India III: Climate Change and Landscape Issues in India
A Cross-Disciplinary Framework
- 2025
- Book
- Editors
- Md Nazrul Islam
- André van Amstel
- Book Series
- Springer Climate
- Publisher
- Springer Nature Switzerland
About this book
The major topics covered in this book include the climate vulnerability in Kolkata, urban agglomeration of resilience and adaptation strategies, climate change impact on western Himalayas, climate vulnerability in the north-eastern states of India, mitigation strategies of forest ecosystem, climate change impact on agricultural dynamics, suitability of potential zones (ALSPZs) as water bodies in semi-arid regions, extreme impacts of climate on coastal areas of the Indian Sundarbans, changes in the hydrology of the upper Indus Basin (Jhelum), climate change in inland fishery area, climate resilient agriculture (PoCRA) in achieving Sustainable Development Goals Maharashtra, climate change impact on land use in Alappuzha District, Kerala, climate change impact on biodiversity in the Sundarbans, modeling for rainfall prediction at Surat city in Gujarat, the impact of land surface temperature on the ecosystem, carbon footprint in India and south-east Asia in comparison to the world average.
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Table of Contents
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Frontmatter
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Climate Change Impact Scenarios: Various Sectors
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 1. Scenarios of Climate Change Impact, Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies in India: A Critical Review
Md. Nazrul Islam, Sahanaj Tamanna, Al Rabby Siemens, Md. Asifur Rahman, Naimul Hossain Durjoy, S. M. Saif Uddin, Shadman Ferdous Khan, Nayem Mahmud, Rizwana Farzin Shama, Md. Nayem Uddin Munna, Abrar Karim FuadThis chapter delves into the intricate web of climate change impacts, adaptation, and mitigation strategies in India, a country facing unique environmental and socio-economic challenges. It highlights the severe consequences of climate change on agriculture, health, and ecosystems, with a particular focus on the Himalayan region and coastal areas. The text critically reviews existing policies and programs, identifying gaps and areas for improvement. It also proposes a novel Environmental Mitigation and Adaptation Strategy (EMAS) model, which integrates local awareness, adaptive technology, greenhouse gas management, and climate-friendly initiatives. The chapter emphasizes the importance of regional cooperation and collaborative efforts in tackling climate change. It concludes with recommendations for the Indian government and other stakeholders, stressing the need for increased environmental awareness, sustainable resource use, and innovative infrastructure development. The text also discusses the potential of downscaling global climate models to better understand and predict local and regional climate change impacts. By exploring these topics, the chapter provides valuable insights into the complex interplay between climate change and socio-economic factors in India, offering a roadmap for effective adaptation and mitigation strategies.AI Generated
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AbstractThe adverse and escalating impact of global climate change always upholds the necessity of a robust strategy and framework that initiates the significance of regional collaborative approach in India as well as the other countries of South Asia. The study critically shows the significance of collaboration to project the adverse impact of climate change at national and subregional levels through a cooperative lens. In South Asia, India experiences a dynamic physiographic characteristic that is also challenging for any researcher to set a common collaborative framework that can be impactful for India and the other countries of South Asia. The study aims to explore the in-depth analysis of present situation caused by climate change and build an acceptable framework to give a basic foundation for regional cooperation that projects the climate change’s influence. The study introduces Environmental Mitigation and Adaptation Strategy (EMAS) model for supporting a mitigation and adaptation strategy with four major parameters such as Local Awareness (LA), Adaptive Technology and Innovation (ATI), Management of Greenhouse Gas Sources (GHGM), and Climate-Friendly Initiatives (CFI), which can be a vital segmentation for any initiatives. Minor parameters under major parameters are represented as LAa = 0.4, LAb = 0.3, LAc = 0.2, LAd = 0.1 in EMAS model to build the collaborative program. The values of the parameters range from 2 to 9.5, which portrays the coding system of EMAS model and the ranked parameters required to build the approach. The EMAS model (LA, ATI, GHGM, CFI) presents a comprehensive approach here, including multiple criteria by addressing climate change in India, which can strengthen regional cooperation to improve the projection and mitigation of climate change impacts. The model deploys the scenario analysis, DPSIR model analysis, and the SWOT analysis. These three models’ interaction helps to operate the total model to approach the specific case-based scenario of different climatic disturbances. India can play the biggest and most important role here to amplify this model in their grassroots level, which can be impactful in the regional collaborative approach too. Though the model limits in some factors but it can be a light for those who want to initiate the collaboration of local-level climate change mitigation strategies with the regional contexts. -
Chapter 2. Impact of Landuse/Landcover (LULC) Changes on the Hydrology of the Upper Indus Basin (Jhelum Basin) Under Changing Climate
Sumira Nazir Zaz, Shakil Ahmad RomshooThis chapter delves into the intricate dynamics of the Jhelum Basin's hydrology, examining the impacts of land use/land cover (LULC) changes and climate variability from 1970 to 2050. Utilizing the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model, the study simulates streamflow, evapotranspiration, and groundwater discharge, revealing significant trends and patterns. Key findings include a decreasing trend in river discharge with notable peak flows, an increase in evapotranspiration post-1997, and an overall insignificant decrease in groundwater discharge with occasional high peaks. The research also highlights the correlation between discharge, temperature, and precipitation, emphasizing the role of snowmelt and rainfall in controlling river flow. Additionally, the study explores the implications of LULC changes on hydrological processes, noting the impact of deforestation and urbanization. The conclusions drawn from this analysis provide valuable insights for developing sustainable water resource strategies and adaptation plans in the face of changing climate and land use conditions.AI Generated
