Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Published in:
Air Pollution Sources, Statistics, and Health Effects: Introduction Read chapter Read first chapter

2021 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Indoor Air Quality: Status and Standards

Authors : Freja Hasager, Joachim Dithmer Bjerregaard, James Bonomaully, Hasse Knap, Alireza Afshari, Matthew Stanley Johnson

Published in: Air Pollution Sources, Statistics and Health Effects

Publisher: Springer US

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Excerpt

Aerosol
A suspension of particulate matter composed of solid and/or liquid material in a gas.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
CO2 is a part of the atmosphere (>405 ppm), and indoor concentrations in excess of ambient are mainly generated by people, about a kilogram per day depending on metabolism. The indoor exposure limit is commonly taken as 1000 ppm, a level at which the negative health effects of CO2 are not yet significant. CO2 is a useful proxy for general indoor air quality including bioeffluents. Continued exposure to CO2 levels over 2500 ppm have been linked to drowsiness and tiredness. Studies have shown impacts on decision making and focus from around 1300 ppm [1].
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
CO is a product of incomplete combustion. Indoor sources include heaters and stoves, tobacco smoke, and candles. CO is toxic to humans. Ambient air contains about 1 ppm of carbon monoxide. In busy streets, the atmospheric mole fraction can be in the range of 10–20 ppm. Indoor levels generally follow outdoor levels except in poorly ventilated houses with indoor CO sources [2].
Formaldehyde (CH2O)
CH2O is a volatile organic compound that is found in indoor air due to off-gassing from building materials containing adhesives and polymers and objects like furniture and fabrics. It is also formed from the oxidation of hydrocarbons; in the indoor environment, this includes cigarettes and ozonolysis of aromatic hydrocarbons. Indoor concentrations depend on the age of the building and vary depending on season and time of day. CH2O is known to cause adverse health effects in humans. According to the World Health Organization’s guideline for formaldehyde, exposure should not exceed 0.1 mg/m3 (30-min average) [3].
Ventilation Systems
Ventilation can be effectuated by mechanical or by natural means. In mechanical ventilation, fans are used to ventilate an enclosed space, while natural ventilation is dependent on the outside conditions and is driven by natural forces.
Because modern buildings are becoming more well sealed (more impenetrable), ventilation or air exchange rates between indoor and outdoor air have decreased. This improves thermal efficiency, but contaminants from indoor sources will be trapped inside resulting in elevated pollutant concentrations that can cause adverse health effects in the occupants. It is now recognized that an optimal balance between energy conservation and indoor air quality (IAQ) must be maintained to provide the occupants with a healthy indoor environment. CO2 can be used as general indicator of indoor air quality (IAQ) and ventilation rate, as low ventilation rates will cause the accumulation of CO2 as well as other pollutants. CO2 sensors are often used in demand controlled ventilation to control bioeffluents from humans. A stable level of 850 ppm of CO2 should be sufficient for a healthy indoor environment and could be provided by a ventilation rate of 10 l/s per person.
Particulate Matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a conglomeration of molecules in the liquid and/or solid phase occurring, together with gas, in an aerosol. PM is typically characterized according to mass and aerodynamic diameter. PM10 is defined as the total mass density (μg/m3) of all particulates with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm, PM2.5 is a measure of all particulates with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm, and ultrafine particles (UFP) are particles with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 0.1 μm.
Primary and Secondary Pollutants
Primary pollutants are pollutants directly emitted from a source. Secondary pollutants are formed in situ from primary pollutants.
Sick Building Syndrome (SBS)
A situation in which people who spend time indoors feel unwell and suffer from symptoms including throat irritation, difficulty breathing, runny nose, sneezing, headache, dizziness, difficulty concentrating, and nausea. The severity of symptoms often increases with the amount of time spent in the building.
Technosphere
The technosphere is the part of the environment modified by technology and includes buildings, vehicles, and public infrastructure like the subway and highways. Humans spend the majority of their time in the technosphere.
Terpenes
A class of hydrocarbons of biological origin with a skeletal structure derived from isoprene. Of particular concern in the indoor environment are monoterpenes like pinene, limonene, linanool, and menthol, used as scents, e.g., in cleaning agents.
Ventilation Rate
The flow of outdoor air into a space resulting in removal or dilution of indoor air pollutants. Given in units of volume per time or air exchanges per hour.
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure (boiling point below 250 °C) at room temperature. There are many VOCs, both natural and man-made, including most scents and odors. Many VOCs are regulated by law due to their health impacts [4].
…

