Skip to main content
Top

2017 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

28. Hygrothermal Ageing of Injection-Moulded PA6/GF Materials Considering Automotive Requirements

Authors : T. Illing, M. Schoßig, C. Bierögel, B. Langer, W. Grellmann

Published in: Deformation and Fracture Behaviour of Polymer Materials

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Short-glass fibre-reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6/GF) materials have been used for many decades successfully in the automotive industry, especially for components in exterior and interior area. Due to the required product qualification testing in the automotive field, components are exposed to, among others, a hygrothermal stress of 1000 h or more during the development phase. This work aims to contribute to enhanced understanding of the mechanical properties of stiffness, tensile strength, hardness and fracture toughness of short-glass fibre-reinforced polyamide 6 materials at hygrothermal aging. The results show a decrease in properties, which is more characterised by the absorption of moisture and less than by other aging processes.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
1.
go back to reference Becker, G.W., Braun, D.: Kunststoff-Handbuch: 3. Thermoplaste, 4. Polyamide. Carl Hanser, Munich (1998) Becker, G.W., Braun, D.: Kunststoff-Handbuch: 3. Thermoplaste, 4. Polyamide. Carl Hanser, Munich (1998)
2.
go back to reference Kohan, M.I.: Nylon Plastics Handbook. Carl Hanser, Munich (1995) Kohan, M.I.: Nylon Plastics Handbook. Carl Hanser, Munich (1995)
3.
go back to reference Hassan, A., Salleh, N.M., Yahya, R., Sheikh, M.: Fiber length, thermal, mechanical, and dynamic mechanical properties of injection-molded glass-fiber/polyamide 6,6: Plasticization effect. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 30, 488–498 (2011)CrossRef Hassan, A., Salleh, N.M., Yahya, R., Sheikh, M.: Fiber length, thermal, mechanical, and dynamic mechanical properties of injection-molded glass-fiber/polyamide 6,6: Plasticization effect. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 30, 488–498 (2011)CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Thomason, J.: The influence of fibre length, diameter and concentration on the modulus of glass fibre reinforced polyamide 6,6. Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 39, 1732–1738 (2008)CrossRef Thomason, J.: The influence of fibre length, diameter and concentration on the modulus of glass fibre reinforced polyamide 6,6. Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 39, 1732–1738 (2008)CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Thomason, J.: Micromechanical parameters from macromechanical measurements on glass reinforced polyamide 6,6. Compos. Sci. Technol. 61, 2007–2016 (2001)CrossRef Thomason, J.: Micromechanical parameters from macromechanical measurements on glass reinforced polyamide 6,6. Compos. Sci. Technol. 61, 2007–2016 (2001)CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Thomason, J.: The influence of fibre properties of the performance of glass-fibre-reinforced polyamide 6,6. Compos. Sci. Technol. 59, 2315–2328 (1999)CrossRef Thomason, J.: The influence of fibre properties of the performance of glass-fibre-reinforced polyamide 6,6. Compos. Sci. Technol. 59, 2315–2328 (1999)CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Bergeret, A., Ferry, L., Ienny, P.: Influence of the fibre/matrix interface on ageing mechanisms of glass fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites (PA-6,6, PET, PBT) in a hygrothermal environment. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 94, 1315–1324 (2009)CrossRef Bergeret, A., Ferry, L., Ienny, P.: Influence of the fibre/matrix interface on ageing mechanisms of glass fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites (PA-6,6, PET, PBT) in a hygrothermal environment. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 94, 1315–1324 (2009)CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Jia, N., Kagan, V.A.: Effects of time and temperature on the tension–tension fatigue behavior of short fiber reinforced polyamides. Polym. Compos. 19, 408–414 (1998)CrossRef Jia, N., Kagan, V.A.: Effects of time and temperature on the tension–tension fatigue behavior of short fiber reinforced polyamides. Polym. Compos. 19, 408–414 (1998)CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Mouhmid, B., Imad, A., Benseddiq, N., Benmedakhène, S., Maazouz, A.: A study of the mechanical behaviour of a glass fibre reinforced polyamide 6,6: Experimental investigation. Polym. Test. 25, 544–552 (2006)CrossRef Mouhmid, B., Imad, A., Benseddiq, N., Benmedakhène, S., Maazouz, A.: A study of the mechanical behaviour of a glass fibre reinforced polyamide 6,6: Experimental investigation. Polym. Test. 25, 544–552 (2006)CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Ferreno, D., Carrascal, I., Ruiz, E., Casado, J.: Characterisation by means of a finite element model of the influence of moisture content on the mechanical and fracture properties of the polyamide 6 reinforced with short glass fibre. Polym. Testing 30, 420–428 (2011)CrossRef Ferreno, D., Carrascal, I., Ruiz, E., Casado, J.: Characterisation by means of a finite element model of the influence of moisture content on the mechanical and fracture properties of the polyamide 6 reinforced with short glass fibre. Polym. Testing 30, 420–428 (2011)CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Langer, B.: Bruchmechanische Bewertung von Polyamid-Werkstoffen. Logos-Verlag, Berlin (1998) Langer, B.: Bruchmechanische Bewertung von Polyamid-Werkstoffen. Logos-Verlag, Berlin (1998)
12.
