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2020 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

9. In-Between Domestic Terrorism, Al-Qaeda, and ISIS, or How Russia Sees Prospects of Security Cooperation with the EU

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Abstract

How security cooperation is portrayed publicly indicates the message one actor wants its counterpart to receive. Public discourse following terrorist attacks, inter alia, constitutes a great resource for promoting a state’s agenda utilizing an emerged international attention. Looking at security cooperation discourse can reveal how states pursue their agendas by connecting them to the shared theme, and how their discourse evolves if perceptions of a common threat changes. This chapter examines official Russian discourse towards security cooperation with the European Union in fighting terrorism. It finds a continuous pattern of linking transnational terrorism threats by the Russian government to Russian domestic security matters and establishing Russia’s standing in opposing irregular actors through promoting domestic counterterrorism campaign.

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Footnotes
1
Vladimir Putin, ‘Speech for the Victory Day Celebration on 9 of May 2017’, kremlin.ru, 9 May 2017, online: http://​en.​kremlin.​ru/​events/​president/​news/​54467.
 
2
George Bush, ‘George Bush’s address to a joint session of Congress and the American people’, The Guardian, 21 September 2001, available at: https://​www.​theguardian.​com/​world/​2001/​sep/​21/​september11.​usa13.
 
3
START, Global Terrorism Database, online: https://​www.​start.​umd.​edu/​gtd.
 
4
Elena Zhirukhina, The State Application of Repressive and Reconciliatory Tactics in the North Caucasus (2007–2014), PhD Thesis, supervised by Professor Rick Fawn, School of International Relations, University of St Andrews).
 
5
START, Global Terrorism Database.
 
6
Charlotte Wagnsson, Security in a Greater Europe: The Possibility of a Pan-European Approach (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2008), pp. 6–9.
 
7
START, Global Terrorism Database.
 
8
The Codebook of the Database of illegal armed groups (DIAG) and the Codebook of the Database of state repressive response (DSRR); first mentioned in Elena Zhirukhina, ‘Protecting the state: Russian repressive tactics in the North Caucasus’, Nationalities Papers, Vol. 46, No. 3, 2018, pp. 374–399.
 
9
DIAG comprises 3270, and DSRR 6114, dated and geocoded episodes, embraces eight years (2007–2014) and seven federal subjects (the Chechen Republic, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, Stavropol Region, and the Northern Ossetia-Alania); Sources: NGOs including Human Rights Centre Memorial, Anti-war movement; official reports of the state agencies including the Ministry of Interior, the National Antiterrorist Committee, Russian government newspaper; and media including Russian national such as Gazeta, Novaya Gazeta, Interfax, Vzglyad, Komsomolskaya Pravda, Trud, Lenta, Vesti, NTV, AIF, Regnum, Izvestiya, RIA, Echo Moskvy, Rosbalt, Baltinfo, NovyeIzvestia, Newsru; regional such as Caucasian Spot, Caucasus News; local such as Groznyy-Inform.
 
10
Alex J. Bellamy, Roland Bleiker, Sara E. Davies and Richard Devetak (eds) Security and the War on Terror (New York: Routledge, 2008), p. 1.
 
11
Wagnsson, Security in a Greater Europe, p. 50.
 
12
Clelia Rontoyanni, ‘So Far, so Good? Russia and the ESDP’, International Affairs, Vol. 78, No. 4 (2002), pp. 813–830.
 
13
‘Issues Paper on relations with Russia of Foreign Affairs Council’, IERAS, 19 January 2015, online: http://​www.​ieras.​ru/​pub/​IssuesPaper1.​pdf.
 
14
Olga Oliker et al., ‘Russian Foreign Policy’, Russian Foreign Policy: Sources and Implications (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2009), p. 123.
 