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
previous chapter Airborne Nanoparticles: Control and Detection
next chapter Urban Air Quality: Meteorological Processes
Literature
1.
Usha S et al (2012) Is CO2 an indoor pollutant? Direct effects of low-to-moderate CO2 concentrations on human decision-making performance. Environ Health Perspect 120(12):1671–1677CrossRef
2.
Maripuu M-L, Afshari A (2009) Demand controlled ventilation systems, state-of-the-art review, report. Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg
3.
Liteplo RG, Beauchamp R, Meek ME, Chénier R (2002) Concise international chemical assessment document 40: formaldehyde. World Health Organization, Geneva
4.
Directive EU (2004) Directive 2004/42/CE of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on the limitation of emissions of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain paints and varnishes and vehicle refinishing products amending Directive 1999/13/EC. Off J Eur Union L 143 pp 0087–0096
5.
Namieśnik J, Górecki T, Kozdroń-Zabiega ła B, Łukasiak J (1992) Indoor air quality (IAQ), pollutants, their sources and concentration levels. Build Environ 27(3):339–356CrossRef
6.
Klepeis NE et al (2001) The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 11(3):231–252CrossRef
7.
Hubbard TD et al (2016) Divergent Ah receptor ligand selectivity during hominin evolution. Mol Biol Evol 33(10):2648–2658CrossRef
8.
9.
Stolwijk JJ (1992) Risk assessment of acute health and comfort effects of indoor air pollution. Ann N Y Acad Sci 641(1):56–62CrossRef
10.
Jones AP (1999) Indoor air quality and health. Atmos Environ 33:4535–4564
11.
Bruce N, Perez-Padilla R, Albalak R (2000) Indoor air pollution in developing countries: a major environmental and public health challenge. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, p 15
12.
Afshari A, Matson U, Ekberg L (2005) Characterization of indoor sources of fine and ultrafine particles: a study conducted in a full-scale chamber. Indoor Air 15(2):141–150
13.
Matt GE et al (2004) Households contaminated by environmental tobacco smoke: sources of infant exposures. Tob Control 13(1):29–37
14.
Fisk WJ, Black D, Brunner G (2011) Benefits and costs of improved IEQ in U.S. offices. Indoor Air 21(5):357–367
15.
Destaillats H, Maddalena RL, Singer BC, Hodgson AT, McKone TE (2008) Indoor pollutants emitted by office equipment: a review of reported data and information needs. Atmos Environ 42(7):1371–1388
16.
17.
Salthammer T, Bahadir M (2009) Occurrence, dynamics and reactions of organic pollutants in the indoor environment. Clean (Weinh) 37(6):417–435
18.
Seinfeld JH, Pandis SN (2016) Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change, 3rd edn. Wiley, Hoboken
19.
Abadie M, Limam K, Allard F (2001) Indoor particle pollution: effect of wall textures on particle deposition. Build Environ 36(7):821–827
20.
Miguel AF, Aydin M, Reis AH (2005) Indoor deposition and forced re-suspension of respirable particles. Indoor Built Environ 14(5):391–396
21.
Król S, Namieśnik J, Zabiegała B (2014) α-Pinene, 3-carene and d-limonene in indoor air of polish apartments: the impact on air quality and human exposure. Sci Total Environ 468–469:985–995
22.
Mannucci PM, Harari S, Martinelli I, Franchini M (2015) Effects on health of air pollution: a narrative review. Intern Emerg Med 10(6):657–662
23.
Mills NL et al (2009) Adverse cardiovascular effects of air pollution. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 6(1):36–44
24.
25.
Atkinson J, Chartier Y, Pessoa-Silva CL, Jensen P, Li Y, Seto W-H (2009) Basic concept of ventilation flow rate. World Health Organization, Geneva
26.
Atkinson J, Chartier Y, Pessoa-Silva CL, Jensen P, Li Y, Seto W-H (2009) Concepts and types of ventilation. World Health Organization, Geneva
27.
Godish T, Spengler JD (1996) Relationships between ventilation and indoor air quality: a review. Indoor Air 6(2):135–145
28.
29.
Sundell J (2004) On the history of indoor air quality and health. Indoor Air 14(s7):51–58
30.
Graedel TE (1979) Terpenoids in the atmosphere. Rev Geophys 17(5):937–947CrossRef
31.