go back to reference Ehrenstein, G.W., Pongratz, S.: Beständigkeit von Kunststoffen. Carl Hanser, Munich (2007) Ehrenstein, G.W., Pongratz, S.: Beständigkeit von Kunststoffen. Carl Hanser, Munich (2007)
13.
go back to reference DIN 50035 (2012): Begriffe auf dem Gebiet der Alterung von Materialien—Polymere Werk-stoffe DIN 50035 (2012): Begriffe auf dem Gebiet der Alterung von Materialien—Polymere Werk-stoffe
14.
go back to reference El-Rafey, E., Kandill, S., Abdelkader, A.: Auslagern beeinflusst Eigenspannungen. Kunst-stoffe 81, 710–711 (1991) El-Rafey, E., Kandill, S., Abdelkader, A.: Auslagern beeinflusst Eigenspannungen. Kunst-stoffe 81, 710–711 (1991)
15.
go back to reference Illing, T., Schoßig, M., Bierögel, C., Grellmann, W.: Influence of hygrothermal aging on dimensional stability of thin injection-molded short glass-fiber reinforced PA6. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 132, 42245 (2015)CrossRef Illing, T., Schoßig, M., Bierögel, C., Grellmann, W.: Influence of hygrothermal aging on dimensional stability of thin injection-molded short glass-fiber reinforced PA6. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 132, 42245 (2015)CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Illing, T., Gotzig, H., Schoßig, M., Bierögel, C., Grellmann, W.: Influence of hygrothermal aging on tensile strength and poisson ratio of thin injection-molded short glass fiber reinforced PA6. Fibers Issue 4 (2016) No. 17 (10 pages) Illing, T., Gotzig, H., Schoßig, M., Bierögel, C., Grellmann, W.: Influence of hygrothermal aging on tensile strength and poisson ratio of thin injection-molded short glass fiber reinforced PA6. Fibers Issue 4 (2016) No. 17 (10 pages)
17.
go back to reference ISO 3167 (2014): Plastics—Multipurpose test specimens ISO 3167 (2014): Plastics—Multipurpose test specimens
18.
go back to reference DIN EN 60068-2-2 (2008): Environmental testing—Part 2-2: Tests—Test B: Dry heat DIN EN 60068-2-2 (2008): Environmental testing—Part 2-2: Tests—Test B: Dry heat
19.
go back to reference DIN EN 60068-2-78 (2014): Environmental testing—Part 2-78: Tests—Test Cab: Damp heat, steady state DIN EN 60068-2-78 (2014): Environmental testing—Part 2-78: Tests—Test Cab: Damp heat, steady state
20.
go back to reference DIN EN 60068-2-1 (2008): Environmental testing—Part 2-1: Tests—Test A: Cold DIN EN 60068-2-1 (2008): Environmental testing—Part 2-1: Tests—Test A: Cold
21.
go back to reference ISO 527-1 (2012): Plastics—Determination of tensile properties—Part 1: General principles ISO 527-1 (2012): Plastics—Determination of tensile properties—Part 1: General principles
22.
go back to reference ISO 527-2 (2012): Plastics—Determination of tensile properties—Part 2: Test conditions for moulding and extrusion plastics ISO 527-2 (2012): Plastics—Determination of tensile properties—Part 2: Test conditions for moulding and extrusion plastics
23.
