Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Hydrogeology Journal
Published in: Hydrogeology Journal 7/2018

06-04-2018 | Report

Hydrologic analysis of the challenges facing water resources and sustainable development of Wadi Feiran basin, southern Sinai, Egypt

Authors: Ayman A. Ahmed, Maghawri S. Diab

Published in: Hydrogeology Journal | Issue 7/2018

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Wadi Feiran basin is one of the most promising areas in southern Sinai (Egypt) for establishing new communities and for growth in agriculture, tourism, and industry. The present challenges against development include water runoff hazards (flash flooding), the increasing water demand, and water scarcity and contamination. These challenges could be mitigated by efficient use of runoff and rainwater through appropriate management, thereby promoting sustainable development. Strategies include the mitigation of runoff hazards and promoting the natural and artificial recharge of aquifers. This study uses a watershed modeling system, geographic information system, and classification scheme to predict the effects of various mitigation options on the basin’s water resources. Rainwater-harvesting techniques could save more than 77% of the basin’s runoff (by volume), which could be used for storage and aquifer recharge. A guide map is provided that shows possible locations for the proposed mitigation options in the study basin. Appropriate measures should be undertaken urgently: mitigation of groundwater contamination (including effective sewage effluent management); regular monitoring of the municipal, industrial and agricultural processes that release contaminants; rationalization and regulation of the application of agro-chemicals to farmland; and regular monitoring of contaminants in groundwater. Stringent regulations should be implemented to prevent wastewater disposal to the aquifers in the study area.
previous article Groundwater hydrodynamics and salinity response to oceanic tide in coastal aquifers: case study of Sahel Doukkala, Morocco
next article Estimating groundwater recharge uncertainty from joint application of an aquifer test and the water-table fluctuation method

