India II: Climate Change Impacts, Mitigation and Adaptation in Developing Countries
- 2022
- Book
- Editors
- Dr. Md. Nazrul Islam
- Dr. André van Amstel
- Book Series
- Springer Climate
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
About this book
This book presents a variety of climate change impact and mitigation strategies for different environments in India. These include fractional snow cover change in the Himalayan region, and the impact of frequent cyclonic storms on land use and land cover changes along coastal areas. The book explores watershed, surface water, and hydrologic conditions for urban storm water drainage, as well as trend analysis of precipitation, and a statistical approach to detect rainfall trends.
The book starts with a critical review of climate change diplomacy, adaptation and mitigation strategies in South Asian countries. It also covers the role of natural gas in energy security. There are chapters pertaining to farmer’s perception on the impact of climate change, as well discussion on land use change and ecological implications.
Many geographical areas are covered including; the Mahananda River Basin, Pindar Basin, Kumaun Himalaya, the Upper Tapi River Basin, Southern Kerala Districts, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka State, Telangana State, Tamil Nadu State, to name a few.
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Table of Contents
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 1. Climate Change Diplomacy, Adaptation, and Mitigation Strategies in South Asian Countries: A Critical Review
Md. Nazrul Islam, Sahanaj Tamanna, Md. Noman, Al Rabby Siemens, S. M. Rashedul Islam, Md. Shahriar IslamThe chapter delves into the severe climate change impacts on South Asian countries, highlighting extreme weather events and their socio-economic consequences. It discusses the hydrological cycle changes, precipitation patterns, and the impact on agriculture and health. The text also explores regional cooperation initiatives like the International Solar Alliance and BIMSTEC, emphasizing the need for political commitment and resource allocation. Additionally, it outlines climate change scenarios in India and possible mitigation options, stressing the importance of early warning systems and infrastructure development. The chapter concludes with a call for collective action and regional collaboration to tackle climate change effectively.AI Generated
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AbstractClimate diplomacy is the strategy and technique for building and implementing an international environmental framework, which is now one of the leading reasons for deprivation in the Bay of Bengal’s coastal belt. South Asia and the Bay of Bengal Coastal Region are among the highly endangered regions due to climate change impact and natural clamaties, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Southeast Asia will be one of the world’s most vulnerable regions to climate change unless countries make dramatic cuts in greenhouse gas pollution and ensuring to reduce the environmental degration. Global warming poses a threat to food security, hobbles economic growth, prompts political instability, and catalyzes pandemics like Covid-19 severity. The government and policy makers are trying to fix the climate issues and to develop some mitigation strategies but the initiatives are not working well. Because the initiatives are based on the belief that considerable ideological commitment is required at the international, regional, and county level in South Asian nations in order to further enhance awareness of environmental disruption and security and to obtain support for preventative measures. Climate change might have a significant influence in South Asia, and then it will affect regions in different ways depending on how it is perceived spatially and temporally. The region encompasses several different climatic conditions spread over a wide and diverse geographic area. Landscapes in the region include arid areas subject to severe droughts, low-lying coastal areas subject to flooding and coastal erosion, islands whose survival is challenged by the expected sea-level rise, tropical zones subject to increasingly frequent and devastating cyclones, and mountainous ranges affected by the melting of glaciers. Apart from taking early steps for climate change adaptation, South Asian country has enacted any laws or regulations to directly address climate change adaptation. Despite the considerable progress that the Government of Bangladesh and the Bangladeshi people have made, they face continuous challenges associated with climate change. Though the SAARC has taken several initiatives on regional cooperation in the areas relating to climate change that have a bearing on adaptation, India can still play a vital role to develop a smart policy for climate change adaptive capacity in South Asia. -
Chapter 2. Impact of Frequent Cyclonic Storms on Land Use and Land Cover Changes Along the Coastal Areas of Indian Sundarban
Prosenjit Kayal, Indrajit Roy ChowdhuryThe chapter delves into the impact of cyclonic storms on the dynamic ecosystem of the Indian Sundarban, particularly focusing on the devastating effects of Super Cyclone Amphan. It highlights the significant changes in land use and land cover, crop health, and vegetation health due to the storm. The study employs advanced remote sensing techniques and indices such as NDVI, SAVI, and LSWI to analyze the temporal changes and health of vegetation. The findings reveal a significant decline in mangrove areas and an increasing trend in built-up areas, underscoring the urgent need for sustainable management and disaster preparedness in the region.AI Generated