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AbstractThis study investigates the changes in the hydrological processes of the Jhelum Basin (Kashmir), India, under the changing landuse/landcover (LULC) and changing climate, using the semi-distributed Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). LULC maps were generated for 1973, 1983, 1991, 2001, and 2013 using Landsat satellite data, and future projections for 2026, 2039, and 2052 developed using the model Conversion of Land Use and its Effects (CLUE) model. Climate data from the fifth generation European Center for Medium Range weather Forecast reanalysis data (ERA-5) dataset (2011–2052) was employed to evaluate potential climate impacts. The results indicate a general decline in river discharge, with few high peak flows observed during the years 1973 (34,561 cusecs), 1976 (33,614 cusecs), 1992 (36,688 cusecs), 2005 (32,150 cusecs), 2014 (49,543 cusecs), 2025 (32,439 cusecs), 2037 (32,000 cusecs), and 2050 (30,339 cusecs). The evapotranspiration revealed significant increase from average 3 mm/day to 4.3 mm/day from the year 1997 up to 2050. The results of the groundwater recharge of valley revealed insignificant decrease with average of 3982 cusecs from 1970 to 2025. Model simulations from 1970 to 2050 achieved a Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.63 for the baseline period (1990–2011), indicating moderately good performance. The simulated result suggests that under changing climate and landuse, the discharge of river Jhelum would overall decrease with some high flood events, evapotranspiration would increase, and there would be insignificant decrease in groundwater discharge in Jhelum Basin under the changing climate till mid of the twenty-first century. The findings suggest that under the influence of changing climate and LULC, the Jhelum Basin is expected to experience decreased discharge with sporadic high flood events, increased evapotranspiration, and insignificant declines in groundwater recharge by the mid-twenty-first century. These insights are crucial for developing sustainable water resource management strategies in the region. -
Chapter 3. A Comparative Evaluation of Climate Vulnerability Among North-Eastern States of India
Shahab Fazal, Deepika VashishthaThis study delves into the climate vulnerability of India's North-Eastern states, an ecologically and culturally diverse region facing severe threats from climate change. The research identifies and ranks the eight states based on a Climate Vulnerability Index (CVI), considering factors like exposure to natural disasters, sensitivity to climate-induced stresses, and adaptive capacity. Key findings include the region's high exposure to earthquakes, landslides, floods, and other extreme weather events, as well as its socio-economic challenges that exacerbate vulnerability. The study employs a multi-dimensional composite indexing approach, using the IPCC's SREX framework and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for a holistic evaluation. It concludes with actionable insights for policy actions, crisis management, and infrastructure development to enhance the region's resilience against climate change impacts. By providing a detailed ranking and analysis, this study serves as a crucial resource for understanding and addressing the climate vulnerability of North-Eastern India.AI Generated
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AbstractClimate change is unequivocal, impacting the world to varying extent and intensities. However, ecologically fragile and economically weaker communities are more vulnerable to extreme climate events. Geo-politically, the North-Eastern region of India is also known for its volatile and sensitive nature. Moreover, owing to its spatio-ecological instabilities related to the eastern Himalayan ecosystem, international borders, trans-boundary river basins and pervasive socio-economic turmoil make India’s North-Eastern region to be particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Thus, this article is an attempt to evaluate climate vulnerability to different states of Northeast India. It is based on secondary sources of data gathered from different agencies. This study incorporated IPCC’s SREX framework (2014) that has also been used by DST (2020). An index-based approach is utilised where proxy indicators that highlight important components of vulnerability (Exposure, Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity) are chosen and finally Climate Vulnerability Index (CVI) is developed. Results reveal that Arunachal Pradesh is the most vulnerable, while Assam is the least vulnerable to climate vulnerability on account of its robust infrastructure than other states of Northeast. This vulnerability evaluation will help these states to prioritise adaptation planning, emergency preparedness, promoting environmental awareness and focusing on advanced infrastructure development to reduce climate vulnerability in this region by ranking and identifying the most vulnerable states. -
Chapter 4. Investigating Climate Change Impacts and Anthropological Disturbances Using Earth Observation Datasets of the Sundarban Region
Bijay Halder, Jatisankar Bandyopadhyay, Md. Nazrul IslamThis chapter delves into the critical impacts of climate change and anthropogenic activities on the Sundarban region, a vital mangrove hotspot in West Bengal, India. The study employs Earth observation datasets to analyze mangrove dynamics, shoreline changes, and biological indicators such as leaf area index (LAI) and chlorophyll content. Key findings reveal significant alterations in mangrove areas due to cyclonic activities like Fani, Bulbul, Amphan, and Yass, which have led to increased deforestation and coastal erosion. The research highlights the role of mangroves as natural barriers against coastal erosion and their importance in mitigating CO2 levels. Shoreline change analysis using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) and other remote sensing techniques provides insights into erosion and accretion patterns, crucial for future disaster planning and coastal management. The study also investigates the impact of population pressure and anthropogenic activities on land use and land cover changes, emphasizing the need for sustainable development strategies. The detailed examination of biological indicators like LAI and chlorophyll content offers a comprehensive understanding of vegetation health and dynamics in the region. This chapter concludes with recommendations for policymakers, researchers, and local administrators to implement effective measures for the sustainable management and conservation of the Sundarban region.AI Generated