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
Literature
Abdel Aziz HM (1999) Negotiating boundaries and reconstructing landscapes: a study of the relations between Bedouin, tourism and the state. PhD Thesis, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, 346 pp
Abdel-Azeem AA, Abdel-Moneim TS, Ibrahim ME, Saleh MY, Saleh SY, Abdel-Moneim AO (2009) Microbiological and physicochemical analysis of groundwater and its biological effect on population in Saint Katherine protectorate, Egypt. 13th International Water Technology Conference, IWTC 13, Hurghada, Egypt, March 2009, pp 1491–1513
Abdel-Mogheeth SM, Hammad FA, Abdel-Daiem AA (1985) Hydrogeological remarks on Gharandal Basin, Southwest Sinai Peninsula. Desert Inst Bull 5(2):309–329
Abdulla HA, Ghodeif K, El-Shatory S, Dewedar A (2003) Potential contamination of groundwater in the world heritage site of the St. Katherine Protectorate, Egypt. Egypt J Biol 5:1–9
Abou El-Magd AA (2003) Quantitative hydrogeological studies on Wadi Feiran basin, South Sinai, with emphasis on the prevailing environmental conditions. MSc Thesis, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt, 252 pp
Abou Rayan MA, Djebedjian B, Khaled I (2001) Water supply and demand and a desalination option for Sinai, Egypt. Desalination 136(1–3):73–81CrossRef
Abu-Alam TS (2010) Metamorphic and structural evolution of the Wadi Feiran Complex, Southwest Sinai. PhD Thesis, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria, 133 pp
Abuzied S, Yuan M, Ibrahim S, Kaiser M, Saleem T (2016) Geospatial risk assessment of flash floods in Nuweiba area, Egypt. J Arid Environ 133:54–72CrossRef
Aggour TA (2005) Water resources of Wadi Feiran with emphasis on geomorphology and geology. Annals Geol Surv Egypt 29:357–387
Allam AI (2004) Agriculture, animal husbandry and fisheries assessment for the South Sinai Environmental Profile and Action Plan, phase I: overview of agriculture, animal husbandry and fisheries in South Sinai. ERM Draft report, Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs, Cairo and SEAM Programme, Gosforth, UK, 38 pp
APHA (American Public Health Association) (1995) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 19th edn. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC
ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers) (1996) Hydrology handbook, manuals and reports on engineering practice. No. 28, ASCE, Washington, DC, 580 pp
Attaher SM, Medany MA, El-Gindy A (2010) Feasibility of some adaptation measures of on-farm irrigation in Egypt under water scarcity conditions. Options Méditérr 95:307–312
Awulachew SB, Merrey D, Kamara A, Van Koppen B, Penning de Vries F, Boelee E (2005) Experiences and opportunities for promoting small-scale/micro irrigation and rainwater harvesting for food security in Ethiopia. IWMI, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Badr El-Din SS (1998) Hydrogeological studies on Wadi Feiran area, South Sinai. MSc Thesis, Cairo Univ., Cairo, 178 pp
Boelee E, Yohannes M, Poda JN, McCartney M, Cecchi P, Kibret S, Hagos F, Laamrani H (2013) Options for water storage and rainwater harvesting to improve health and resilience against climate change in Africa. Reg Environ Chang 13(3):509–519CrossRef
Boers TM (1994) Rainwater harvesting in arid and semi-arid zones. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Boers TM, Ben-Asher J (1982) A review of rainwater harvesting. Agric Water Manag 5(2):145–158CrossRef
CAPMAS (1990) Population census 1986, final results, South Sinai Governorate, Refs no. 853/90/AMT. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, Cairo, pp 534
CAPMAS (1996) Statistical yearbook. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, Cairo
CAPMAS(1998) Population census 1996, final results, South Sinai Governorate. Refs no. 1102/1998/MT. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, Cairo, pp 135
CAPMAS (2008) Population census 2006, final results, South Sinai Governorate. Refs no. 1102/1103/2008/AMT. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, Cairo, pp 135
Charles MJ (2007) Rainwater harvesting systems for communities in developing countries. MSc Thesis, Michigan Technological Univ., Houghton, MI, 70 pp
Chartzoulakis K, Paranychianakis N, Angelakis A (2001) Water resources management in the island of Crete, Greece, with emphasis on the agricultural use. Water Policy 3:193–205CrossRef
Dames and Moore (1983) Sinai development study, phase (I), final report, vol 5, water supplies and costs. The Advisory Committee for Reconstruction, Ministry of Development, Cairo
Dowdy S, Weardon S, Chilko D (2004) Statistics for research, 3rd edn. Wiley, New YorkCrossRef
EEAA (Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency) (2003) South Sinai Environmental Action Plan. Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs, Cairo and SEAM Programme, Gosforth, UK, 52 pp