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AbstractThe Sundarban region has been considered as a ‘World Heritage Site’ by IUCN since 1987 and a ‘Biosphere Reserve’ by UNESCO since 1989 (Chaudhuri and Choudhury, Mangrove of the Sundarban, India, vol 1, no 1. IUCN- The World Conservation Union, Bangkok, pp 7–1). Since 1870 onwards, due to excessive human interaction and frequent coastal storm surges, Sundarban has become more vulnerable. As a result, these natural calamities may directly impact on the extinction of species, increasing rate of siltation, loss of agricultural land, inundation of saline water in the low lying areas, change of chemical properties of soil which lead to rapid land use and land cover changes (Datta and Deb, Geo-spatial Inf Sci 15(4):241–250). The present study attempts to understand the significant changes of LULC cover and identify the changing pattern of natural vegetation due to innumerable cyclonic storm surges along the coastal areas of Indian Sundarban using multi-temporal, remotely sensed data. For this purpose, three Landsat 8 satellite imageries, including January, May and December 2021, have been selected to perform the supervised image classification. Thus, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) and Land Surface Water Index (LSWI) were also taken into consideration to identify the crop health pattern of the study area before and after a super cyclonic storm. Several statistical techniques, including weighted rank score, aggregate rank score, chi-square techniques, have been incorporated into the study. The results of the study indicate massive changes have occurred in the LULC cover and also on the vegetation health status due to the super cyclonic storm. -
Chapter 3. Flood Susceptibility Mapping Using the Frequency Ratio (FR) Model in the Mahananda River Basin, West Bengal, India
Arnab Ghosh, Malabika Biswas Roy, Pankaj Kumar RoyThe chapter delves into the critical issue of floods in the Mahananda River Basin, West Bengal, India. It highlights the significant impact of floods on the region, driven by geomorphological factors and human activities. The study employs the Frequency Ratio (FR) model to map flood susceptibility, utilizing various thematic map layers and advanced GIS techniques. The FR model is chosen for its simplicity and effectiveness in determining flood-prone areas. The chapter also discusses the importance of accurate flood inventory mapping and the role of geo-environmental and man-made factors in flood occurrence. The findings of the study are crucial for implementing improved flood management strategies and mitigating the risks associated with flooding in the region.AI Generated
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AbstractFloods are one of the most inevitable natural disasters that have occurred over time. Floods not only harm people but also livestock and property and, above all, generate the problem of land loss. Currently, the incidence of floods is increasing due to the variability of the weather and the variable nature and amount of rainfall. There are many rivers in the Duars and Barind region of West Bengal and its lowlands which cause severe flooding during the monsoon season. However, due to the changing and complex nature of this flood, it is not possible to measure and predict it. This chapter highlights flood susceptibility and vulnerability zones along the Mahananda River basin through the frequency ratio (FR) model. Flood-prone areas along the Mahananda River basin have been identified, using various parameters and machine learning algorithms. The flood susceptibility model has also been validated using the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). The flood vulnerable map constructed with the FR model is very accurate for this river basin with strong positive relation. The outcome of this chapter will help planners and decision makers take some probable measures to minimize vulnerability to floods in this region. -
Chapter 4. Climate Change Impact on Soil Salinity Dynamics at the Gosaba CD Block in India by Integrating Geospatial Indicators and Regression Techniques
Bijay Halder, Jatisankar Bandyopadhyay, Md. Nazrul IslamThe chapter delves into the significant impact of climate change on soil salinity dynamics in the Gosaba CD Block of India. It discusses how sea-level rise and human activities such as urbanization and irrigation contribute to soil salinization, which adversely affects agricultural productivity and land degradation. The study integrates geospatial indicators and regression techniques to map and monitor soil salinity, using satellite imagery from Landsat TM and OLI/TIRS. The methodology includes the use of spectral indicators like NDVI and NDSI to characterize and monitor crop growth influenced by salinity. The Gosaba block, part of the fertile Ganga delta, faces challenges such as water logging and reduced soil fertility due to salinity. The study provides valuable insights for sustainable rural development and food security, highlighting the need for strategic planning and management in the face of climate change.AI Generated