go back to reference ISO 2039-1 (2001): Plastics—Determination of hardness—Part 1: Ball indentation method ISO 2039-1 (2001): Plastics—Determination of hardness—Part 1: Ball indentation method
24.
go back to reference Grellmann, W., Seidler, S., Hesse, W.: Testing of plastics—Instrumented Charpy impact test (ICIT)—Procedure for determining the crack resistance behaviour using the instrumented impact test (MPK-ICIT): Part I: Determination of characteristic fracture mechanics parameters for resistance against unstable crack propagation; Part II: Determination of characteristic fracture mechanics parameters for resistance against stable crack propagation. Merseburg (2016), http://wiki.polymerservice-merseburg.de/index.php/MPK-Prozedur_MPK-IKBV_englisch Grellmann, W., Seidler, S., Hesse, W.: Testing of plastics—Instrumented Charpy impact test (ICIT)—Procedure for determining the crack resistance behaviour using the instrumented impact test (MPK-ICIT): Part I: Determination of characteristic fracture mechanics parameters for resistance against unstable crack propagation; Part II: Determination of characteristic fracture mechanics parameters for resistance against stable crack propagation. Merseburg (2016), http://​wiki.​polymerservice-merseburg.​de/​index.​php/​MPK-Prozedur_​MPK-IKBV_​englisch
25.
go back to reference ISO 11357-1 (2009): Plastics—Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)—Part 1: General principles ISO 11357-1 (2009): Plastics—Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)—Part 1: General principles
27.
go back to reference Reinhart, C.: Direkte CT-Datenanalyse mit VGStudio Max 2.0. In: Kastner, J. (ed.) Industrielle Computertomografie Tagung 2008. Reihe: Messtechnik und Sensorik, Shaker Verlag, Herzogenrath (2008) Reinhart, C.: Direkte CT-Datenanalyse mit VGStudio Max 2.0. In: Kastner, J. (ed.) Industrielle Computertomografie Tagung 2008. Reihe: Messtechnik und Sensorik, Shaker Verlag, Herzogenrath (2008)
29.
go back to reference Advani, S.G., Tucker III, C.L.: The use of tensors to describe and predict fiber orientation in short fiber composites. J. Rheol. 31, 751–784 (1987)CrossRef Advani, S.G., Tucker III, C.L.: The use of tensors to describe and predict fiber orientation in short fiber composites. J. Rheol. 31, 751–784 (1987)CrossRef
30.
go back to reference DIN 55672-1 (2016): Gelpermeationschromatographie (GPC)—Teil 1: Tetrahydrofuran (THF) als Elutionsmittel DIN 55672-1 (2016): Gelpermeationschromatographie (GPC)Teil 1: Tetrahydrofuran (THF) als Elutionsmittel
31.
go back to reference Wyzgoski, M., O’Gara, J.F., Novak, G.E.: Predicting the tensile strength of short glass fiber reinforced injection molded plastics. In: Proceedings of the 10th Annual SPE Automotive Composites Conference & Exhibition, ACCE, Troy, 15–16 Sept 2010. Society of Plastics Engineers, Brookfield (2010), pp. 810–832 Wyzgoski, M., O’Gara, J.F., Novak, G.E.: Predicting the tensile strength of short glass fiber reinforced injection molded plastics. In: Proceedings of the 10th Annual SPE Automotive Composites Conference & Exhibition, ACCE, Troy, 15–16 Sept 2010. Society of Plastics Engineers, Brookfield (2010), pp. 810–832
32.
go back to reference Fu, S.-Y., Lauke, B.: Effects of fiber length and fiber orientation distributions on the tensile strength of short-fiber-reinforced polymers. Compos. Sci. Technol. 56, 1179–1190 (1996)CrossRef Fu, S.-Y., Lauke, B.: Effects of fiber length and fiber orientation distributions on the tensile strength of short-fiber-reinforced polymers. Compos. Sci. Technol. 56, 1179–1190 (1996)CrossRef
33.