Naik V et al (2010) Observational constraints on the global atmospheric budget of ethanol. Atmos Chem Phys 10(12):5361–5370CrossRef
32.
Monod A, Sive BC, Avino P, Chen T, Blake DR, Sherwood Rowland F (2001) Monoaromatic compounds in ambient air of various cities: a focus on correlations between the xylenes and ethylbenzene. Atmos Environ 35(1):135–149CrossRef
33.
Singh HB et al (1994) Acetone in the atmosphere: distribution, sources, and sinks. J Geophys Res Atmos 99(D1):1805–1819CrossRef
34.
Isaksen ISA, Dalsøren SB (2011) Getting a better estimate of an atmospheric radical. Science 331(6013):38–39CrossRef
35.
Li X, Gligorovski S, Herrmann H (2018) Underestimated contribution of HONO to indoor OH radicals: an emerging concern. Sci Bull 63(21):1383–1384CrossRef
36.
Donahue NM, Epstein SA, Pandis SN, Robinson AL (2011) A two-dimensional volatility basis set: 1. Organic-aerosol mixing thermodynamics. Atmos Chem Phys 11(7):3303–3318CrossRef
37.
Uhde E, Salthammer T (2007) Impact of reaction products from building materials and furnishings on indoor air quality—a review of recent advances in indoor chemistry. Atmos Environ 41(15):3111–3128CrossRef
38.
Alvarez EG et al (2013) Unexpectedly high indoor hydroxyl radical concentrations associated with nitrous acid. PNAS 110(33):13294–13299CrossRef
39.
Weschler CJ, Shields HC (1996) Production of the hydroxyl radical in indoor air. Environ Sci Technol 30(11):3250–3258CrossRef
40.
Leungsakul S, Jaoui M, Kamens RM (2005) Kinetic mechanism for predicting secondary organic aerosol formation from the reaction of d-limonene with ozone. Environ Sci Technol 39(24):9583–9594
41.
Sarwar G, Olson DA, Corsi RL, Weschler CJ (2004) Indoor fine particles: the role of Terpene emissions from consumer products. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 54(3):367–377CrossRef
42.
Santanam S, Spengler J, Ryan P (1990) Particulate matter exposures estimated from an indoor-outdoor source apportionment study. Indoor Air 90:583–588
43.
Jenkins RA, Geurin MR, Tomkins BA The chemistry of environmental tobacco smoke: composition and measurement. Lewis Publishers, Boca-Raton, p 47
44.
Winickoff JP et al (2009) Beliefs about the health effects of ‘Thirdhand’ smoke and home smoking bans. Pediatrics 123(1):e74–e79CrossRef
45.
Sleiman M et al (2010) Secondary organic aerosol formation from ozone-initiated reactions with nicotine and secondhand tobacco smoke. Atmos Environ 44(34):4191–4198CrossRef
46.
Petrick LM, Svidovsky A, Dubowski Y (2011) Thirdhand smoke: heterogeneous oxidation of nicotine and secondary aerosol formation in the indoor environment. Environ Sci Technol 45(1):328–333CrossRef
47.
Ghaffarianhoseini A et al (2018) Sick building syndrome: are we doing enough? Archit Sci Rev 61(3):99–121CrossRef
48.
Jafari MJ et al (2015) Association of Sick Building Syndrome with indoor air parameters. Tanaffos 14(1):55–62
49.
Gupta S, Khare M, Goyal R (2007) Sick building syndrome—a case study in a multistory centrally air-conditioned building in the Delhi City. Build Environ 42(8):2797–2809CrossRef
50.
Wargocki P, Wyon DP, Baik YK, Clausen G, Fanger PO (1999) Perceived air quality, sick building syndrome (SBS) symptoms and productivity in an office with two different pollution loads. Indoor Air 9(3):165–179
51.
Seppanen O, Fisk WJ, Lei QH (2006) Effect of temperature on task performance in office environment. Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley. LBNL-60946
52.
Bekö G, Clausen G, Weschler CJ (2008) Is the use of particle air filtration justified? Costs and benefits of filtration with regard to health effects, building cleaning and occupant productivity. Build Environ 43(10):1647–1657
53.
Richardson G, Eick S, Jones R (2005) How is the indoor environment related to asthma?: literature review. J Adv Nurs 52(3):328–339
54.
Watanabe M et al (1995) Removal of mite allergens from blankets: comparison of dry cleaning and hot water washing. J Allergy Clin Immunol 96(6):1010–1012
55.
Custovic A et al (2000) Synthetic pillows contain higher levels of cat and dog allergen than feather pillows. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 11(2):71–73