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AbstractSaltwater intrusion into the coastal areas is a main concern nowadays. Owing to climate change, coastal areas are being affected by several natural hazards and suffering environmental vulnerability, with impacts on agricultural productivity, natural environment, food safety and massive economic loss. Salinity identification is the principal issue for coastal area conservation. Salinity variations on different time scales are also conducted and estimate the actual climate change effect on the coastal environment. Remote sensing techniques are used to identify different salinity indices in the Gosaba, South 24 Parganas district, West Bengal. After super cyclone “Aila,” this area faced a huge amount of saltwater intrusion that directly affected agricultural productivity and the environment. Many coastal lands have been converted into inland fisheries due to saltwater intrusion. The land use and land cover were classified using the supervised classification technique and maximum likelihood algorithm. Agricultural land decreased by 13.73 sq.km and the inland fishery area increased by 13.45 sq.km in this study location. The relationship with land surface temperature (LST) and normalized difference salinity index (NDSI) showed a high negative correlation, the R2 value was 0.45; p < = 0.687. The built-up land also increased by 8.3 sq.km in the Gosaba area. Basically, the southern, south-east and eastern parts of this area have been identified with extremely high soil salinity during field survey, which is also corroborated by the spectral indicators. This result will be helpful for administrators, local planers, and agricultural departments for the delineation of sustainable food security of this area. -
Chapter 5. Monitoring Retreat Rate of Glacier of Pindar Basin, Kumaun Himalaya Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
Biswanath Das, Anoop K. Patel, Santosh Kumar, Ismail MondalThe chapter focuses on monitoring the retreat rate of glaciers in the Pindar Basin, Kumaun Himalaya, using remote sensing and GIS techniques. It discusses the significance of glaciers as indicators of climate change and the challenges in monitoring glacial fluctuations due to their remote locations. The study employs time-series data from Landsat and Sentinel satellites to analyze glacial retreat rates, highlighting the impact of climate change on the Himalayan glaciers. The chapter also explores the limitations and challenges of remote sensing applications in glacier mapping and modeling, providing a thorough analysis of glacial landforms and their evolution.AI Generated
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AbstractThe Pindar Basin is situated at higher ranges of Kumaun Himalaya and is comparatively less studied from a climate change point of view. This basin’s main glaciers are Pindari, Kafni, Bidalgwar, Mrigthuni, and Buriagal. The current trend of the surrounding basins shows that a majority of glaciers have sustained a decrease in this area at an accelerating rate. It is evident from the analysis that the average retreat rate of Pindar glacier was higher at 38.19 m/year from 2000–2010 but reduced to 55.41 m/year during 2010–2018. The average retreat increased to 45.84 m/year in 2000 and 2018. Annual observations of Mrigthuni snout retreated by 32.84 m/year between 2000 and 2010 and it continues to show a reducing trend – 50.90 m/year in 2010–2018 and the average retreat increased to 40.87 m/year between 2000 and 2018. Another glacier is Bidalgwar, with a similar decrease, its yearly observed snout retreated by 27.89 m/year in 2000–2010 and it continues to display a decreasing trend that is low corresponding to another glacier – 39.33 m/year in 2010–2018. The average retreat increased 32.97 m/year. The study of changes in the Himalayan glaciers with supporting help from RS& GIS techniques used LANDSAT-7, Sentinel-2A & DEM generated images to observe data from the different glaciers in the Pindar Basin. -
Chapter 6. Fractional Snow Cover Change in the Himalayan Region
Sanjib Mahata, Dibyendu KhaluaThe chapter delves into the fractional snow cover change in the Himalayan region, employing MODIS data and statistical techniques to map and analyze snow cover variations. It examines the spatial and temporal changes in snow cover across Eastern, Western, and Central Himalayas, highlighting the direct relationship between snow cover and precipitation. The study offers a comprehensive analysis of state-wise snow cover changes in India, Nepal, and Bhutan, providing valuable insights into the impact of climate change on the Himalayan region.AI Generated
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AbstractSnow cover fraction or fractional snow cover is the fraction of an area covered with snow for the total area. Today, climate change has become an issue throughout the world that proportionally affects the snow cover. To know about the quantity of water supply, we should study about fractional snow cover. If we study fractional snow cover, we can get huge information about the discharge of water, which may predict the future availability of water resources. We used a MODIS image with seven different bands to show the snow index for the Brahmaputra River catchment area. Based on the snow index, we calculated snow cover area change. This study has evaluated whether there is a signal in the NDSI that could be used to estimate the fraction of snow within a 500 m MODIS pixel and thereby enhance the use of the NDSI approach in monitoring snow cover. Snow is an important component of the cryosphere and an integral part of the global climate system; snow cover both affects and is affected by patterns of climate and climate change. Observation and monitoring of components of the cryosphere are necessary for an understanding of the cryospheric and terrestrial climate system. Predictions state of the environment, in particular the functioning of the climate system, cannot be attempted without a thorough analysis of cryospheric processes. The reason behind choosing the Himalayan belt as our study area is that there are very few papers that described the state-wise change in fractional snow cover on the Himalayan belt. Through the data analysis, we can understand the present as well as the future condition of snow cover of this region. The maximum snow cover for the time between 2001 and 2015 is observed in the eastern part of the Himalayas (Bhutan) and minimum snow cover is observed in the western part of the Himalayas. The same trend is also observed for the precipitation. It’s because both fractional snow cover and precipitation are directly related to each other. This analysis shows that all three zones along with different states respond differently in terms of fractional snow cover and precipitation; however, more detailed investigation is required to support these observations. -