15
Wagnsson, Security in a Greater Europe, p. 50.
 
16
Oliker et al., Russian Foreign Policy, p. 123.
 
17
Wagnsson, Security in a Greater Europe, p. 52.
 
18
Rontoyanni, ‘So Far, so Good? Russia and the ESDP’, p. 821.
 
19
Rontoyanni, ‘So Far, so Good?’; Wagnsson, Security in a Greater Europe, pp. 64–65.
 
20
Wagnsson, Security in a Greater Europe, p. 6.
 
21
Russian support in the aftermath of 9/11 was accepted as exceptional. In the recollection of events followed in the immediate aftermath of 9/11 by the White House officials, the Russian government appeared as a strong ally. Garrett M. Graff, We’re the Only Plane in the Sky, Politico Magazine, 9 September 2016, online: http://​www.​politico.​com/​magazine/​story/​2016/​09/​were-the-only-plane-in-the-sky-214230; Ari Fleischer, Personal twitter account, 11 September 2015, online: https://​twitter.​com/​AriFleischer/​status/​6423441196255150​08; Ari Fleischer, Personal twitter account, 11 September 2015, https://​twitter.​com/​AriFleischer/​status/​6423439401680076​81.
 
22
‘Postanovlenie Pravitel’stva RF O porjadke nazemnogo i kombinirovannogo (zheleznodorozhnym, avtomobil’nym i vozdushnym transportom) tranzita cherez territoriju Rossijskoj Federacii vooruzhenija, voennoj tehniki i voennogo imushhestva, sledujushhih v adres Mezhdunarodnyh sil sodejstvija bezopasnosti v Islamskoj Respublike Afganistan i v obratnom napravlenii ot 28 marta 2008 g. N 219’ (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, ‘About regulations of transit (railway, road, air) through territory of the Russian Federation of armament, military equipment and military vehicles to and from the ISAF mission in Afghanistan’, 28 March 2008 No. 219), online: http://​base.​garant.​ru/​12159587/​#ixzz511YGbzym.
 
23
Louis R. Golino, ‘Europe, the War on Terrorism, and the EU’s International Role’, The Brown Journal of World Affairs, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2002, pp. 61–72; ‘Questions and Answers on ISAF transit and Russia’, the NATO, 8 July 2012, online: http://​www.​nato.​int/​nrc-website/​en/​articles/​2012-07-18-nrc-transit-agreement-qa/​index.​html.
 
24
‘Edinyj federal’nyj spisok organizacij, v tom chisle inostrannyh i mezhdunarodnyh organizacij, priznannyh sudami Rossijskoj Federacii terroristicheskimi’ (United federal list of organizations, including foreign and international, designated by the Russian Federation as terrorist), nac.gov.ru , available at: http://​nac.​gov.​ru/​terroristicheski​e-i-ekstremistskie-organizacii-i-materialy.​html.
 
25
Oliker et al., Russian Foreign Policy, p. 129.
 
26
Kevin Siqueira and Todd Sandler, ‘Terrorist Networks, Support, and Delegation’, Public Choice, Vol. 142, No. 1/2 (2010), pp. 237–253.
 
27
Fernando Reinares, Al-Qaeda’s Revenge: The 2004 Madrid Train Bombings (New York: Columbia University Press, 2016).
 
28
Reinares, Al-Qaeda’s Revenge.
 
29
Neil Swinyard-Jordan, Tony Duncan and Robert Clark, ‘A Tale of Three Cities: The Bombing of Madrid (2004), London (2005) and Glasgow (2007)’ in Robert A Clark (Eds.) In Hindsight: A Compendium of Business Continuity Case Studies (IT Governance Publishing, 2014), pp. 227–262.
 
30
Emogen Groom, ‘7/7 anniversary: 13 facts that capture the horror of the London bombings Friday’, Metro, 7 July 2017, online: http://​metro.​co.​uk/​2017/​07/​07/​77-anniversary-13-facts-that-capture-the-horror-of-the-london-bombings-6762561/​?​ito=​cbshare.
 
31
Mitchell D. Silber, The Al Qaeda Factor: Plots Against the West (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012).
 
32
Recorded perpetrators constituted Al-Qaeda, Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, Al-Qaeda in Iraq, Al-Qaeda Organization for Jihad in Sweden, Global Terrorism Database, online: https://​www.​start.​umd.​edu/​gtd/​.
 