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AbstractThe coastal environment is impacted by various extreme cyclonic and human activities, whereas the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve (SBR) region is largely affected by tidal activities, cyclones, saltwater intrusion and factors associated with deforestation. The mangrove ecology, sea level rise (SLR) and shoreline change are all impacted by global climate change. The four blocks that were chosen for this study were Sagar Island, Namkhana, Kakdwip and Pathar Pratima. With the use of Earth’s observational remote sensing data, physical, biological and anthropological activities were produced. The main erosion affected and changes areas are located at 5.42 km2 (1991–2001), 5.48 km2 (2001–2011), 9.77 km2 (2001–2021) and overall, 20.67 km2 (1991–2021), where the accretion was high in Lothian Island, Half-fish Island and some parts of Sagar Island but the erosion located in many parts of this study area. The regions impacted by sediment deposition increased by 51.32 km2 (1991–2021), with the Diamond Harbour area being the most affected by SLR at a rate of 4.67 + 0.68 mm/year. In light of the aforementioned problems, the annual average chlorophyll concentration at the 0.623 leaf area declined by 0.298. The coastal areas, which are most impacted by biodiversity loss, were impacted by the extreme ecological disruption and population pressure. Researchers, scientists, planners and policymakers can also benefit from these study results for the sustainable development of this region. -
Chapter 5. Microclimatic Impact of Land Surface Temperature on Land Use/Land Cover in Sankrail Block of Jhargram District, West Bengal, India
Jatisankar Bandyopadhyay, Suman Das, Suvasish Mahapatra, Nirupam AcharyyaThis study delves into the microclimatic impact of land surface temperature (LST) on land use and land cover (LULC) in Sankrail Block, Jhargram District, West Bengal, India. Utilizing multi-temporal satellite images from Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI, along with Aster DEM imagery, the research maps LULC changes and their relationship with LST from 2000 to 2020. Key focal points include the calculation of LST using thermal bands, the computation of NDVI and NDWI to assess vegetation and water body areas, and the classification of LULC into six major classes. The study highlights a significant increase in LST, particularly in urban areas, and its correlation with changes in vegetation and water bodies. Notably, the research reveals that while vegetation and water body areas have increased due to local awareness, agricultural and sand areas have decreased due to anthropogenic activities and rising LST. The findings underscore the importance of sustainable LULC practices and provide valuable data for planning and management in the region.AI Generated
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AbstractLong-term change detection using remote sensing imagery and geographic information system (GIS) is playing a dynamic role for extracting information about the land surface temperature (LST), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference water index (NDWI), and land use land cover (LULC). Therefore, this study was aimed to focus on the change detection of LULC, and investigated the relationship between LST, NDVI, and NDWI over Sankrail Block of Jhargram District, West Bengal using the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Operational Land Imager (OLI) imageries in the year of 2000 and 2020. The unsupervised Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Technique (ISODATA) classification algorithm was applied to classify the LULC classes such as water body, vegetation, agriculture, sand, settlement, and fallow land over this study area. The result indicated that the correlation between LST and NDVI was showed a positive correlation of R2 = 0.23 in 2000 and R2 = 0.12 in 2020, respectively. In case of LST and NDWI, the result presented a positive result of R2 = 0.12 in 2000 and R2 = 0.37 in 2020, respectively. The classification-based result was revealed that the vegetation cover, water body, settlement, and fallow land have been increased by 20.02, 0.25, 8.13 and 2.22 Sq.km, while agriculture and sandy area were decreased by 29.97 and 0.67 Sq.km due to anthropogenic activities, respectively during 2000–2020. The overall accuracy was estimated as 80.00% in 2000 and 89.00% in 2020, where the kappa coefficient was observed as 0.89 in 2000 and 0.89 in 2020. The findings of this study also showed that the LST has a significant impact on the terrain surface and LULC class. As a result, the findings of this study may aid planners and decision-makers in effectively guiding the sustainable land development of areas with similar backgrounds. -
Chapter 6. Climate Change Impacts on Pond-Based Farming and its Delineation by GIS on Selected Blocks of South 24 Parganas, India
Swagat Ghosh, Bijay Halder, Sukanya Mandal, Kalyan Sundar Das, Jatisankar Bandyopadhyay, Md. Nazrul IslamThis chapter delves into the profound impacts of climate change on pond-based farming in the South 24 Parganas district of India, highlighting the challenges posed by salinity, flooding, and resource scarcity. Through a detailed socio-economic and technical survey, the study examines the current agricultural status, including cropping patterns and production levels. A significant focus is placed on the integration of farming systems, such as poultry, fish, and horticulture, to enhance sustainability and economic benefits. The chapter employs GIS technology to map and analyze the delineation of integrated farming systems, providing a clear visual representation of the study area. The results reveal that integrated farming systems not only increase food production and net farm income but also improve nutritional status and promote sustainable natural resource management. The study concludes that adopting integrated farming practices can mitigate the risks associated with climate change, ensuring a more resilient and productive agricultural sector.AI Generated
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AbstractResearch shows that most farmers, both domestically and abroad, do not fully grasp scientific and technological concepts and techniques; instead, they farm only for the joy of farming. This study’s primary goal is to look at the structures, adaption methods, and integrated farming system (IFS) used for the irrigation and agriculture processes in the South 24 Parganas blocks in India. The primary and secondary data for the current study were gathered via surveys, satellite pictures, and a variety of published and unpublished sources. The findings showed that the farmers had changed from producing crops as their primary source of income to several integrated farming systems to deal with the effects of climate change and the existing natural hazards. Additionally, the results indicated that the respondents’ general education level (39.39%) was mediocre. A significant proportion of the participants, 42.42%, were able to work independently and were primarily in the 40–60 age range. The IFS, seen as a labor-intensive endeavor in the case study sites, possesses a substantial potential workforce because of the dedicated responders themselves. Around 39.39% of the respondents were classified as having a medium income farmers. Policymakers, local authorities, and other stakeholders may find this research useful in promoting the sustainable development of farmers in the South 24 Parganas district.
