Series hybrid vehicles
It is a hybrid vehicle, in which the electric motor (or motors) is the only unit which is used to run the wheels. The IC engine charges the batteries by means of a generator.
Parallel hybrid vehicles
In parallel hybrid, the IC engine and the electric motor, both are mechanically connected to the wheel. The ICE is also used to charge the batteries.
Complex hybrid vehicles
In this system in addition to the ICE and the motor, there is an additional motor/generator set (along with a power electronic converter) which can be used to charge the battery as needed. This can continue charging the battery, while the main motor is driving the wheels.
A plug-in hybrid
A plug-in hybrid is a regular hybrid vehicle that has a large high-capacity battery bank that can be charged by plugging in to normal household outlet. While standard hybrids require a combination of regenerative braking and energy from the engine to recharge the batteries, plug-ins can essentially operate as electric vehicles with an internal combustion engine backup. This is also known as PHEVs (plug-in hybrid electric vehicles).
Microgrid
If a HEV is provided with an additional converter which can translate the battery power into a utility-level AC power, then it can be interfaced with either the main utility grid directly or with other HEVs or other smaller subsystems using utility-level AC voltage. An interfaced set of vehicles, other utility-level AC voltages, and utility grid, all together can be termed a microgrid.
Power electronics
It is a system using solid-state high-power and high-voltage electronic switches to turn on/off a voltage or current, which together with other elements like inductance and capacitance to convert DC, AC, etc. into another form of controlled power.
Rectifier
A system which converts AC into DC.
Inverter
A system which converts DC into AC.
Converter
A generic term for a system which translates one form of power (DC or AC) into another.
Alternator
An electromechanical device used to translate mechanical power into AC electrical power.
Generator
It is the generic name used to imply something which translates mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Fuel cell
It is a stationary device used to directly translate chemical energy into electrical energy.
Ultracapacitor
A capacitor that has much greater energy density and power per pound than regular capacitors. It uses chemicals, but the energy is stored in the electrostatic form, and, unlike a battery, the energy is not stored through the chemical reaction, and no change in chemicals takes place while storing energy. It is also sometimes referred to as “supercapacitor.”
Battery state of charge
SOC or state of charge is the equivalent of a fuel gauge for a battery, i.e., a measure of how much energy is left in the battery with respect to its full rated capacity. Although many times SOC is related directly by measuring the terminal voltage, SOC cannot be accurately determined in general by voltage measurement, because the terminal voltage of a battery may stay substantially constant until it is completely discharged. SOC is also highly dependent on temperature.

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Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
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go back to reference Brown GN, Ebacher BJ, Koellner WG (2000) Increased productivity with AC drives for mining excavators und haul trucks. In: Conference record of the 2000 IEEE industry applications conference. Thirty-fifth IAS annual meeting and world conference on industrial applications of electrical energy (Cat. No. 00CH37129), Rome, Italy Brown GN, Ebacher BJ, Koellner WG (2000) Increased productivity with AC drives for mining excavators und haul trucks. In: Conference record of the 2000 IEEE industry applications conference. Thirty-fifth IAS annual meeting and world conference on industrial applications of electrical energy (Cat. No. 00CH37129), Rome, Italy
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go back to reference Olaer product brochure, diaphragm and bladder accumulators, Olaer Inc., Bladder and diaphragm accumulator product brochure, including high-pressure diaphragm accumulator conforming to EC regulations. ELM Series Olaer product brochure, diaphragm and bladder accumulators, Olaer Inc., Bladder and diaphragm accumulator product brochure, including high-pressure diaphragm accumulator conforming to EC regulations. ELM Series
Metadata
Title
Hybrid Electric and Hybrid Hydraulic Technology Applications in Off-Road Vehicles
Authors
M. Abul Masrur
Vijay K. Garg
Copyright Year
2021
Publisher
Springer New York
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1492-1_821

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