go back to reference Bernasconi, A., Davoli, P., Basile, A., Filippi, A.: Effect of fibre orientation on the fatigue behaviour of a short glass fibre reinforced polyamide-6. Int. J. Fatigue 29, 199–208 (2007)CrossRef Bernasconi, A., Davoli, P., Basile, A., Filippi, A.: Effect of fibre orientation on the fatigue behaviour of a short glass fibre reinforced polyamide-6. Int. J. Fatigue 29, 199–208 (2007)CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Johannaber, F., Michaeli, W.: Handbuch Spritzgießen. Carl Hanser, Munich (2004)CrossRef Johannaber, F., Michaeli, W.: Handbuch Spritzgießen. Carl Hanser, Munich (2004)CrossRef
35.
go back to reference Bay, R.S., Tucker, C.L.: Fiber orientation in simple injection moldings. Part I: theory and numerical methods. Polym. Compos. 13, 317–331 (1992)CrossRef Bay, R.S., Tucker, C.L.: Fiber orientation in simple injection moldings. Part I: theory and numerical methods. Polym. Compos. 13, 317–331 (1992)CrossRef
36.
go back to reference Bay, R.S., Tucker, C.L.: Fiber orientation in simple injection moldings. Part II: experimental results. Polym. Compos. 13, 332–341 (1992)CrossRef Bay, R.S., Tucker, C.L.: Fiber orientation in simple injection moldings. Part II: experimental results. Polym. Compos. 13, 332–341 (1992)CrossRef
37.
go back to reference Folgar, F., Tucker, C.L.: Orientation behavior of fibers in concentrated suspensions. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 3, 98–119 (1984)CrossRef Folgar, F., Tucker, C.L.: Orientation behavior of fibers in concentrated suspensions. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 3, 98–119 (1984)CrossRef
38.
go back to reference Wang, J., Jin, X.: Comparison of recent fiber orientation models in autodesk moldflow insight simulations with measured fiber orientation data. In: Proceedings of the Polymer Processing Society 26th Annual Meeting, PPS-26, Banff, 04–08 July 2010. Polymer Processing Society, Banff (2010), 6 pages Wang, J., Jin, X.: Comparison of recent fiber orientation models in autodesk moldflow insight simulations with measured fiber orientation data. In: Proceedings of the Polymer Processing Society 26th Annual Meeting, PPS-26, Banff, 04–08 July 2010. Polymer Processing Society, Banff (2010), 6 pages
39.
go back to reference McNally, D.: Short fiber orientation and its effects on the properties of thermoplastic composite materials. Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng. 8, 101–154 (1977)CrossRef McNally, D.: Short fiber orientation and its effects on the properties of thermoplastic composite materials. Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng. 8, 101–154 (1977)CrossRef
40.
go back to reference Bernasconi, A., Cosmi, F., Dreossi, D.: Local anisotropy analysis of injection moulded fibre reinforced polymer composites. Compos. Sci Technol. 68, 2574–2581 (2008)CrossRef Bernasconi, A., Cosmi, F., Dreossi, D.: Local anisotropy analysis of injection moulded fibre reinforced polymer composites. Compos. Sci Technol. 68, 2574–2581 (2008)CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Toll, S., Andersson, P.O.: Microstructure of long- and short-fiber reinforced injection molded polyamide. Polym. Compos. 14, 116–125 (1993)CrossRef Toll, S., Andersson, P.O.: Microstructure of long- and short-fiber reinforced injection molded polyamide. Polym. Compos. 14, 116–125 (1993)CrossRef
42.
go back to reference Thomason, J.L.: Structure–property relationships in glass-reinforced polyamide, Part 3: Effects of hydrolysis ageing on the dimensional stability and performance of short glass–fiber-reinforced polyamide 66. Polym. Compos. 28, 344–354 (2007)CrossRef Thomason, J.L.: Structure–property relationships in glass-reinforced polyamide, Part 3: Effects of hydrolysis ageing on the dimensional stability and performance of short glass–fiber-reinforced polyamide 66. Polym. Compos. 28, 344–354 (2007)CrossRef
43.
go back to reference Jia, N., Fraenkel, H.A., Kagan, V.A.: Effects of moisture conditioning methods on mechanical properties of injection molded nylon 6. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 23, 729–737 (2004)CrossRef Jia, N., Fraenkel, H.A., Kagan, V.A.: Effects of moisture conditioning methods on mechanical properties of injection molded nylon 6. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 23, 729–737 (2004)CrossRef
44.