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Climatic Change Mitigation Strategies: Selected Case Studies
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 7. Climate Change Mitigation, Adaptation Strategies and International Politics: A Scenario of the Indian Perspectives in the Light of the Global Contexts
Hm Izhar Alam, Md. Nazrul Islam, Md Babor AliThis chapter delves into the intricate landscape of climate change mitigation, adaptation strategies, and international politics, with a particular focus on India's perspectives within the global context. It explores the historical and contemporary dynamics of India's climate policy, highlighting the tension between equity concerns and co-benefits. The text also examines India's role in international climate negotiations, particularly its strategic pragmatism and leadership aspirations. Additionally, it discusses the implications of the Paris Agreement and the evolving geopolitical landscape of climate change. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the need for a re-prioritisation of political focus and global cooperation to address the pressing challenge of climate change.AI Generated
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AbstractClimate change is a critical global issue linked to severe environmental disasters, mass displacement and significant economic damage. However, global leaders have yet to implement effective agreements to limit and drastically reduce emissions. The disparity between developed and developing nations in obligation and responsibility remains contentious. This research explores India’s climate policy within its broader foreign policy stance, providing insight into India’s engagement with international climate politics. Over the past three decades, India has evolved from a minor player to a significant influence in global climate negotiations. The study tracks India’s role from creating the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992 to the 25th Conference of Parties (COP) in Spain in 2019. While India has consistently called for urgent international climate action, it has also been reluctant to impose stringent emission restrictions, leading to friction with other nations. This study analyses the evolution, changes and trends in India’s climate policy and concludes with potential future implications for India’s approach and global environmental governance. -
Chapter 8. Impact of Climate Change on Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve, India; Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies for the Forest Ecosystem
Bhanwar Vishvendra Raj Singh, Anjan Sen, Ritika Prasad, Ravi MishraThe chapter delves into the profound effects of climate change on the Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve, focusing on phenology, tree growth patterns, and ecosystem services. It explores how rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns are reshaping the forest ecosystem, with a particular emphasis on the impact on the Bengal tiger population. The text also examines land use and land cover changes over two decades, highlighting the expansion of dense forests and shrublands. Additionally, it analyzes the correlation between climate variables and vegetation indices like NDVI and SAVI, providing a detailed understanding of the forest's health and dynamics. The conclusion underscores the importance of sustainable practices and community involvement in mitigating climate change impacts and preserving biodiversity.AI Generated
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AbstractClimate change and variability pose significant threats to forest resources globally, impacting habitat quality and wildlife distribution. In forest ecosystems, geospatial techniques play a crucial role in analyzing, mapping, evaluating, and monitoring wild resources for sustainable local management. This research aims to understand the impacts of climate change and variability on Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan, utilizing various climate models and remote sensing methods. Data from India Meteorological Department (IMD) stations and United States Geological Survey (USGS) sources over 20 years were analyzed, revealing significant changes in rainfall and temperature. These changes have notable impact on forest cover, species structure, and composition in the study region. Our analysis shows a substantial shift in key climate drivers particularly rainfall and temperature over the years. The study zone including a 10 km buffer around Ranthambore Tiger Reserve showed overall changes in precipitation and temperature, affecting the local climate and forest health. Integrating regional climate models with remote sensing techniques has proven effective in understanding current and future impacts of climate change on forest environments. These findings are essential for planning effective adaptation strategies to mitigate climate change impacts on protected areas. This study emphasizes the value of locally driven, sustainable development and the vital role the forests play in storing carbon and protecting biodiversity of the Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve. The findings imply that carrying out ongoing efforts to include advanced geospatial technologies can improve our comprehension and administration of forest ecosystems and protected areas in the face of climate change. -
Chapter 9. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Climate Change Impacts on the Agriculture Dynamics in India
Syed Kausar Shamim, Nikhat Bano, Ateeque Ahmad, Md. Nazrul IslamThis chapter delves into the profound impacts of climate change on Indian agriculture, highlighting the vulnerability of rainfed farming and the need for robust adaptation strategies. It explores how changes in temperature, precipitation, and CO2 levels affect crop yields and agricultural practices, with a focus on key crops like rice, wheat, and maize. The text also examines the government's role in mitigating climate change impacts through initiatives like the National Action Plan on Climate Change and the promotion of climate-smart technologies. Additionally, it discusses the socio-economic implications of climate change on agriculture and food security, emphasizing the need for proactive measures to ensure sustainable agricultural development in India.AI Generated