EEAA (Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency) (2004) Growth in tourism in South Sinai: challenges facing tourism development. Working paper – May 2004, Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs, Cairo and SEAM Programme, Gosforth, UK, 10 pp
EHCW (Egyptian Higher Committee for Water) (2007) Egyptian standards for drinking and domestic uses. EHCW, Cairo
El Tokhi M (1992) Petrographical, geochemical and experimental studies on the migmatite rocks of Wadi Feiran, southern Sinai, Egypt. PhD Thesis, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
El-Etr HA, Saleh AS, Abdel Tawab S (1993) Mitigation of flash flood hazards of Wadi Feiran basin, Western Sinai, Egypt. Proc. Int. Conf. 30 Years Cooper, pp 309–333
El-Etr HA, Salem SA, Samir A (1995) Mitigation of flash flood hazards of Wadi Feiran basin, Western Sinai, Egypt. Geol. Surv. Egypt Spec. Publ. 69, Geological Survey Egypt, Cairo, pp 309–333
Elewa HH, Qaddah AA (2011) Groundwater potentiality mapping in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, using remote sensing and GIS-watershed-based modeling. Hydrogeol J 19:613–628CrossRef
El-Rayes AE (1992) Hydrogeological studies of Saint Katherine area, South Sinai, Egypt. MSc Thesis, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
El-Refaei AA (1992) Water resources of Southern Sinai, Egypt: geomorphological and hydrogeological studies. PhD Thesis, Suez Canal Univ., Ismailia, Egypt, 172 pp
El-Sayed MM (2006) Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the post-orogenic bimodal dyke swarms in NW Sinai, Egypt: constraints on the magmatic-tectonic processes during the Late Precambrian. Chem Erde-Geochem 66(2):129–141CrossRef
El-Sayed MH, Abo El-Fadl MM, Shawky HA (2012) Impact of hydrochemical processes on groundwater quality, Wadi Feiran, South Sinai, Egypt. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 6(3):638–654
El-Shamy IZ, El-Rayes AE (1992) Hydrogeologic assessment of Saint Katherine area, South Sinai. Proc. 2nd Conf. Geol. Sinai Develop., Suez Canal Univ., Ismailia, Egypt, pp 71–76
EMA (Egyptian Meteorological Authority) (2013) The monthly meteorological normal for Saint Katherine, database. EMA, Cairo
Eurostat (2001) Tourism trends in Mediterranean countries. European Commission, Brussels, 236 pp
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2012) Country study on status of land tenure, planning and management in Oriental Near East countries, case of Egypt. FAO-SNO, Cairo 118 pp
Farreny R, Gabarrell X, Rieradevall J (2011) Cost-efficiency of rainwater harvesting strategies in dense Mediterranean neighbourhoods. Resour Conserv Recycl 55(7):686–694CrossRef
Fathy I, Negm AM, El-Fiky M, Nassar M, Al-Sayed E (2015) Runoff hydrograph modeling for arid regions: case study—Wadi Sudr-Sinai. Int Water Technol J IWTJ 5(1):58–68
Gaber S, El Bastawes M (2015) Estimating the flash flood quantitative parameters affecting the oil-fields infrastructures in Ras Sudr, Sinai, Egypt, during the January 2010 event. Egypt J Remote Sens Space Sci 18:137–149
Gado TA (2017) Statistical characteristics of extreme rainfall events in Egypt. IWTC20, Hurghada, Egypt, 18–20 May 2017, 645 pp
Garbrecht JD, Campbell J, Martz LW (2004) TOPAZ user manual: updated manual. GRL Miscell. Publ., Grazinglands Research Lab, El Reno, OK
Geriesh MH (1998) Artificial recharge as an effective tool for augmenting the groundwater resources of Saint Katherine area, South Sinai, Egypt. Proc. 5th Conf. Geol. Sinai Develop., Ismailia, Egypt, 1998, pp 47–67
Geriesh, El-Rayes (2000) Water quality assessment of Wadi Feiran catchment area, South Sinai, Egypt. IWTC 2000, Alexandria, Egypt, March 2000, pp 139–157
Geriesh MH, El-Shamy IZ, Aboelmagd AA (2001) Flash flood mitigation and groundwater augmenting in Wadi Feiran basin, South Sinai, Egypt. Proceeding of the 6th conf. Geology of Sinai for Development, Ismailia, Egypt, 2001, pp 303–319
Geriesh MH, El-Shamy IZ, Abouelmagd (2004) Long-term monitoring of the groundwater quality changes in Saint Katherine area, South Sinai, Egypt. Proceeding of the 7th Conf. Geol. of Sinai for Development, Ismailia, Egypt, 2004, pp 111–119
Ghodeif KO (1995) Hydrogeological studies on east St. Katherine environ, South Central Sinai, Egypt. MSc Thesis, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
Gonzalez E, Rodriguez J, Cordero T, Koussis A, Rodriguez J (2005) Cost of reclaimed municipal wastewater for applications in seasonally stressed semi-arid regions. J Water Supply Res Technol AQUA 54(6):355–369CrossRef
Gowing JW, Mahoo HF, Mzirai OB, Hatibu N (1999) Review of rainwater harvesting techniques and evidence for their use in semi-arid Tanzania. Tanzania J Agric Sc 2(2):171-180
Grainger J (2003) ‘People are living in the park’: linking biodiversity conservation to community development in the Middle East region—a case study from the Saint Katherine protectorate, southern Sinai. J Arid Environ 54:29–38CrossRef
GSE (Geological Survey of Egypt) (1994) Geological map of Sinai, sheet no. 1, scale 1:25000. GSE, Cairo, Egypt