Chapter 7. Watershed Delineation and Land Use Land Cover (LULC) Study of Purna River in India
Darshan Mehta, Keyur Prajapati, Md. Nazrul IslamThe chapter delves into the watershed delineation of the Purna River Basin in India, employing remote sensing and GIS technologies to analyze the hydrological characteristics and land use land cover changes. It underscores the significance of understanding the impacts of climate change on watershed systems, particularly in the context of sustainable water management. The study highlights the role of GIS in creating detailed watershed maps, identifying critical areas prone to flash floods, and monitoring land use changes. By comparing historical land use data, the chapter offers insights into the transformation of the basin, emphasizing the need for effective watershed management strategies such as reforestation and the construction of weirs to mitigate soil erosion and water scarcity. The integration of advanced technologies in this study provides a robust framework for future research and practical applications in watershed management and climate change adaptation.AI Generated
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AbstractSurface water and ground water are used for agricultural, industrial, and domestic purposes. Rainfall and the corresponding runoff generated are important hydrological processes which depend on the local physiographic, climatic, and biotic factors. Remotely sensed data provide valuable and real-time spatial information on natural resources and physical parameter. Due to climate changes and human interference to the river systems, flood risks have also increased. Flood losses can be reduced by proper floodplain management. Watershed means a naturally occurring hydrologic unit that contributes storm runoff to a single waterway classified on the basis of its geographical area. The aim of the study is to throw some light on the importance of watershed management using geospatial techniques. In this analysis, studies of the slope, contour, and terrain profile of study area and behavior of stream segments, drainage direction, flow accumulation, Land Use Land Cover (LULC), drainage map, etc. were carried out using QGIS-ArcMap 10.1. There are two river basins in upper Tapi region—one is Tapi River and the other is Purna River. Results show the depletion of both ground and surface water in the watershed. Green cover is considerably reduced in the region, and hence, the watershed is less humid and dry. Study also reveals that due to change in land use and land cover, there are more wastelands in the watershed. The study also provides an indication to restore the vegetation cover and will be able to help policy and decision-makers to understand the importance of watershed and need for its characteristics analysis. -
Chapter 8. Anthropogenic Factors Change the Ecological Condition of Wetlands in the Southern Kerala Districts in India
P. S. Amritha, K. VarunprasathThe chapter delves into the vital role of wetlands in human survival and their global distribution, emphasizing the significant loss and degradation of these ecosystems due to human activities. Focusing on southern Kerala districts, the study evaluates the ecological condition of wetlands and the impact of anthropogenic factors such as agricultural activities, urbanization, and water resource exploitation. The research employs a Human Disturbance Score to grade wetlands based on ecological and biological conditions, highlighting the severe degradation in the Alappuzha district. The study also examines the water quality and ecological status of wetlands, revealing variations among districts and the significant threats posed by human activities. The chapter concludes with a detailed analysis of the impacts on wildlife habitats and the need for conservation efforts to protect these crucial ecosystems.AI Generated
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AbstractThe Indian subcontinent has a vast mix of freshwater, saline, and marine wetlands. Wetlands in the Southern Kerala district (SKD) have a great natural wetlands ecosystem, but it is not well detailed. The present study investigates the anthropogenic factors that shift the ecological status (ES) of wetlands in the SKD because few surveys have been carried out. Seventy-five chosen wetlands were surveyed by a range of methods at five different districts, namely Alappuzha, Ernakulam, Kottayam, Thrissur, and Palakkad districts. Results revealed that most were hydrologically isolated wetlands, and a few were semi-parched in the summer. Dominant forms of wetlands were five acres in size. The human disturbance scores (HDS) showed that the Alappuzha district wetlands was high impacted (HI), the Palakkad district wetlands was mid impacted (MI), and the rest of the district wetlands were in the least impacted (LI) category. Overall, the population around the wetland habitat indicated 500 individuals were common in all wetlands. The Pearson correlation results revealed a statistically significant, positive interaction between the wetland habitat population and the HDS scores noted in riverine wetlands (n = 48), (r = 0.058, p <= 0.687) and palustrine wetlands (n = 13), (r = 0.817, p > 0.000). Also, the correlation test was not significant in Lacustrine wetlands (n = 8), (r = −0.21, p < .954). However, anthropogenic activities caused the all the wetland degradation. The factor-wise degradation of wetlands differs among the districts. The results propose fundamental details on the anthropogenic factors that impact the ecological status of wetlands in SKD, which will aid the extent of regional strategies for wetlands management. -