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AbstractClimate change is one of the most discussed issues which has direct bearing on day-to-day life of people. The multi-faceted challenges are being posed by the global climate change; however, agriculture is the worst affected area where its dynamics are controlled by various parameters of climate like temperature, precipitation and topography. Even a slight change in temperature, precipitation and emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) can affect the livelihood of people because agriculture is the mainstay of majority of workforce. The future challenges which are considered as a threat to human survival need to be addressed through mitigation and adaptation strategies. The objective of the study is to evolve a strategy for mitigation and adaptation strategies to face the challenges posed by global climate change. The study is based on secondary sources of data collected from different research papers, statistical bulletins and published reports. Suitable statistical techniques have been used in analysing the data and the result has been visualized through suitable cartographic techniques. Study reveals that an increasing demand of food grain to meet the ever-increasing population is mounting pressure on dynamics of agriculture that if not addressed scientifically and systematically will create a serious issue in days to come. The ample evidence of impact of climate change on agriculture is available in researches available in public domain. The current study can be taken as a sample for various measures of adaptation and mitigation. -
Chapter 10. Modeling of Agricultural Land Suitability Potential Zones (ALSPZs) as Water Bodies in Semi-arid Regions of Andhra Pradesh, India
Pradeep Kumar Badapalli, Md. Nazrul Islam, Raghu Babu Kottala, Anusha Boya Nakkala, M. RajasekharThis chapter delves into the modeling of Agricultural Land Suitability Potential Zones (ALSPZs) in the semi-arid regions of Andhra Pradesh, India, focusing on the critical role of water bodies in sustainable agriculture. The study employs remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) techniques to evaluate land potential, integrating various thematic layers such as geology, geomorphology, soils, land use land cover (LULC), lineament density (LD), drainage density (DD), and key soil physicochemical parameters like pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic matter (SOM), and nitrogen-phosphorous-potassium (N-P-K). The research utilizes the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to assign appropriate normalized weights and classify the ALSPZs map into four categories, providing a robust framework for decision-makers. The study also examines temporal changes in water bodies, revealing a significant decrease from 2000 to 2019, which underscores the challenges of land degradation and desertification in the region. The results indicate that 4.89% of the study area is highly suitable for agriculture, while 54.10% is suitable with potential for improvement through water resource management and financial support. The findings highlight the urgent need for effective land and water management strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change and ensure food security in semi-arid regions.AI Generated
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AbstractLand is a critical factor in agricultural production, especially in semi-arid regions where climate change poses significant challenges. This study focuses on modeling Agricultural Land Suitability Potential Zones (ALSPZs) and assessing water bodies in the semi-arid regions of Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. The area, located in the rain shadow zone of the Western Ghats, is at risk of desertification. To address this, the study employs an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) combined with geospatial techniques. Using satellite data from Landsat-7 and Landsat-8, spanning from 2000 to 2018, various thematic maps were created, including geology, geomorphology, soils, land use/land cover (LULC), land degradation (LD), and drainage density (DD). Additionally, physicochemical parameters such as soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic matter (SOM), and soil nutrient content (nitrogen–phosphorous–potassium, N-P-K) were considered. The AHP model assigned normalized weights to these factors, classifying the ALSPZs into four categories: very good, good, moderately good, and not suitable for agriculture. The study found that these zones cover 19.74, 218.54, 77.24, and 69.54 km2, respectively. Furthermore, water bodies in the study area were monitored and estimated at 18.85 km2 using temporal LULC classification and mapping. This integrated approach provides precise and reliable data, enhancing decision-making capabilities for managing green growth resources under changing climatic conditions. The study’s conceptual model for ALSPZs offers valuable insights for sustainable agricultural planning and water resource management in semi-arid regions. -
Chapter 11. Land Use and Land Cover Analysis in the Alappuzha District, South Kerala, India
K. Varunprasath, Md. Nazrul Islam, P. S. AmrithaThis chapter delves into the intricate dynamics of land use and land cover (LULC) changes in the Alappuzha District of South Kerala, India, spanning the years 2001 to 2021. Utilizing Landsat satellite imagery and advanced classification techniques, the study identifies five key land cover categories: waterbodies, paddy land, agricultural land, barren land, and built-up areas. The analysis reveals a notable increase in built-up areas, particularly after 2011, alongside a gradual reduction in agricultural land and waterbodies. The study also examines the transition matrices for the periods 2001-2011 and 2011-2021, highlighting the shifts in land use patterns. The accuracy of the LULC maps is assessed using producer's, user's, and Kappa accuracy measures, ensuring the reliability of the findings. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the implications of these changes for environmental management and urban planning, providing a critical reference for policymakers aiming to balance development with ecological conservation.AI Generated