33
START, Global Terrorism Database.
 
34
Gijs de Vries, ‘The European Union’s Role in the Fight Against Terrorism’, Irish Studies in International Affairs, Vol. 16 (2005), pp. 3–9.
 
35
START, Global Terrorism Database.
 
36
De Vries, The European Union’s Role, pp. 3–9.
 
37
START, Global Terrorism Database.
 
38
START, Global Terrorism Database.
 
39
Oliker et al., Russian Foreign Policy, p. 129.
 
40
Wagnsson, Security in a Greater Europe, p. 52.
 
41
‘Stenograficheskij otchet o rasshirennoj press-konferencii dlja rossijskih i inostrannyh zhurnalistov’ (Stenographic report of the Presidential press-conference for Russian and international journalists), kremlin.ru, 18 of July 2001, online: http://​kremlin.​ru/​events/​president/​transcripts/​21291; ‘Stenograficheskij otchet o rasshirennoj press-konferencii dlja rossijskih i inostrannyh zhurnalistov’ (Stenographic report of the Presidential press-conference for Russian and international journalists), kremlin.ru, 24 of June 2002, online: http://​kremlin.​ru/​events/​president/​transcripts/​21651.
 
42
Elena Pokalova, Chechnya’s terrorist network: the evolution of terrorism in Russia’s North Caucasus (Santa Barbara: Praeger, 2015), pp. 187–191.
 
43
John O’Loughlin and Frank D.W. Witmer. ‘The Localized Geographies of Violence in the North Caucasus of Russia, 1999–2007’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 101, No. 1 (2011), pp. 178–201.
 
44
Emil Souleimanov, ‘Jihad or Security? Understanding the Jihadization of Chechen Insurgency through Recruitment into Jihadist Units’, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 17, No. 1 (2015), pp. 86–105.
 
45
Souleimanov, ‘Jihad or Security’.
 
46
Elena Zhirukhina, ‘Informational strategies of radical religious insurgent groups in the North Caucasus’, Politeia 1/72 (2014), pp. 47–60, online: http://​politeia.​ru/​politeia_​journal/​6/​55.
 
47
Vladimir Putin, ‘The President of Russia answered questions from Russian journalists following the BRICS Summit’, kremlin.ru, 16 October 2016, online: http://​en.​kremlin.​ru/​events/​president/​transcripts/​statements/​53103; U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Homeland Security, The Road to Boston: Counterterrorism Challenges and Lessons from the Marathon Bombings, Report (March 2014), online: https://​fas.​org/​irp/​congress/​2014_​rpt/​boston.​pdf.
 
48
‘Reshenie Verhovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii GKPI09-1715’ (Decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation GKPI09-1715), nac.gov.ru , 8 February 2010, online: http://​nac.​gov.​ru/​terroristicheski​e-i-ekstremistskie-organizacii-i-materialy.​html.
 
49
US Presidential Executive Order 13224, state.gov , 26 May 2011, online: https://​www.​state.​gov/​j/​ct/​rls/​other/​des/​266637.​htm.
 
51
Zhirukhina, The State Application, p. 4.
 
52
Elena Zhirukhina, ‘Protecting the state: Russian repressive tactics in the North Caucasus’, Nationalities Papers, Vol. 46, no. 3, 2018, online: https://​doi.​org/​10.​1080/​00905992.​2017.​1375905, p. 9.
 
53
Zhirukhina, Protecting the state, p. 9.
 
54
‘Imarat Kavkaz’ (the Caucasian Emirate), kavkaz-uzel.eu, 27 January 2016, online: http://​www.​kavkaz-uzel.​eu/​articles/​158730/​; International Crisis Group, The North Caucasus Insurgency and Syria: An Exported Jihad?, Report No. 238, 16.03.2016, online: https://​d2071andvip0wj.​cloudfront.​net/​238-the-north-caucasus-insurgency-and-syria-an-exported-jihad.​pdf.
 
55
‘Krushenie poezda ‘Nevskij jekspress’ v nojabre 2009 goda’ (Derailing of the Nevsky express train in November 2009), ria.ru, 27 November 2013, online: https://​ria.​ru/​spravka/​20131127/​979516035.​html.
 