Chapter 9. Design of Hydrologic Condition for Urban Storm Water Drainage Under Climate Change Impact
A. S. Pathan, A. P. Nilawar, M. L. Waikar, G. R. Gandhe, S. D. ShindeThe chapter discusses the convergence of climate change and urbanization on urban drainage infrastructure, highlighting the need for future designs to account for increased precipitation extremes. It introduces the SWMM model and modified rational method for simulating and evaluating urban hydrological responses to rainfall events. The research also addresses the challenges of non-stationary extreme rainfall intensity and the need for updated design practices and standards. The study area, methodology, model setup, and results are detailed, showcasing the comparison between the SWMM model and the modified rational method for peak discharge estimation. The chapter concludes with the sizing of drainage systems and a summary of the findings, emphasizing the importance of considering climate change impacts in urban drainage design.AI Generated
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AbstractStrom water management under climatic vulnerability is becoming a significant concern in urban areas of the world. The analysis and design of an urban storm water drainage/channel/stream/nallah system under non-stationary extreme rainfall intensity is a challenging task in any area. Apart from this, more attention is required to develop possible methods and techniques for alternate design of storm drains in fast growing urbanization. This research describes a hydrological and hydraulic comparison between the Strom Water Management Model (SWMM) and Modified Rational Method (MRM) for design peak discharge and forecast peak flow estimation in a Mega Industrial Park (MIP) in Bidkin, Aurangabad, India. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) CMIP5 models of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6 and RCP 8.5) are used for the future climate change scenarios. Furthermore, the study is carried out over a 100 years return period in which period (1970–2015) is considered as a historical period and (2016–2057) and (2058–2100) as future periods. The results of this research indicate that the estimated highest annual peak discharge of the stream at catchment for historical time period and for two future time periods by the SWMM model are higher as compared with the MRM method. Overall results show that non-stationary extreme rainfall intensity and design peak discharge indicated an increasing scenario in the future periods, it will lead to challenges for simulation of peak flow and hydrologic design of urban drainage/channel/stream in the study area catchment. -
Chapter 10. Modeling the Impact of Surface Water Dynamics on the LULC and LST Alteration at the North 24 Parganas in India
Bijay Halder, Jatisankar Bandyopadhyay, Md. Nazrul IslamThe chapter delves into the critical role of surface water dynamics in shaping land use and land cover (LULC) and land surface temperature (LST) in North 24 Parganas, India. It underscores the significance of water resource management in the context of rapid urbanization and climate change. The study employs remote sensing data from Landsat satellites to monitor water area changes, LST variations, and their impact on vegetation and built-up areas. By using indices such as NDWI, MNDWI, and NDVI, the chapter offers a detailed analysis of the changes over two decades. The findings highlight the importance of remote sensing in assessing environmental conditions and planning sustainable water resource management strategies.AI Generated
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AbstractSurface water area change is the most essential indicator of environmental condition, climate change, availability of water, water planning, and anthropogenic activities. Water resources management is one of the critical evidence for sustainable development and water availability for the future. After cyclone “Aila,” North 24 Parganas underwent a huge amount of spatial change. According to the Development Research Communication and Services Centre, a total of 55,600 ha cropland area has been affected in this district due to “Aila.” Cropland was transformed into aquacultural pond due to saltwater intrusion in this area. Water intrusion has changed the agricultural practices, livelihood, and also land degradation. Remote sensing data is used for land use and land cover types like water and vegetation area detection. Land surface temperature (LST) is an essential aspect in global climate change studies used in calculating radiation budgets, heat balance studies, and also estimating the climate change scenario in a particular area. Landsat multitemporal imageries during the period of 2000–2020 data are used to identify the water area change detection in the southern parts of North 24 Parganas district, West Bengal. Thick vegetation area was changed by 460.4306 (25.999%), and water bodies were increased by 305.548 sq. km (17.253%) over the study region. Water area change is directly affected by land use and land cover, land surface temperature and also increased sustainable livelihood. This study is helpful for planners, policymakers, and administrators for sustainable development of this area. -
Chapter 11. Role of Natural Gas in Energy Security and Climate Change Mitigation: Indian Context