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AbstractIt is crucial to comprehend climate variability, trends, and prediction to improve basin-wide planning and management of water resources. The water reserves in Kerala’s Alappuzha district are particularly vulnerable to climate change; therefore, the current study examined changes in land use and land cover (LULC) during 20 years. An array of changes in land use and land cover (LULC) were witnessed on the Earth’s surface. LULC forms depend on human practice in terms of socio-economic development and nature over space and time. Land use/land cover changes in the Alappuzha district, Kerala, during the period 2001–2021 were evaluated using satellite data and USGS (United States Geological Survey) Topo maps. The LULC aspects are categorized into five classes: waterbodies, rivers and ponds, agricultural area, barren land, and built-up area. Through ArcGIS analysis, it was discovered that gradual changes in agricultural land areas and reduction in area size (in 2001, area size comprised 59%; in 2011, 61%; and in 2021, 56%) were followed by a gradual increase in built-up areas, especially after 2011, doubling the percentage of built-up land. In recent years, the LULC map showed a little deviation in the forestland areas and a gradual reduction in waterbodies, but tremendous changes in the paddy land cultivation had been observed. The results propose fundamental details on the LULC changes in the Alappuzha district, which will be used for developing regional strategies for better land planning and utilization. -
Chapter 12. Artificial Neural Network Modeling for Rainfall Prediction and Mitigation Approach: A Case of Coastal City (Surat), Gujarat, India
Usman Mohseni, Azazkhan Ibrahimkhan Pathan, P. G. Agnihotri, Md. Nazrul IslamThis chapter delves into the application of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) for predicting and mitigating rainfall in Surat, Gujarat, India. The study focuses on four key areas: the introduction and background of rainfall prediction, the methodology employed for ANN modeling, the results obtained from different ANN architectures, and the discussion of the findings. The chapter begins with an overview of the importance of rainfall prediction and the challenges associated with it, highlighting the role of ANNs in addressing these challenges. The methodology section details the data selection process, normalization techniques, and the training, testing, and validation phases using tools like NFTOOL and NNTOOL in MATLAB. The results section presents the performance of various ANN models, including the back-propagation algorithm and layer recurrent network, with a focus on Mean Squared Error (MSE) and regression analysis. The discussion section interprets the results, emphasizing the superiority of the multilayer neural network implemented using NNTOOL. The chapter concludes by summarizing the key findings and their implications for future research and practical applications in rainfall prediction and mitigation.AI Generated
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AbstractModeling of rainfall is the most challenging aspect of the hydrological processes because of the intricacy of atmospheric dynamics. In a country like India, where agriculture is the main source of income, long-term rainfall forecasting is critical. For modeling and analyzing rainfall data, the location of Surat (Gujarat) was chosen, and using an artificial neural network (ANN) with various meteorological indices, distinct properties of the hidden neurons in the system were studied. For this analysis, 39 years of data (from 1981 to 2019) were used. The data was utilized for training in 75% of the cases, validation in 15% of the cases, and testing in 15% of the cases. The models were discovered to be capable of accurately predicting rainfall. In this study, it was observed that using neural network tool to implement the algorithm achieved the best results when compared to neural fitting tool, i.e., a multilayer algorithm outperforms a single layer algorithm in terms of performance. The mean square error, which was found to be 0.3620, was used to measure the model’s overall performance. Also, water resource planning and management can benefit from this artificial neural network modeling.Modeling rainfall is a highly challenging aspect of hydrological processes due to the complexity of atmospheric dynamics. In India, where agriculture is the main source of income, long-term rainfall forecasting is critical. This study focuses on modeling and analyzing rainfall data in Surat, Gujarat, using an artificial neural network (ANN) with various meteorological indices to examine the distinct properties of the hidden neurons in the system. We utilized 39 years of data from 1981 to 2019, partitioning it into 75% for training, 15% for validation, and 15% for testing. The ANN models demonstrated a high capability for accurately predicting rainfall. Notably, the study found that using the neural network tool to implement the algorithm achieved superior results compared to the neural fitting tool, indicating that a multilayer algorithm outperforms a single-layer algorithm in terms of performance. The model’s overall performance was assessed using the mean square error, which was found to be 0.3620. The findings underscore the effectiveness of ANN in capturing the intricate patterns in rainfall data, leading to reliable predictions. This modeling approach offers significant potential for enhancing water resource planning and management, providing a valuable tool for agricultural stakeholders in regions dependent on rainfall. The study contributes to the broader understanding of hydrological modeling by highlighting the strengths of ANN in handling complex meteorological data sets and offering practical solutions for forecasting. In conclusion, the study confirms the feasibility and accuracy of ANN in long-term rainfall forecasting, particularly in regions where agriculture is heavily dependent on rainfall. By leveraging the capabilities of multilayer algorithms, this research provides a robust framework for future studies and practical applications in water resource management. The observed mean square error indicates a high level of precision in the model’s predictions, making it a reliable tool for policymakers and agricultural planners. This comprehensive analysis of rainfall using ANN sets a precedent for further research into advanced modeling techniques for other hydrological variables and regions, ultimately aiming to improve predictive accuracy and resource management in agriculture-dependent economies.