Handia L, Tembo JM, Mwiindwa C (2003) Potential of rainwater harvesting in urban Zambia. Phys Chem Earth Parts A/B/C 28(20):893–896CrossRef
Hassan EA (1997) Geomorphology and hydrogeology of Wadi Feiran area and its surroundings, Sinai-Egypt; MSc Thesis, Cairo Univ., Beni Suef, Egypt, 242 pp
JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) (2000) The study on tourism development projects in the Arab Republic of Egypt. Final report, vol 2, main report, Pacific Consultants, Yachiyo, Japan, 270 pp
Kabesh M, Asran MA, Abdel Rahman E (2013) Mineral chemistry of banded migmatites from Hafafit and Feiran areas, Egypt. Arab J Geosci 6:3669–3681CrossRef
Kadam AK, Kale SS, Pande NN, Pawar N, Sankhua R (2012) Identifying potential rainwater harvesting sites of a semi-arid, basaltic region of western India, using SCS-CN method. Water Resour Manag 26(9):2537–2554CrossRef
Kandiah A, Ramaswamy K, Sampathrajan A (2008) Water harvesting: bringing green revolution to rainfed areas. Proc. of the Int. Symposium, Coimbatore, India, 23–25 June 2008, UNESCO, New Delhi
Kassem M (1981) Hydrogeological studies in Wadi Feiran, South Western Sinai. MSc Thesis, Suez Canal University, Egypt, 181 pp
Kumar MD, Ghosh S, Patel A, Singh OP, Ravindranath R (2006) Rainwater harvesting in India: some critical issues for basin planning and research. Land Use Water Resour Res 6(1):1–17
Lamei A (2007) Need and potential for aquifer storage recovery in Egypt. 11th Int. Water Technology Conference, IWTC11 2007 Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt, pp 663–667
Lamei A (2009) A technical economic model for integrated water resources management in tourism dependent arid coastal regions: the case of Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt. PhD Thesis, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Lee MD, Visscher JT (1990) Water harvesting in five African countries. IRC occasional paper no. 14, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, The Hague, The Netherlands
Lee MD, JT Visscher (1992) Water harvesting: a guide for planners/project managers. IRC Tech. Paper series no. 30, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, The Hague, The Netherlands
Mahran TM, El Haddad AA, Hassan AM (2001) The impact of rift tectonics, paleoclimate and provenance on textural and mineralogical characteristics of syn-rift Miocene sediments of Sidri-Feiran area, southwestern Sinai, Egypt. 39th annual meeting of the Geol. Soc. Egypt, Cairo, Egypt, 3–4 Nov 2001
Maidment DR (1993) Handbook of hydrology. McGraw-Hill, New York
Masoud AA (2011) Runoff modeling of the Wadi systems for estimating flash flood and groundwater recharge potential in southern Sinai, Egypt. Arab J Geosci 4:785–801CrossRef
Massoud U, Santos F, El Qady G, Atya M, Soliman M (2010) Identification of the shallow subsurface succession and investigation of the seawater invasion to the Quaternary aquifer at the northern part of El Qaa Plain, southern Sinai, Egypt by transient electromagnetic data. Geophys Prospect J 58:267–277CrossRef
McClay KR, Nichols GJ, Khalil SM, Darwish M, Bosworth W (1998) Extensional tectonics and sedimentation, eastern Gulf of Suez, Egypt. In: Sedimentation and tectonics in Rift Basins Red Sea-Gulf of Aden. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, pp 223–238CrossRef
Misak RF, Atwa SM, Sallouma MK, Hassanein AH (1995) Geology and water quality of the groundwater supplies in Sudr-Gharandal area, Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Bull Fac Sci Assiut Univ 24(2-F):1–21
Moawad MB (2013) Analysis of the flash flood occurred on 18 January (2010) in Wadi El Arish, Egypt: a case study. Geomat Nat Haz Risk 4(3):254–274CrossRef
Motsi KE, Chuma E, Mukamuri BB (2004) Rainwater harvesting for sustainable agriculture in communal lands of Zimbabwe. Phys Chem Earth Parts A/B/C 29(15):1069–1073CrossRef
MPWWR (Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources), CEC (Commission of European Community) (1993) Sinai Water Resources Study, phase II, final report, Commission of European Community, Brussels
Murthy GS, Murthy KG, Raghupathy G (2013) Designing earth dams optimally. 40th anniversary volume, IAPQR, Kolkata, pp 91–126
Norfolk O, Eichhorn MP, Gilbert F (2013) Traditional agricultural gardens conserve wild plants and functional richness in arid South Sinai. Basic Appl Ecol 14:659–669CrossRef
NRCS (USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service) (1986) Urban hydrology for small watersheds. Technical release no. 55, USDA, Washington, DC
PA Consulting Group (2008) Sustainable tourism development plan for South Sinai 2007–2017 executive summary. Consulting Services for Sustainable Tourism Development of South Sinai EuropeAid/122290/D/SV/EG, Version 2, PA Consult. Group, London, 61 pp
Prinz D, Singh A (2000) Technological potential for improvements of water harvesting. Gutachten für die World Commission on Dams, technical papers 126, UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya
Rizk ZH (2016) The climate and environmental impacts in Southern Sinai: a study in applied climatology. MA Thesis, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Said R (1990) Geology of Egypt. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 722 pp
Salem SA (2014) Assessment and modeling of Wadi Feiran at southern Sinai using the geographical information systems and remote sensing. PhD Thesis, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt, 275 pp
Sivanappan R (2006) Rain water harvesting, conservation and management strategies for urban and rural sectors. National Seminar on Rainwater Harvesting and Water Management, November 2006, Inst. of Eng., Nagpur, India
STDF (Science and Technology Development Fund) (2013) STDF grants, sustainable development of Sinai. Call for proposals, TC/4/April/2013/DS, Science and Technology Development Fund, Cairo
Sturchio NC, Arehart GB, Sultan M, Sano Y, AboKamar Y, Sayed M (1996) Composition and origin of thermal waters in the Gulf of Suez area, Egypt. Appl Geochem 11:471–479CrossRef
Sturchio NC, Du X, Purtschert R, Lehmann BE, Sultan M, Patterson LJ, Lu ZT, Muller P, Bigler T, Bailey K, O’Connor TP, Young L, Lorenzo R, Becker R, El Alfy Z, El Kaliouby B, Dawood Y, Abdallah AMA (2004) One million year old groundwater in the Sahara revealed by krypton-81 and chlorine-36. Geophys Res Lett 31:L05503CrossRef
Sultan M, Yan E, Sturchio N, Wagdy A, Milewski A, Abdel Gelil K, Manocha N, Becker R (2007) Natural discharge: a key to sustainable utilization of fossil groundwater. J Hydrol 335:25–36CrossRef
Sultan SA, Mohameden MI, Santos FM (2009) Hydrogeophysical study of the El Qaa Plain, Sinai, Egypt. Bull Eng Geol Environ 68:525–537CrossRef
Sultan M, Metwally S, Milewski A, Becker D, Ahmed M, Sauck W, Soliman F, Sturchio N, Yan E, Rashed M, Wagdy A, Becker R, Welton B (2011) Modern recharge to fossil aquifers: geochemical, geophysical, and modeling constraints. J Hydrol 403:14–24CrossRef
TCEHI (The Caribbean Environmental Health Institute) (2009) Rainwater, catch it while you can: a handbook on rainwater harvesting in the Caribbean. UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya, 55 pp
Thornton J (1998) Source book of alternative technologies for freshwater augmentation in Africa. UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya
USACE (US Corps Army of Engineers) (2016) Hydrologic modeling system HEC-HMS user’s manual. CPD-74A, USACE, Washington, DC, 614 pp
USACE (US Corps Army of Engineers) (2017) Hydrologic modeling system HEC-HMS, release notes version 4.2.1, USACE, Washington, DC
Walpole RE, Myers RH, Myers SL, Ye K (2007) Probability and statistics for engineers and scientists, 8th edn. Pearson, London
Ward S (2010) Rainwater harvesting in the UK: a strategic framework to enable transition from novel to mainstream. PhD Thesis, Exeter University, Exeter, UK
Ward S, Memon F, Butler D (2008) Rainwater harvesting: model-based design evaluation. 11th Int. Conf. on Urban Drainage, Edinburgh, 31 August–5 September 2008
WHO (1996) Guidelines for drinking water quality, 2nd edn. Volume 2, Health criteria and other supporting information, 2nd edn. World Health Organization, Geneva
WHO (1998) Guideline for drinking water quality, 2nd edn. Addendum to Volume 2, Health criteria and other supporting information. World Health Organization, Geneva
Worm J, Van Hattum T (2006) Rainwater harvesting for domestic use, Agrodok 43. Agromisa Foundation and CTA, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 84 pp
Youssef YS (2008) Flash floods and their effects on the development in El-Qaa plain area in South Sinai, Egypt: a study in applied geomorphology using GIS and remote sensing. PhD Thesis, Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
Metadata
Title
Hydrologic analysis of the challenges facing water resources and sustainable development of Wadi Feiran basin, southern Sinai, Egypt
Authors
Ayman A. Ahmed
Maghawri S. Diab
Publication date
06-04-2018
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Hydrogeology Journal / Issue 7/2018
Print ISSN: 1431-2174
Electronic ISSN: 1435-0157
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1764-8

Other articles of this Issue 7/2018

Hydrogeology Journal 7/2018 Go to the issue

Editor’s Message

Editor’s Message: Hydrogeology Journal increases number of editors to five and two new editors begin

Paper

Laboratory-based geoelectric monitoring of water infiltration in consolidated ground

Technical Note

The single-well test dilemma: the skin effect and variable-rate pumping perspective

Paper

Numerical investigation on the implications of spring temperature and discharge rate with respect to the geothermal background in a fault zone

Paper

Modelling the response of vegetation restoration to changes in groundwater level, based on ecologically suitable groundwater depth

Paper

Hydrogeology of a montane headwater groundwater system downgradient of a coal-mine waste rock dump: Elk Valley, British Columbia, Canada