Imagining Europe in Times of War and Crises
Youth Perceptions from Balkans, Caucasus, and Turkey
- 2024
- Book
- Editors
- Başak Alpan
- Afrim Hoti
- Book Series
- The Future of Europe
- Publisher
- Springer Nature Switzerland
About this book
This book aims to explore the perceptions of the EU integration by the young population in its “periphery”. It thereby bridges the gap between perceptions studies, youth studies, and the center-periphery conceptual framework. The chapters in the volume make use of data generated from focus group meetings with university students aged between 18-30 (which is the age range generally used by the European Social Survey to group young citizens) in Romania, Kosovo, Albania, North Macedonia, Georgia and Turkiye.
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Table of Contents
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Frontmatter
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Introduction: Imagining “Europe” in Times of War and Crises: Youth Perceptions of European Integration in its Periphery
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThe chapter delves into the complex dynamics of youth perceptions of European integration in the EU’s periphery, focusing on countries like Romania, Kosovo, Albania, North Macedonia, Georgia, and Turkey. It examines how crises such as the economic downturn, refugee crisis, and Brexit have influenced these perceptions, highlighting the 'centre-periphery' dichotomy. The research employs focus groups to gather qualitative data, revealing varied attitudes towards EU values, legitimacy, and future prospects. This approach sheds light on the potential for Euroscepticism and the importance of understanding regional disparities in EU integration. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the need for context-sensitive communication strategies to enhance EU integration in these peripheral regions.AI Generated
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AbstractThis chapter sets the conceptual and theoretical scene for the broader focus of this volume, which aims to explore the perceptions attached to the EU integration by the young population in its “periphery”. In line with the research questions of the LEAP (“Linking to Europe at the Periphery”) Jean Monnet Network, which aims to explore how the EU integration is taught, learned, experienced and contested at the periphery of the EU, the chapter aims to kick-off the discussion on the perceptions of the EU integration in the periphery mainly against the background of numerous crises characterising the European project lately. After endeavouring to conceptually spot the “periphery” of the EU integration, we delve into the perception studies, focusing on the perceptions of the EU integration by the young population in the “periphery”. The chapter also elaborates on the research methodology of the volume, as well as introducing the structure of the chapters of the book. -
“Romania’s Paradox”: Youth Perceptions of the EU’s Identity and Legitimacy During Poly-Crisis
Dragoș Ioniță, Silviu Petre, Daniela-Mihaela IspasThe chapter 'Romania’s Paradox' delves into the complex interplay between EU identity and legitimacy as perceived by young Romanians during the 2022-2023 poly-crisis. It explores how crises such as the war in Ukraine and Romania's Schengen bid have shaped youth perceptions of the EU, highlighting the dual process of identity construction and legitimacy preservation. Through a constructivist lens, the study analyzes the factors that define EU identity from the perspective of young Romanians and how these perceptions influence their political engagement and electoral behavior. The research underscores the significance of EU-related benefits and the role of crises in reshaping young people's views on the EU, offering a nuanced understanding of the challenges and opportunities facing the European project in times of turmoil.AI Generated
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AbstractMore than 16 years after its accession to the EU, Romania is still regarded by EU drafted studies as one of the most pro-European Member States. A relevant aspect as one of the EU’s newest member states gradually shifts from a ‘peripheric to a ‘semi-peripheric’ position amid security threats, socio-economic perturbances and amplifying political divisions inside the Union. As numerous studies focus on the general perception of EU in times of peace or crisis, little attention is given to the way in which the EU projects its image among future generations of citizens (and voters). While membership has granted access to more rights, opportunities and chances for their personal and professional development, it is still unclear how young people define the EU’s identity and legitimise it. This particularity raises questions on the way perceptions on EU in relation to Romania are projected to and internalised by young people, especially in times of crisis. The aim of this chapter is to contextualise perceptions regarding Romania’s role in two of the most recent crises, visible among the organisation’s younger generations—the war in Ukraine (and its subsequent humanitarian and economic crisis) and Romania’s bid to enter Schengen, as well as its relation with the EU. In order to examine how the EU’s crisis-based transformation process is perceived and experienced by younger generations of Romanians and the factors that contribute to EU’s legitimacy, we operate using a mixed approach: by analysing a variety of statistical indicators, we focus on Romanian youth’s perception regarding the country’s relation with the EU between 2022–2023; furthermore, applying a set of 2 focus groups on young people (students in social sciences), our goal is to clarify the current perception regarding Romania-EU relations, while integrating the role of recent crises in defining EU’s identity and the sources of its legitimacy. In light of this analysis we argue that nuanced opinions, combined with statistical findings facilitate a better understanding of the current form and level of trust in the European project, as experienced by one particular demographic category (the youth), while offering a clear profile of the EU’s future electoral engaged citizens. -