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Climate Change Adaptation Strategies: Responding to the Impacts
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 13. Climate Change: Challenges to Sustainable Development with Focus on Rural Areas of India: A Review
M. C. Rathy, T. R. Shanthi, S. Smitha ChandranThis chapter delves into the multifaceted challenges posed by climate change to sustainable development, with a particular focus on rural areas of India. It highlights the long-term consequences of climate change, including persistent greenhouse gas emissions and their global impacts. The text explores the effects on agriculture, water resources, ecosystems, and health, emphasizing the need for adaptation strategies. Key topics include the economic and social ramifications of climate change, the role of biodiversity in adaptation, and the importance of integrated water resource management. The chapter also reviews India's response to climate change, including national action plans and initiatives in renewable energy. It concludes with a call for global cooperation and a new economic paradigm to address the urgent need for sustainable development and climate change mitigation.AI Generated
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AbstractClimate change stands as a critical challenge of our time, with far-reaching impacts on weather patterns, grain yield, and the severity and frequency of natural disasters, directly threatening all life on eEarth. Developing countries are predominantly vulnerable to these changes, necessitating a cooperative and collaborative approach between developed and developing nations to efficiently address and mitigate climate change challenges. Despite the urgent need, current global efforts are sporadic and incoherent, highlighting the necessity for a new economic architype that is global, cooperative, inclusive, environmentally subtle, and scientifically grounded. India, with its vast biodiversity and natural resources, has substantial risks from climate change, particularly affecting its rural population, which relies heavily on climate-sensitive areas like forestry, agriculture, and fisheries. The rapid industrialization, urbanization, and uneven economic development further strain the country’s natural resources and environment. Climate change exacerbates these pressures, threatening water resources, biodiversity, ecosystems, and human health, especially in rural zones where 700 million individuals depend on these vulnerable sectors for their livelihoods. Additionally, climate change is likely to hinder the fulfillment of several Millennium Development Goals. Integrating climate change mitigation into development programs and trade negotiations is crucial for reducing emissions in developing countries. The European Union’s promotion of clean technology transfer through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) serves as a model, emphasizing the importance of energy efficiency, sustainable land use, and agriculture. The developing countries must be encouraged to implement sustainable, low-emission development pathways. This work aims to anticipate and adapt technologies to mitigate climate change, with much attention on rural areas in India, offering strategies to enhance sustainability and resilience in the face of this global challenge. -
Chapter 14. Climate Change Perception and Adaptation Scenario in North-Western Himalayas: A Case Study of Kashmir Valley
Hilal Ahmad Parrey, Shamim Ahmad Shah, Mohd Shafi Bhat, Irshad Ahmad Thoker, Peer Jeelani, Md. Nazrul IslamThis chapter delves into the perception and adaptation of climate change in the Kashmir Valley, a region particularly vulnerable to shifting climatic patterns. It examines how local inhabitants perceive climate change, the manifestations they observe, and the socio-economic implications they face. The text highlights the critical role of education and government incentives in fostering adaptation and mitigation efforts. It also explores various agricultural adaptation measures, such as improved irrigation, crop diversification, and water harvesting, providing a detailed overview of the strategies employed by farmers to combat climate change. The findings reveal a significant awareness of climate change among the local population, with a strong emphasis on the need for collective action and policy support. The chapter concludes with a call for enhanced government initiatives and community engagement to build resilience against climate change impacts.AI Generated
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AbstractClimate change is projected to have serious environmental, economic and social impacts on the Kashmir Himalayas, particularly affecting farmers whose livelihoods depend largely on rainfall. The severity of these effects hinge on farmers’ awareness and their ability to adapt to the changing climate. This study explores farmers’ knowledge and perceptions of climate change, as well as the adaptation measures implemented in agriculture. This study employed a random sampling procedure to interview 384 farming households between March and August 2022. The results vividly illustrate that 55% of respondents acknowledge climate change. Awareness levels vary as 40% respondents were found to be fully informed, 28% are somewhat aware and 14% were uninformed. Perception regarding the manifestations of climate change indicates that around 60% of the respondents attribute it to rising temperatures, while others point towards fluctuating precipitation or extreme weather events. Despite a general awareness of contributing factors (52%), a significant majority (54%) attribute climate change due to human activities rather than natural processes. Concern about climate change is pronounced, with 25% expressing extreme worry and 45% showing significant concern. The adaptation scenario of the region indicates that respondents consider improvements in irrigation, crop diversification, conversion of agricultural land to horticulture, shifting towards high value crops and rain water harvesting as viable adaptation strategies to combat climate change. These findings underscore the multifaceted nature of climate change perceptions and the diverse responses it provokes in a region profoundly impacted by environmental changes. This study highlights the need for targeted policy interventions at the farm-household level to enhance farmers’ adaptive capacity in the region. -
Chapter 15. Current Status of Climate Vulnerability in Kolkata Urban Agglomeration in the Context of Proposed Resilience and Adaptation
Jayanta Basu, Gunjan Sarkar, Rigdha Sarkar, Aniruddha Mukhopadhyay, Pradip K. SikdarKolkata, India's third-largest metropolitan city, faces significant climate vulnerabilities due to its geographical location and rapid urbanization. This chapter delves into the current status of climate vulnerability in the Kolkata Urban Agglomeration, highlighting the impacts of tropical cyclones, heavy precipitation, and urban heat islands. It explores the historical urbanization of Kolkata, the role of the East Kolkata Wetlands, and the challenges posed by population density and land use changes. The chapter also discusses the urban heat island effect and its long-term impact on urban temperature, as well as the microclimatic contributors to climate vulnerability. Key findings include the city's high adaptive capacity and the potential for resilience-building through sustainable urban planning and green technologies. The chapter concludes with a call for comprehensive climate resilience strategies that integrate both public and administrative efforts, emphasizing the need for data-driven decision-making to mitigate climate risks effectively.AI Generated