Anirbid Sircar, Kriti Yadav, Namrata Bist, Hemangi Oza, Kamakshi RayavarapuThis chapter delves into the multifaceted role of natural gas in India's energy security and climate change mitigation efforts. It begins by outlining the properties of natural gas, emphasizing its clean-burning nature and high calorific value. The text then explores the opportunities and challenges faced by gas distribution companies in leveraging abundant natural gas supplies. It highlights the advancements in natural gas extraction technologies, such as hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, which have unlocked vast reserves. The chapter also discusses the potential of biogas and methane hydrates as future energy sources. Additionally, it provides an in-depth analysis of India's natural gas market, including its demand-supply dynamics, infrastructure, and the growing importance of city gas distribution. The environmental impacts of natural gas production and usage are also examined, with a focus on its role as a cleaner alternative to coal and oil. Throughout the chapter, the author emphasizes the strategic importance of natural gas in India's energy mix and its potential to contribute to the country's climate change commitments.AI Generated
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AbstractIndia is the third largest economy in the world. India’s energy mix has only 6% natural gas contribution. Key drivers for natural gas production and utilization in India depend on urbanization and industrialization. Natural gas is a clean fuel that emits minimum particulate matter. Natural gas will play an important role in energy security and climate change in India. The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas is committed to improving the percentage of natural gas in the energy mix of India up to 15% by 2030. This will help to fulfil the commitment of India to the Paris Climate Agreement (COP21) ratified on 2 October 2016. The chapter discusses natural gas resources and reserves of India, natural gas demand in India, gas pipeline infrastructure, liquefied natural gas (LNG) infrastructure, city gas distribution (CGD) and compressed natural gas (CNG) infrastructure of India. The chapter discussed the strategies for the increasing role of natural gas in the energy basket of India. Finally, the chapter summarizes the role of natural gas in the transition to a lower-carbon economy. -
Chapter 12. Farmer’s Perception on Impact of Climate Change and Adaptive Strategies in Sikkim Himalaya
Aakash Upadhyay, S. C. RaiThe chapter delves into the impact of climate change on the agricultural ecosystem in Sikkim Himalaya, focusing on the perceptions and adaptive strategies of local farmers. It discusses the significant temperature increase and changes in precipitation patterns observed in the region, which have led to decreased water availability, shifts in agricultural zones, and increased pests and diseases. The study highlights the importance of local practices such as natural manuring, crop rotation, and agroforestry as effective adaptive measures. Additionally, it suggests diversification of livelihood options and implementation of innovative technical practices as crucial steps for future resilience. The chapter emphasizes the role of local knowledge and experience in combating climate change, providing a unique perspective that complements scientific data.AI Generated
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AbstractThe impact of climate change has become very evident in the Himalayan region. Sikkim Himalaya is not an exception where climate change is adversely affecting agriculture and associated ecosystems. At the local level, studies suggest that the impact is evident and has contributed to unpredictable and erratic precipitation, shifts in the seasonal pattern of sowing and harvesting period of crops, drying up of local water sources, species migrating to higher elevations, and increased incidence of diseases and pests in crops as well as in fodder species. This research has been carried out on the Reshi Khola watershed in the west district of Sikkim Himalaya. The study examines how farmers perceive climate change concerning temperature and rainfall. This work tries to identify the primary challenges of local farmers for ensuing adaptive capacity and water security in the rural agrarian system. The results from the field are based on 50 household surveys, where farmers above 40 years were selected based on purposive random sampling. Focused group discussions were also held with a group of age-old farmers apart from the interview schedule. The data collected was later validated with the meteorological data available from the regional center to see how scientific the local’s perception was. The results from the study highlight that people perceive climate change as a real threat to agriculture based on their experience and local knowledge. The study aims to document and develop a model for building an adaptive system to climate change that combines local tradition and indigenous knowledge with modern scientific research and government policies. -
Chapter 13. Land Use Change and Ecological Implications in Uttar Pradesh in India: A Sectoral Perspective
Shahab Fazal, S. K. Azharuddin, Salma SultanaThe chapter delves into the profound impact of human-induced land use changes in Uttar Pradesh, India, highlighting the transformation of land from agricultural and ecological sectors to nonagricultural uses. It discusses the sectoral dynamics of land use, including changes in forest cover, pasture lands, and agricultural areas, and their implications for biodiversity, climate, and sustainable development. The study underscores the urgent need for sustainable land use planning and policy interventions to mitigate the adverse effects of rapid urbanization and industrialization on the environment and agricultural productivity. The analysis is based on secondary data and multiple linear regression models, offering insights into the determinants of land use patterns and their ecological consequences.AI Generated