Reflections on Emerging Perspectives: Kosovar Youth Narratives and their Path toward EU Integration
Afrim Hoti, Albina ThaciThe chapter examines the intricate relationship between the EU and Kosovo, highlighting the 'centre-periphery' dynamic where the EU acts as the central power and Kosovo as the periphery. It explores the historical context of EU involvement in Kosovo, focusing on the role of EU support in post-war reconstruction and state-building. The chapter delves into the perceptions of Kosovar youth regarding EU integration, revealing strong support despite recent crises such as financial instability, migration challenges, Brexit, and the COVID-19 pandemic. It also discusses the impact of these crises on EU credibility and the integration process, emphasizing the need for a more united and effective EU response. The chapter concludes with recommendations for enhancing EU-Kosovo relations and improving the integration process.AI Generated
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AbstractSince Kosovo's declaration of independence on February 17, 2008, the EU has played a significant role in its development, positioning Kosovo within the EU's peripheral category. As Kosovo navigates its path towards greater integration, the EU faces ongoing crises that challenge its cohesion and effectiveness. While extensive research has been conducted on general perceptions of the EU, there is limited focus on how these perceptions are shaped among future generations, particularly in the context of recent EU challenges. This chapter addresses this gap by exploring the perceptions of Kosovo's youth regarding the EU's influence and role. It investigates how recent crises within the EU have affected these perceptions, highlighting the importance of understanding youth views on the EU’s crisis management and integration efforts. Utilizing a mixed-method approach, including focus group discussions and statistical analysis, this chapter aims to provide a nuanced perspective on the relationship between Kosovo and the EU. The findings suggest that despite skepticism about the EU’s crisis response, young Kosovars continue to view EU integration as crucial for their country's future. This nuanced understanding offers insights into the evolving perceptions of the EU among Kosovo's younger generation and underscores the importance of these perceptions in shaping future EU-Kosovo relations. -
Albanian Youth Perceptions on the EU Accession Path—Amidst Expectations and Discontent: Exploring the Breeding Ground of Euroscepticism
Elira LuliThe chapter delves into the perceptions of Albanian youth regarding the EU accession process, focusing on their attitudes towards Euroscepticism and the role of the EU in Albania's development. It explores the impact of recent crises, such as the economic crisis, refugee influx, Brexit, and the COVID-19 pandemic, on the EU's commitment to Albania's integration. The study also examines the political and societal factors contributing to Euroscepticism among Albanian youth, including corruption, weak governance, and the slow pace of reforms. The chapter is based on focus group interviews with university students, providing valuable insights into the youth's perspectives on the EU integration process and their hopes for the future. It highlights the need for increased political will and transparency to address the challenges faced by Albania in its EU accession journey.AI Generated
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AbstractSince the dissolution of the former Yugoslavia and the subsequent independence of the new states in the early 1990s, the relationship between the EU and the Western Balkan has been intricate. The region's path toward establishing new statehoods through self-determination was fraught with challenges. The initial decade of transition was characterized by conflict resolution efforts and the international community endeavors to ensure peace. A new perspective arises in the second decade by bringing these countries toward a common destination to European Union. The third decade unfolds among many hopes and expectations, new challenges and struggles for both the EU and Western Balkan countries. Although the EU has served as a guiding compass, for Western Balkan states, internal obstacles and structural deficiencies have decelerated, and in some cases, diverted the path toward a swifter integration into the union for many of these countries.Even though Albania has earlier established relations with the EU compared to other Western Balkan countries, it has faced its own multifaceted challenges along the way. The country has experienced a declining population due to emigration, which has occurred in various waves throughout the transition decades, marked recently by a severe brain drain. Unfortunately, the