56.
Nishioka K, Yasueda H, Saito H (1998) Preventive effect of bedding encasement with microfine fibers on mite sensitization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 101(1):28–32
57.
Sporik R et al (1998) The Melbourne house dust mite study: long-term efficacy of house dust mite reduction strategies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 101(4):6
58.
Oosting A-J et al (2002) Effect of mattress encasings on atopic dermatitis outcome measures in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study: the Dutch mite avoidance study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 110(3):500–506
59.
PAW PDSA Animal Wellbeing Report (2018) The people’s dispensary for sick animals, 2018
60.
Custovic A, Chapman MS (1997) Indoor allergens as a risk factor for asthma. Asthma 8:1–21
61.
Sedlbauer K (2001). Prediction of mould fungus formation on the surface of and inside building components. Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics
62.
Bernstein JA et al (2008) The health effects of nonindustrial indoor air pollution. J Allergy Clin Immunol 121(3):585–591
63.
Li N, Xia T, Nel AE (2008) The role of oxidative stress in ambient particulate matter-induced lung diseases and its implications in the toxicity of engineered nanoparticles. Free Radic Biol Med 44(9):1689–1699
64.
Sundell J et al (2011) Ventilation rates and health: multidisciplinary review of the scientific literature. Indoor Air 21(3):191–204
65.
Xu Y, Zhang J (2011) Understanding SVOCs. Mechanical and aerospace engineering. ASHRAE J 53(12):121–125
66.
World Health Organization (ed) (2010) Who guidelines for indoor air quality: selected pollutants. WHO, Copenhagen
67.
Suh HH, Bahadori T, Vallarino J, Spengler JD (2000) Criteria air pollutants and toxic air pollutants. Environ Health Perspect 108(Suppl 4):625–633
68.
Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Health and Medicine Division; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2016) Sources of indoor particulate matter. National Academies Press, Washington, DC
69.
70.
Persily A (2015) Challenges in developing ventilation and indoor air quality standards: the story of ASHRAE standard 62. Build Environ 91:61–69CrossRef
71.
Shendell DG, Prill R, Fisk WJ, Apte MG, Blake D, Faulkner D (2004) Associations between classroom CO2 concentrations and student attendance in Washington and Idaho. Indoor Air 14(5):333–341CrossRef
72.
Gaihre S, Semple S, Miller J, Fielding S, Turner S (2014) Classroom carbon dioxide concentration, school attendance, and educational attainment. J Sch Health 84(9):569–574CrossRef
73.
Persily AK (1997) Evaluating building IAQ and ventilation with indoor carbon dioxide. No. CONF-970668. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta
74.
Labban O, Chen T, Ghoniem AF, Lienhard JH, Norford LK (2017) Next-generation HVAC: prospects for and limitations of desiccant and membrane-based dehumidification and cooling. Appl Energy 200:330–346CrossRef
75.
76.
Sidheswaran MA, Destaillats H, Sullivan DP, Cohn S, Fisk WJ (2012) Energy efficient indoor VOC air cleaning with activated carbon fiber (ACF) filters. Build Environ 47:357–367CrossRef
77.
78.
79.
Guerreiro C, González Ortiz A, de Leeuw F, Viana M, Colette A, European Environment Agency (2018) Air quality in Europe – 2018 report
80.
81.
Naturlig Ventilation (2005) Hans Thorkild Jensen, Undervisningsnotat BYG-DTU U-058. Technical University of Denmark, ISSN 1601-8605
82.
Heiselberg P, Dam H, Sørensen LC, Nielsen PV, Svidt K (1999) Characteristics of air flow through windows. International Energy Agency, Annex 35
83.
84.
El Fouih Y, Stabat P, Rivière P, Hoang P, Archambault V (2012) Adequacy of air-to-air heat recovery ventilation system applied in low energy buildings. Energ Buildings 54:29–39
85.
Menéndez-Díaz JA, Martín-Gullón I (2006) Chapter 1: Types of carbon adsorbents and their production. In TJ Bandosz (ed) Interface science and technology, vol 7. Elsevier, New York, pp. 1–47
86.
Shafeeyan MS, Daud WMAW, Houshmand A, Shamiri A (2010) A review on surface modification of activated carbon for carbon dioxide adsorption. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 89(2):143–151CrossRef