56
‘Terakt v ajeroportu ‘Domodedovo’ 24 janvarja 2011 goda’ (Terrorist attack in Domodedovo airport 24 January 2011), ria.ru, 24 January 2016, online: https://​ria.​ru/​spravka/​20160124/​1363238677.​html.
 
57
International Crisis Group, The North Caucasus Insurgency and Syria.
 
58
Zhirukhina, The State Application, p. 131.
 
59
Zhirukhina, The State Application, p. 131.
 
60
International Crisis Group, The North Caucasus Insurgency and Syria.
 
61
Zhirukhina, ‘Protecting the state’.
 
62
Zhirukhina, ‘Protecting the state’, p. 9.
 
63
‘Imarat Kavkaz’ (the Caucasian Emirate), kavkaz-uzel.eu.
 
64
‘IG ob”javilo o prisjage vseh boevikov Severnogo Kavkaza al’ Bagdadi’ (ISIS announced that North Caucasian fighter pledged to al Bagdadi), kavkaz-uzel.eu, 23 June 2015, online: http://​www.​kavkaz-uzel.​eu/​articles/​264409/​; International Crisis Group, The North Caucasus Insurgency and Syria.
 
65
‘Porjadka 200 vyhodcev iz Rossii vojujut na storone boevikov v Sirii’ (About 200 Russian citizens joined foreign fighters in Syria), ria.ru, 6 June 2013, online: https://​ria.​ru/​20130606/​941922358.​html.
 
66
Thomas Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia: violence and pan-Islamism since 1979 (NY: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
 
68
Recorded perpetrator constitutes Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in START, Global Terrorism Database.
 
69
START, Global Terrorism Database.
 
70
‘Edinyj federal’nyj spisok organizacij’.
 
71
International Crisis Group, The North Caucasus Insurgency and Syria.
 
72
‘Shestoj raz IG vzjalo otvetstvennost’ za napadenija na silovikov v Dagestane’ (ISIS claimed to attack law enforcement personnel in Dagestan six times), kavkaz-uzel.eu, 26 December 2016, online: http://​www.​kavkaz-uzel.​eu/​articles/​294956/​.
 
73
START, Global Terrorism Database.
 
74
‘Severnyj Kavkaz: na fone rosta nasilija v Chechne boeviki stali dejstvovat’ gorazdo jeffektivnej’ (North Caucasus: fighter in Chechnya became more efficient while the violence rate is growing), kavkaz-uzel.eu, 6 April 2017, online: http://​www.​kavkaz-uzel.​eu/​articles/​300522/​; ‘Shestoj raz IG vzjalo otvetstvennost’ za napadenija na silovikov v Dagestane’.
 
75
Lizzie Dearden, ‘Isis plane attack: Egypt admits ‘terrorists’ downed Russian Metrojet flight from Sharm el-Sheikh for first time’, The Independent, 24 February 2016, online: http://​www.​independent.​co.​uk/​news/​world/​africa/​isis-plane-attack-egypt-terrorists-downed-russian-metrojet-flight-from-sharm-el-sheikh-islamic-state-a6893181.​html.
 
76
‘NAK soobshhil o predotvrashhenii 42 teraktov v Rossii v 2016 godu’ (NAC informed about prevention of 42 terrorist attacks in Russia in 2016), TASS, 13 December 2016, online: http://​tass.​ru/​proisshestviya/​3866840.
 
77
Maria Leyva, ‘FSB zajavila o predotvrashhenii teraktov v Rossii po parizhskomu scenariju’ (FSB announced prevention of terrorist attacks based on Paris scenario), RBC, 19 May 2016, online: http://​www.​rbc.​ru/​politics/​19/​05/​2016/​573dab8f9a794719​fcfb096a.
 
78
Vladimir Putin, ‘Vladimir Putin’s annual news conference’, kremlin.ru, 17 December 2015, online: http://​en.​kremlin.​ru/​events/​president/​transcripts/​statements/​50971; Vladimir Putin, ‘Press statements and answers to journalists’ questions following meeting with President of France Francois Hollande’, kremlin.ru, 26 November 2015, online: http://​en.​kremlin.​ru/​events/​president/​transcripts/​statements/​50792.
 