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AbstractLand is a resource of utmost importance on account of its use for diverse functions. However, this finite resource has been experiencing threat due to it being utilized. The way it is being used and modifications made by humans greatly affect the ability of natural systems to support life over the earth. This present study was carried out in Uttar Pradesh, one of the states of India. It is the fourth largest in area and interestingly has the largest rural population in the country. Moreover, this state has been going through large-scale land use transformations, particularly after economic reforms. Thus, this study made an attempt to understand the dynamics of land use in Uttar Pradesh as it is directly or indirectly associated with their living. This study largely focused on three sectors, namely, ecological, agricultural, and nonagricultural sectors, for analyzing this status. It primarily focused on secondary sources of data incorporating various government publications from 2000 to 2015. The findings of this research reveal that the growth rate of different categories of land use has witnessed declining trends, except the area under nonagricultural land use. Whereas ecological sector is passing through a critical phase of land transformation as the area under forest is declining along with pastures and miscellaneous trees. It also points out considerable decrease in net sown area in the agricultural sector but increase in the current fallow land. -
Chapter 14. Study and Analysis of Precipitation Trends and Variability for Karnataka State in India
Shashwata Chatterjee, Sathyanathan RangarajanThe study focuses on the precipitation trends and variability in Karnataka, India, over the period 1901-2015. It uses the Mann–Kendall test and Theil–Sen’s slope estimator to analyze annual and seasonal rainfall data. The analysis reveals significant changes in precipitation patterns, with the southwest monsoon contributing the most to annual rainfall. The study also identifies a change point in 1956, indicating a shift in precipitation trends. The results have implications for water management practices in the region.AI Generated
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AbstractIn this study, the precipitation data for the period 1901–2015 was analyzed for the state of Karnataka enclosing 66 grid points spread throughout the state. Gridded rainfall data of 0.50 × 0.50 resolution has been investigated to draw a conclusion regarding long-term dimensional and temporal trends on an annual and seasonal scale in the state located in Southern India. The various statistical methods such as Mann–Kendall trend test and Theil–Sen’s slope test were adopted in analyzing the data besides departure analysis being performed to determine the extent of precipitation deficit and to ascertain the drought years. The change point year has been ascertained to be 1956 by homogeneity test for the state. The annual mean precipitation was estimated to be 1069 mm. The yearly rainfall received in the state of Karnataka is contributed by four seasons, viz., southwest monsoon, post-monsoon, winter, and summer. Also, 70% of the annual rainfall (751.28 mm) is contributed by southwest monsoon following which 18% (186.81 mm) is contributed by post-monsoon. The mean precipitations for summer and winter seasons are 128 mm and 3 mm, respectively, and the corresponding contributions are 12% and 0.29%, which corroborates the fact that winter season has negligible contribution to annual precipitation. -
Chapter 15. Trend Analysis of Precipitation (1901–2015) over Telangana State, India
Aravind Murali, Sathyanathan Rangarajan, Deeptha Thattai, Manikandan Kamaraj, Divyashri Varadharajan, Sangay Yangzom Bhutia, Md. Nazrul IslamThe chapter delves into the trend analysis of precipitation over Telangana State, India, from 1901 to 2015, emphasizing the critical role of water resources in the region's livelihood. It discusses the impact of precipitation variability on agricultural practices and highlights the significance of accurate trend analysis for efficient water resource management. The study employs various statistical methods, including the Mann–Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator, to identify trends and shift points in annual and seasonal rainfall patterns. The analysis reveals the influence of climate change on precipitation trends, which is crucial for understanding the adaptability of organisms and the sustainability of water resources in the region. The chapter also provides insights into the spatial distribution of rainfall trends, offering valuable information for policymakers and researchers in water management and climate studies.AI Generated
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AbstractPrecipitation is an essential component of the hydrological cycle, and its variability is the principal determinant of irrigation practices and other water developmental works. In the present study, gridded rainfall values of 0.5° × 0.5° resolution spanning 115 years (1901–2015) were taken for the recently formed Telangana state in India for analysis of annual and seasonal variability. The average annual precipitation varied between 691.64 mm and 1141.01 mm. The north and northeastern regions of Telangana were the most fed regions during the monsoon season, contributing 79% of the annual rainfall. Further, the departure analysis of rainfall revealed 14 excess years, 77 normal years, 22 deficient years, and 2 scanty years for the state. Mann–Kendall test and Sen’s slope test revealed an overall significant positive trend in most grid points, and the slope of the trend was lower in the northern regions for the annual rainfall series. Monsoon (89%) and post-monsoon series (59%) depicted a significantly positive trend. From the homogeneity analysis, the most probable change point year was found to be 1952. An increase of 11% and 10% in the annual and monsoon rainfall, respectively, was found after the shift for the entire region. -