87.
Sleiman M, Conchon P, Ferronato C, Chovelon J-M (2009) Photocatalytic oxidation of toluene at indoor air levels (ppbv): towards a better assessment of conversion, reaction intermediates and mineralization. Appl Catal B Environ 86(3):159–165CrossRef
88.
Daghrir R, Drogui P, Robert D (2013) Modified TiO2 for environmental photocatalytic applications: a review. Ind Eng Chem Res 52(10):3581–3599CrossRef
89.
Truffier-Boutry D et al (2017) Characterization of photocatalytic paints: a relationship between the photocatalytic properties – release of nanoparticles and volatile organic compounds. Environ Sci Nano 4(10):1998–2009CrossRef
90.
Awfa D, Ateia M, Fujii M, Johnson MS, Yoshimura C (2018) Photodegradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in water treatment using carbonaceous-TiO2 composites: a critical review of recent literature. Water Res 142:26–45
91.
Gandolfo A et al (2015) The effectiveness of indoor photocatalytic paints on NOx and HONO levels. Appl Catal B Environ 166–167:84–90
92.
Gallus M et al (2015) Photocatalytic de-pollution in the Leopold II tunnel in Brussels: NOx abatement results. Build Environ 84:125–133
93.
Wolverton BC, Johnson A, Bounds K (1989) Interior landscape plants for indoor air pollution abatement, NASA
94.
Wolverton BC, Mcdonald RC, Watkins EA (1984) Foliage plants for removing indoor air pollutants from energy-efficient homes. Econ Bot 38(2):224–228
95.
Wolverton BC, Wolverton JD (1993) Plants and soil microorganisms: removal of formaldehyde, xylene, and ammonia from the indoor environment. J Miss Acad Sci 38(2):11–15
96.
Yang DS, Pennisi SV, Son K-C, Kays SJ (2009) Screening indoor plants for volatile organic pollutant removal efficiency. HortScience 44(5):1377–1381
97.
Wood RA, Burchett MD, Alquezar R, Orwell RL, Tarran J, Torpy F (2006) The potted-plant microcosm substantially reduces indoor air VOC pollution: I. Office field-study. Water Air Soil Pollut 175(1–4):163–180
98.
Pegas PN, Alves CA, Nunes T, Bate-Epey EF, Evtyugina M, Pio CA (2012) Could houseplants improve indoor air quality in schools? J Toxic Environ Health A 75(22–23):1371–1380
99.
Cao X, Dai X, Liu J (2016) Building energy-consumption status worldwide and the state-of-the-art technologies for zero-energy buildings during the past decade. Energ Buildings 128:198–213
100.
101.
102.
Diamond R, Opitz M, Hicks T, Von Neida B, Herrera S (2006) Evaluating the energy performance of the first generation of LEED-certified commercial buildings. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (LBNL), Berkeley. LBNL-59853
103.
Green Lighthouse, Velux Model Home 2020, Velux
104.
Green Lighthouse | Bygningsstyrelsen. [Online]. Available https://​www.​bygst.​dk/​(X(1)S(yyygsd2qpgzep4a23gwmncso))/projekter/green-lighthouse/?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1. Accessed 25 Mar 2019
105.
HOFOR (2015) District heating in Copenhagen: energy-efficient, low-carbon and cost-effective. district_heating_in_cph.pdf
106.
Ellermann T, Nygaard J, Nøjgaard JK, Nordstrøm C, Brandt J, Christensen J, Ketzel M, Massling A, Bossi R, Jensen SS (2018) The Danish air quality monitoring programme annual summary, Publication number 281, Aarhus University. ISBN 978-87-7156-343-6
107.
Yip S-F (1972) Daylighting in architectural design. Thesis, McGill University
108.
109.
Gandolfo A, Marque S, Temime-Roussel B, Gemayel R, Wortham H, Truffier-Boutry D, Bartolomei V, Gligorovski S (2018) Unexpectedly High Levels of Organic Compounds Released by Indoor Photocatalytic Paints. Environmental Science and Technology 52(19):11328–37.
Metadata
Title
Indoor Air Quality: Status and Standards
Authors
Freja Hasager
Joachim Dithmer Bjerregaard
James Bonomaully
Hasse Knap
Alireza Afshari
Matthew Stanley Johnson
Copyright Year
2021
Publisher
Springer US
Book
Air Pollution Sources, Statistics and Health Effects

Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-0595-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-0716-0596-7

Copyright Year: 2021

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0596-7_1097