Mircoplastics (MP) are fragments of plastic that are smaller than 5 µm and are the product of the decomposition of larger plastic items or the direct discharge of smaller plastic particles, such as microbeads from personal care products, into the environment. About 320 million tonnes of plastics are generated every year that are disposed into the environment, recent studies have shown that 94% of the plastic are not properly disposed offwhich leads to major issue of MP pollution for us. MP are able to thrive in a wide variety of ecosystems, including the air, ocean, rivers, and lakes, as well as the soil. In addition, animals including human are capable of ingesting them, which may result in adverse effects for both groupsas MP are not biodegraded easily, they have the potential to remain in the environment for an extended period of time. This could have long-term consequences for the ecosystems and the creatures. Animals who consume MP experience a deficient supply of nutrients, oxidative stress, intestinal damage, and a variety of other unfavorable effects. Ingestion of MP by humans is likewise something that can hardly be denied. MP can enter the body through the gastrointestinal tract through contaminated food or by trophic transfer, the respiratory system from inhalation, or the skin via touch.The fate of MP and the consequences of their entry into the human body are little understood, despite widespread consumption of the particles. MP smaller than 10 µm in size can get into all organs, cross cell membranes, get through the blood–brain barrier, and get into the placenta, assuming that particles can be spread out in secondary tissues like the liver, muscles, and brain.The biodegradation of polyurethane is facilitated by fungi that produce hydrolases called proteases, esterases, ureases, and lipases. Breakdown of MP by bacteria. The breakdown of MP by bacteria has been the subject of numerous research. Enzyme biocatalysis depolymerizes plastic substrates into oligomers and monomers that can be recycled as raw materials to create new plastic goods or create other value-added chemicals in a circular economy. High-density polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, and polyethylene terephthalate were effectively removed using hydrophilic bare Fe3O4 nanoaggregates. Fe3O4 at 1% of the bulk of the MP allowed for complete extraction. The wide level of pollution potential has made the MP, a hot topic of debate in the scientific community and many solutions are emerging to combat this problem. This chapter will focus to provide the latest insides of MP, distribution in the environment and inside body, effects and possible remedies.