EU’s promises have not yielded significant results, causing a shift in perceptions among Albanian youth, particularly in the past 8–10 years. This change in perception can be attributed to a series of internal crises the EU has faced, the prolonged hesitation to initiate accession talks with Albania and North Macedonia from 2018–2020, and the sluggishness of the political class in implementing necessary reforms.This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the diverse views and perceptions surrounding the presence and role of the EU, as well as the EU integration path of Albania. The primary objective is to gain insightful perspectives into the underlying factors that contribute to discontent and pessimism among the youth population, often leading them towards a predisposition to leave the country. To achieve this, a qualitative approach will be adopted, employing two focus groups interviews with students to assess if any prevalence of (Euro)scepticism among younger generations unfolds. By examining perceptions, opinions, and identifying sources of insecurity and resentment, the research endeavours to shed light on the impact of these sources of discontent on the expectations of young individuals regarding the ongoing integration process. Lastly, the conclusion and recommendations will propose strategies to sustain the current level of hope and encourage young people to contribute actively to their country’s development and the EU perspective. -
A Dream or a Dread? Perceptions of the North Macedonian Youth on European Integration
Abdula Azizi, Dorajet ImeriThis chapter delves into the perceptions of North Macedonian youth regarding European integration, revealing a strong support for EU membership driven by economic benefits and a desire for democratic reforms. However, the youth also express concerns about the prolonged membership process and the impact of 'state capture' on domestic institutions. The chapter explores the historical context of EU-North Macedonia relations, the current crises affecting the EU, and the future challenges envisioned by the youth. Through focus group interviews, the study uncovers the youth's views on the centre-periphery dichotomy, the role of the EU in regional stability, and the need for internal reforms to meet EU membership criteria. The chapter concludes with recommendations for policy-makers to address the identified challenges and enhance North Macedonia's EU integration prospects.AI Generated
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AbstractSince the Republic of North Macedonia (RNM) has been on its way to the European Union (EU) since 2001, but there are no promising and concrete results in the Europeanization of the country, its citizens rightfully lose faith that the state will become part of EU. This chapter aims to get the opinion and perceptions of the students in the European integration process of the country with a particular focus on the perception of the EU integration, the current crisis of the EU project and the problems envisaged regarding the future of the EU project. The chapter will also elaborate on the notion of “state capture” and focus on how disbelief and doubts on the part of the youngsters on the sincerity of the country’s political management in carrying out the tasks set forth by the EU during the European integration process shape the perceptions of the EU integration. -
Contesting or Supporting? The EU Integration Project and the Georgian Youth
Giorgi GvaliaThe chapter delves into the complexities of the EU integration project as perceived by Georgian youth, highlighting their overwhelmingly positive views on the EU and its role in promoting peace, stability, and development. It uses focus group data to unpack their perceptions of the 'centre-periphery' dichotomy and their expectations for Georgia's future within the EU. The chapter also explores how Georgian youth perceive the EU's ability to handle crises and its priorities towards Eastern Partnership countries. Additionally, it discusses the role of public opinion and youth activism in shaping Georgia's foreign policy, highlighting key events such as the 'Gavrilov’s Night' protests and the public's reaction to the Russia-Ukraine war. The chapter concludes with recommendations for the EU's strategy towards Georgia, emphasizing the importance of supporting pro-democratic forces and youth-driven initiatives.AI Generated
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AbstractThis paper examines the perceptions and experiences of Georgian youth regarding the EU integration project and EU-Georgia relations based on original data obtained through focus groups with students of EU Studies, International Relations, and Political Science at Georgian universities. The findings reveal strong support among Georgian youth for the EU and Georgia’s integration into it, viewing EU membership as crucial for Georgia’s political, economic, and social modernization. The study also highlights the effective resonance of the EU’s soft power among Georgian youth, indicating a favourable perception of the EU’s social, economic, and political development model. Furthermore, the paper discusses the participants’ nuanced views on the “centre-periphery” dichotomy in EU-Georgia relations, suggesting that while Georgia may be spatially peripheral to the EU, it culturally aligns more with the centre. Consequently, the paper suggests that the EU should strongly support ‘bottom-up’ initiatives and pro-democracy domestic actors in Georgia who align with EU values. Lastly, the paper contributes to broader academic discussions in International Relations by challenging traditional theories that overlook the impact of domestic-level variables on small states’ foreign policies, emphasising the significance of considering both domestic and international factors in analysing foreign policy decisions. -