go back to reference Brandrup, J., Immergut, E.H., Grulke, E.A.: Polymer Handbook. Wiley, New York (1999) Brandrup, J., Immergut, E.H., Grulke, E.A.: Polymer Handbook. Wiley, New York (1999)
45.
go back to reference Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (eds.): Kunststoffprüfung, 3rd edn. Carl Hanser, Munich (2015) Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (eds.): Kunststoffprüfung, 3rd edn. Carl Hanser, Munich (2015)
46.
go back to reference Illing, T.: Bewertung von mechanischen und thermischen Eigenschaften glasfaserverstärkter Polyamid-Werkstoffe unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Alterungsverhaltens von Bauteilen in der Automobilindustrie. Ph.D. thesis, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (2015) Illing, T.: Bewertung von mechanischen und thermischen Eigenschaften glasfaserverstärkter Polyamid-Werkstoffe unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Alterungsverhaltens von Bauteilen in der Automobilindustrie. Ph.D. thesis, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (2015)
47.
go back to reference Ehrenstein, G.W., Riedel, G., Trawiel, P.: Praxis der thermischen Analyse von Kunststoffen. Carl Hanser, Munich (2003) Ehrenstein, G.W., Riedel, G., Trawiel, P.: Praxis der thermischen Analyse von Kunststoffen. Carl Hanser, Munich (2003)
48.
go back to reference Xenopoulos, A., Wunderlich, B.: Thermodynamic properties of liquid and semicrystalline linear aliphatic polyamides. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 28, 2271–2290 (1990)CrossRef Xenopoulos, A., Wunderlich, B.: Thermodynamic properties of liquid and semicrystalline linear aliphatic polyamides. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 28, 2271–2290 (1990)CrossRef
49.
go back to reference Shu, Y., Ye, L., Yang, T.: Study on the long-term thermal-oxidative aging behavior of polyamide 6. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 110, 945–957 (2008)CrossRef Shu, Y., Ye, L., Yang, T.: Study on the long-term thermal-oxidative aging behavior of polyamide 6. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 110, 945–957 (2008)CrossRef
50.
go back to reference Valentin, D., Paray, F., Guetta, B.: The hygrothermal behaviour of glass fibre reinforced PA66 composites: A study of the effect of water absorption on their mechanical properties. J. Mater. Sci. 22, 46–56 (1987)CrossRef Valentin, D., Paray, F., Guetta, B.: The hygrothermal behaviour of glass fibre reinforced PA66 composites: A study of the effect of water absorption on their mechanical properties. J. Mater. Sci. 22, 46–56 (1987)CrossRef
51.
go back to reference Hassan, A., Rahman, N.A., Yahya, R.: Moisture absorption effect on thermal, dynamic mechanical and mechanical properties of injection-molded short glass-fiber/polyamide 6, 6 composites. Fibers Polym. 13, 899–906 (2012)CrossRef Hassan, A., Rahman, N.A., Yahya, R.: Moisture absorption effect on thermal, dynamic mechanical and mechanical properties of injection-molded short glass-fiber/polyamide 6, 6 composites. Fibers Polym. 13, 899–906 (2012)CrossRef
52.
go back to reference Yue, C., Chan, C.: Assessment of moisture content in nylon using differential scanning calorimetry. Polym. Test. 10, 189–194 (1991)CrossRef Yue, C., Chan, C.: Assessment of moisture content in nylon using differential scanning calorimetry. Polym. Test. 10, 189–194 (1991)CrossRef
53.
go back to reference Bergeret, A., Pires, I., Foulc, M., Abadie, B., Ferry, L., Crespy, A.: The hygrothermal behaviour of glass-fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composites: a prediction of the composite lifetime. Polym. Test. 20, 753–763 (2001)CrossRef Bergeret, A., Pires, I., Foulc, M., Abadie, B., Ferry, L., Crespy, A.: The hygrothermal behaviour of glass-fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composites: a prediction of the composite lifetime. Polym. Test. 20, 753–763 (2001)CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Hygrothermal Ageing of Injection-Moulded PA6/GF Materials Considering Automotive Requirements
Authors
T. Illing
M. Schoßig
C. Bierögel
B. Langer
W. Grellmann
Copyright Year
2017
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41879-7_28

Premium Partners