79
‘Joint statement of the Russia-European Union Summit’, 29 May 2002, online: http://​www.​consilium.​europa.​eu/​uedocs/​cms_​data/​docs/​pressdata/​en/​er/​70903.​pdf.
 
80
Wagnsson, Security in a Greater Europe, p. 50.
 
81
Vladimir Putin, ‘Meeting of the Valdai International Discussion Club’, kremlin.ru, 22 October 2015, online: http://​en.​kremlin.​ru/​events/​president/​news/​50548.
 
82
Vladimir Putin, ‘Vladimir Putin delivered the Annual Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly’, kremlin.ru, 1 December 2016, online: http://​en.​kremlin.​ru/​events/​president/​transcripts/​statements/​53379; Putin, Meeting of the Valdai International Discussion Club.
 
83
Putin, ‘Meeting of the Valdai International Discussion Club’.
 
84
Putin, ‘Speech for the Victory Day Celebration’; Vladimir Putin, ‘Presentation of foreign ambassadors’ letters of credence’, Kremlin.ru, 26 November 2015, online: http://​en.​kremlin.​ru/​events/​president/​transcripts/​statements/​50786; Vladimir Putin, ‘Answers to journalists’ questions’, Kremlin.ru, 29 September 2015, online: http://​en.​kremlin.​ru/​events/​president/​transcripts/​statements/​50394; Vladimir Putin, ‘70th session of the UN General Assembly’, Kremlin.ru, 28 September 2015, online: http://​en.​kremlin.​ru/​events/​president/​transcripts/​statements/​50385.
 
85
Putin, ‘Speech for the Victory Day Celebration’.
 
86
Vladimir Putin, ‘Vladimir Putin’s annual news conference’, kremlin.ru, 23 December 2016, online: http://​en.​kremlin.​ru/​events/​president/​transcripts/​statements/​53573.
 
87
Putin, ‘Vladimir Putin’s annual news conference 2015’.
 
88
Putin, ‘Press statements with President of France Francois Hollande’.
 
89
Putin, ‘Vladimir Putin’s annual news conference 2016’.
 
90
Vladimir Putin, ‘Press statement and answers to journalists’ questions’, kremlin.ru, 30 November 2015, online: http://​en.​kremlin.​ru/​events/​president/​transcripts/​statements/​50850.
 
91
Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the European Union on the protection of classified information, 1 June 2010, online: http://​www.​consilium.​europa.​eu/​uedocs/​cms_​Data/​docs/​pressdata/​en/​er/​114745.​pdf.
 
92
Joint EU-Russia statement on combating terrorism, 28 January 2014, online: http://​static.​kremlin.​ru/​media/​events/​eng/​files/​41d4b9fc4bb11a05​0563.​pdf.
 
93
Issues Paper on relations with Russia of Foreign Affairs Council, 19 January 2015, online: http://​www.​ieras.​ru/​pub/​IssuesPaper1.​pdf.
 
94
Putin, ‘Vladimir Putin’s annual news conference 2015’; Putin, press statements with president of France Francois Hollande.
 
95
Vladimir Putin, ‘Security Council Meeting’, kremlin.ru, 31 March 2016, online: http://​en.​kremlin.​ru/​events/​president/​transcripts/​statements/​51618.
 
96
Vladimir Putin, ‘Direct Line with Vladimir Putin’, kremlin.ru, 14 April 2016, online: http://​en.​kremlin.​ru/​events/​president/​transcripts/​statements/​51716.
 
97
Putin, Direct Line 2016.
 
98
Putin, ‘Vladimir Putin’s annual news conference 2016’.
 
99
Gunnar Wiegand, ‘EU-Russian Relations at a Crossroads’, Irish Studies in International Affairs, Vol. 19 (2008), pp. 9–15.
 
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Metadata
Title
In-Between Domestic Terrorism, Al-Qaeda, and ISIS, or How Russia Sees Prospects of Security Cooperation with the EU
Author
Elena Zhirukhina
Copyright Year
2020
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26937-1_9