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AbstractKolkata is the most important city in eastern India which started urbanising in the late seventeenth century, as it became the capital of British India. However, the massive influx of migrant labourers and cross-border migration post-India’s independence in 1947 resulted in huge stress on the unplanned and haphazard urban structure turning the city into an ill-planned metropolis. The Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) of IPCC released by WGI in August 2021 highlights the climate vulnerability of various regions of the world. The analysis of IPCC WGI Interactive Atlas: Regional information of AR6 report showed that mean temperature increased by around 80% and maximum one-day precipitation by around 50% in the post-industrialisation era occurred after 2015 as compared to the pre-industrialisation era (1850–1900). According to the report, Kolkata was found to have the highest rise in surface air temperature (+2.6 °C) during the span 1950–2018 against the other studied regions across the globe and more than 80% of this total warming is contributed by urban warming, generated from this city itself. This implies that Kolkata stands a high chance of reversing this scenario by proper resilience-building measures. A primary study carried out by our team has assessed that many areas in and around the core area of the city of Kolkata were found to be highly vulnerable to climate change. In view of the findings, we propose a detailed resilience development and adaptation of a plan for the Kolkata region in a holistic approach. -
Chapter 16. Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Strategies on Vegetation and Inland Fishery Areas in Gosaba CD Block, West Bengal, India
Bijay Halder, Jatisankar Bandyopadhyay, Md. Nazrul IslamThis chapter delves into the impacts of climate change on vegetation and inland fishery areas in the Gosaba CD block of West Bengal, India. It highlights the critical role of forest ecosystems in mitigating climate change and the threats posed by deforestation and urbanization. The study employs Sentinel-2 data to classify land use and land cover, generate vegetation indices, and delineate inland fishery areas. Key findings include the transformation of agricultural land to aquacultural land due to flood inundation and the importance of proper planning and management for sustainable development. The chapter concludes with actionable strategies for local planners and administrators to address these environmental challenges effectively.AI Generated
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AbstractThe vegetation cover and pattern in a vegetated area denote the environmental, biological, and ecological conditions and biodiversity richness over that area. Particularly, healthy vegetation increases the oxygen level and decreases evapotranspiration (ET), which reduces the public health-related problems. Previously, the green space was reducing soil salinity and soil erosion and increasing soil moisture, but land transformation and deforestation have been hammering the natural environmental condition. Finding the inland fishing area and vegetation area over the Gosaba CD block in India is the primary goal of this study. Different spectral indicators (vegetation and water indicators) have been utilized to define the vegetation and inland fisheries region, while Sentinel-2 multispectral data was used to delineate the land use and land cover (LULC). The results showed that 30.73 km2 (8.47%) area and 28.73 km2 (7.92%) area were covered by vegetation and inland fishery. After super cyclone “Aila,” this area faced a huge amount of saltwater intrusion and covered vegetation into inland fisheries area. The north, central, and southern parts were notified vegetated areas, and eastern, south, central, and northern parts were located in the inland fisheries area in 2020 using Sentinel-2 data. The South 24 Parganas coastal areas recorded a progressive alteration in climate, including flooding, saltwater intrusion, and many other issues. As a result, using high-resolution data, this study can assist in identifying the water regions in the Gosaba block. For appropriate management and planning of sustainable agricultural growth, this study is beneficial to local planners, administrators, and other stakeholders. -
Chapter 17. Review on Carbon Foot Print in India and South East Asia in Comparison to the World Average in Last Few Centuries
Sunil Kumar Srivastava, Md. Nazrul IslamThis chapter delves into the carbon footprint trends in India and Southeast Asia, comparing them to global averages over the last few centuries. It highlights the significant impact of population growth, industrialization, and fossil fuel consumption on greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. The chapter provides a detailed analysis of the historical data, showing a sharp rise in CO2 emissions per capita and the contribution of share in the world’s CO2 emissions. It also discusses the initiatives taken by the Indian government to reduce fossil fuel consumption and promote renewable energy sources. The chapter concludes with a comparative study of CO2 emissions per capita between India and the world, emphasizing the need for a realistic approach to resolve the problems created due to CO2 emissions. Additionally, it explores the impact of climate change on soil profiles and dengue fever epidemics in South and Southeast Asian countries. The chapter also discusses the role of agricultural waste in greenhouse gas emissions and the potential solutions for converting agricultural waste into valuable raw materials. Overall, this chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the carbon footprint trends and their implications for climate change in India and Southeast Asia.AI Generated
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AbstractIn developing countries like India, per-capita greenhouse gas (GHS) emission was around a seventh of US data and less than half the world average (~7.0 tons CO2 equivalent) in 2015. A recent study about CO2 emission in India indicates a sharp rise in CO2 emission per capita and a rise in the contribution of share in the world’s CO2 emission observed. It indicates the recent fast growth in fossil fuel consumption and production of building materials without considering its impact on the environment. It observed that most of the time industries do not follow the norms of government, which may be paid by human civilization in various forms, like global warming and climate change.The other world countries’ per capita CO2 emissions are much higher than India’s, but the total emissions are alarming due to India’s large population. A study published in Worldometer in 2016 indicates that India ranked third after China and the United States of America (USA) in the total emission of CO2 in the atmosphere. India was ranked fifth in the German Watch Global Climate Risk Index 2019 out of 181 countries.
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- Title
- India III: Climate Change and Landscape Issues in India
- Editors
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Md Nazrul Islam
André van Amstel
- Copyright Year
- 2025
- Publisher
- Springer Nature Switzerland
- Electronic ISBN
- 978-3-031-85126-1
- Print ISBN
- 978-3-031-85125-4
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-85126-1
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