Chapter 16. Causes, Effects, and Remedial Measures of Climate Change in the East Coast of India with Special Reference to the State of Odisha
Tarun Kumar LohaniThe chapter delves into the intricate relationship between climate change and the state of Odisha, highlighting the significant impact of erratic rainfall, floods, and droughts on its agricultural sector. It also examines the role of mining activities and urbanization in exacerbating climate change, and proposes strategic measures to mitigate these challenges. The analysis is enriched with detailed vulnerability assessments and case studies, making it a valuable resource for understanding the complex dynamics of climate change in the region.AI Generated
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AbstractClimate change has put tremendous impact on the environment in the current scenario. The consequences are extensive consequences on the atmosphere, agronomy, water resources, biome, natural reserves, budget, biodiversity, and social security. Odisha, lying in the Eastern Coast of India connecting the Bay of Bengal, has a stretch of 480 km of coastline and is always vulnerable to climate change in terms of heavy storm like cyclones, beach erosion, coastal flooding, storm swell, and denudation. This state has scores of agro-climatic sectors which require improvement in the shape of diverse reworking approaches keeping pace with the ongoing scenario of climate change. Adaptation strategies such as agriculture, fisheries and animal husbandry, water, health, and coastal and disaster risk management have been formulated looking at the vulnerability, food security, and other parameters. Major steps have been initiated to mitigate the impact of climate change; still a lot of further strategies need to be dealt with to keep the region safe and disaster free. These include energy, urban development, transport, industries, and waste disposal. Proper attention must be adhered to embracing judicious policies on energy efficiency based on enactment, modifying state building codes and development codes to improve LULC, transportation, and energy productivities, establishment of new renewable energy policies, assortment and related criterions and reinforce multi-segment parameters to cater to the upcoming challenges related to reduction in poverty and increasing the adaptive capacity. Several initiatives have been undertaken in the government, private, and NGO sectors, but still lack of proper vision, appropriate mission, and slow pace of implementation has jeopardized the entire development. -
Chapter 17. Statistical Approach to Detect Rainfall Trend Over Tamil Nadu State, India
Sathyanathan Rangarajan, R. Karthik Raja, Aravind Murali, Deeptha Thattai, Manikandan Kamaraj, Md. Nazrul IslamThe chapter explores the significance of detecting rainfall trends in Tamil Nadu, India, due to its impact on water resources and agriculture. It employs statistical methods such as the Mann–Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator to analyze annual and seasonal rainfall data from 1901 to 2015. The study reveals significant spatial variability in rainfall patterns, with some regions showing increasing trends while others experience decreasing trends. The findings are crucial for effective water resource management and agricultural planning in the face of climate change.AI Generated
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AbstractAnalysis of long-term rainfall data set is being widely employed by the research community to study temporal variations in annual and seasonal rainfall series. This study aims to determine the spatial and temporal variability of precipitation in the southern part of Tamil Nadu over a period of 115 years (1901–2015) on an annual and seasonal basis. Forty-five gridded rainfall data of 0.5 × 0.5° resolution (CRU TS 4) falling in Tamil Nadu was taken into account. The data were preprocessed using MATLAB software to convert the data into 12 × 115 matrix form. The processed data is then formulated into seasonal and annual series. Seasonal series were prepared based on the guidelines given by IMD, Chennai. For each grid points, the Mann–Kendall test and Sen’s slope analysis were performed for annual and seasonal series using Minitab software to determine the spatial and temporal trends. Rainfall departure analysis and the percentage contribution between annual and seasonal rainfall were arrived for all the grid points. The year 1962 was the most probable year of change in annual and monsoonal precipitation. Spatial analysis of precipitation after the change point (1963–2015) showed an increase in NEM precipitation in the full extent of the Western Ghats region. Eventually, increase in annual precipitation was 4.97% during the period of 1901–2015. -
Backmatter
- Title
- India II: Climate Change Impacts, Mitigation and Adaptation in Developing Countries
- Editors
-
Dr. Md. Nazrul Islam
Dr. André van Amstel
- Copyright Year
- 2022
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
- Electronic ISBN
- 978-3-030-94395-0
- Print ISBN
- 978-3-030-94394-3
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94395-0
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