Exploring Turkish Youth Perceptions of the European Project: A Periphery Perspective
Nurdan Selay Bedir, Özgehan ŞenyuvaThe chapter 'Exploring Turkish Youth Perceptions of the European Project: A Periphery Perspective' delves into the multifaceted perceptions of Turkish youth regarding the EU, EU integration, and Euroscepticism. It examines the historical context of Türkiye-EU relations, marked by periods of convergence and divergence, and the impact of domestic and international factors on public opinion. The study utilizes focus groups to gather qualitative data from informed young citizens, revealing a complex tapestry of views that are both critical and optimistic. The chapter highlights the perceived differences and barriers between Türkiye and the EU, as well as the potential benefits of EU integration, reflecting a form of 'bottom-up' Euroscepticism. The analysis concludes with recommendations for a more inclusive and participatory approach to EU integration, recognizing the interconnectedness of issues across countries.AI Generated
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AbstractIn the field of EU Studies, various academic studies indicate a prevailing political trend where people tend to become more Eurosceptic as they age. Yet, there is an increasing level of youth support for Eurosceptic parties in Europe in the meantime. This chapter examines how this trend takes place in the periphery of the EU project, specifically focusing on how young, informed citizens in Türkiye evaluate different aspects of EU integration. In conducting this examination, the chapter investigates the dynamics and reasons behind Euroscepticism among the young generation in Türkiye, which can be characterised as “bottom-up” Euroscepticism. The dimensions that are referred to in this research are economics, security, and politics. Adopting the interpretivist paradigm, this chapter delves into questions surrounding the current crisis of the EU project, the anticipated problems in Türkiye-EU relations, and the future of the EU project. To explore the perceptions of young citizens, the chapter resorts to focus group meetings and employs purposive sampling as the methodology. The authors carried out the analysis through manual coding through the first and second readings and a comparative analysis of the results through a pre-determined qualitative codebook, marking certain comments, proposals and arguments on the themes of the LEAP project. Therefore, this chapter aims to contribute to enhancing young citizens’ knowledge and promotion of EU integration in the long term while addressing the challenges resulting from the nature and characteristics of bilateral relations, which, in this case, Türkiye-EU relations. -
Periphery’s Agency and Recommendations for the EU’s Approach to the Young Population in the Periphery
Başak Alpan, Afrim HotiThe chapter delves into the perceptions of young people living in the periphery of European integration, focusing on countries such as Türkiye, Kosovo, Romania, Georgia, Albania, and North Macedonia. It highlights the generally positive views of the EU among the youth, despite frustrations with stalled negotiations and specific issues like visa liberalization. The chapter also explores the impact of recent crises, such as the Russian invasion of Ukraine, on the legitimacy and credibility of the EU. Notably, the research finds that the young population in these countries associates the EU with economic benefits and security, although there are variations in how they perceive their own countries' peripheral status. The chapter concludes with policy recommendations for the EU, emphasizing the need for consistency in the enlargement process, effective crisis management, and a continued focus on normative power. It offers a nuanced understanding of the complexities and opportunities in the EU's approach to its periphery, making it a must-read for those interested in the future of European integration.AI Generated
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AbstractThis chapter lays out the conclusions of the research as carried out by the authors of the volume in Türkiye, Kosovo, Romania, Georgia, Albania and North Macedonia and argues that the “centre-periphery” dimension needs to taken into account in evaluating the perception of European integration by the public, and the young population in particular. An important finding shared by all cases of the volume and also echoed by this chapter is the predominance of the endogenous factors in shaping the perception of the European integration domestically and the need to pay attention to the periphery’s agency. The chapter concludes with policy recommendations for the policy-makers in Brussels working on the Balkans, Türkiye and the Caucasus. -
Backmatter
- Title
- Imagining Europe in Times of War and Crises
- Editors
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Başak Alpan
Afrim Hoti
- Copyright Year
- 2024
- Publisher
- Springer Nature Switzerland
- Electronic ISBN
- 978-3-031-68771-6
- Print ISBN
- 978-3-031-68770-9
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-68771-6
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