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2017 | Book

Synthesis and Applications of Carbohydrate-Based Polyurethanes Read chapter Read first chapter

Industrial Applications of Renewable Biomass Products

Past, Present and Future

Editors: Prof. Dr. Silvia Nair Goyanes, Prof. Dr. Norma Beatriz D’Accorso

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Part of: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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About this book

This book effectively links the latest scientific advances to current technological applications of polymers, mainly focusing on biodegradable polymers obtained from biomass. The individual chapters were written by academic and industry researchers alike, introducing readers to topics that have received little attention in the literature to date. Key topics covered include polymers used in various areas such as food packaging, pharmaceuticals, energy production and the cosmetics industry, as well as the treatment of aqueous effluents.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
Synthesis and Applications of Carbohydrate-Based Polyurethanes
Abstract
Polyurethanes are one of the most important and widespread type of polymers which display a wide range of industrial and biomedical applications. The recent approaches and advances in polyurethane research involve the replacement of petro-based polyols and isocyanates with biobased molecules. In this regard, carbohydrates offer a great promise due to their rich functionality, varied stereochemistry, and renewable production on an impressive scale. The carbohydrate-based polyurethanes are also prone to being biodegradable and biocompatible. These types of materials may be entirely derived from carbohydrates or contain carbohydrates as pendant groups or as constituents of the soft part of the polymer. Artificial polymers prepared by combination of polysaccharides with synthetic monomers or polymers are also included. The synthesis of these materials is described, and their actual or potential applications (mostly in biomedicine, as implants for tissue repair, as permanent or temporary prosthesis, or as drug delivery systems) are discussed.
Verónica E. Manzano, Adriana A. Kolender, Oscar Varela

Medical Applications

Frontmatter
Biodegradable Polymers for Bone Tissue Engineering
Abstract
Nowadays, tissue engineering is one of the research areas of fastest growing development, supported by the exponential growth in the number of publications in the most important scientific journals. The progress in this interdisciplinary area is precisely because of the cooperative labors of chemists, engineers, biologists, and others who have turned their efforts to the development of new polymeric materials with specific properties for the regeneration of tissues and especially those with applications in regeneration of bone tissue. The materials used in this application must meet a large number of requirements, among which may be noted adequate biodegradability according to the time required for regeneration of tissue, mechanical properties for the intended application, biocompatibility (adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of osteoblasts), osteoinduction, and no cytotoxicity. This chapter presents the main developments in the area of biodegradable biomaterials, their features, and more relevant properties, currently developed for bone tissue engineering.
M. Susana Cortizo, M. Soledad Belluzo
Seaweed Polysaccharides: Structure and Applications
Abstract
Seaweeds represent a widely used source of different polysaccharides, well known in the industry for their food and nonfood applications. Red seaweeds produce carrageenans, agars, and variants, used in a manifold of industries as gelling and thickening agents. Brown seaweeds are a source of alginates, fucoidans, and laminarans; alginates have also wide industrial applications. Green seaweeds produce ulvans and other glycans. Most of the polysaccharides from red, brown, and green seaweeds are highly sulfated polymers; many of them have been investigated for their strong biological activities (antiviral, antitumor, anticoagulant, etc.), thus bringing hopes of promising applications in the biomedical field.
Vanina A. Cosenza, Diego A. Navarro, Nora M. A. Ponce, Carlos A. Stortz
Innovative Systems from Clickable Biopolymer-Based Hydrogels for Drug Delivery
Abstract
Biopolymer-based hydrogels have emerged as suitable systems for sustained and targeted drug delivery due to their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, hydrophilicity, and tunable microstructure. Even if the use of natural polymers as materials is not new, their use in hydrogel formulations has dramatically grown over the last 10 years. Owing to their chemical versatility, several synthetic approaches can be followed for the design of advanced functionalized materials. The high reactivity, orthogonality, regioselectivity, and mild reaction conditions of “click” reactions render them especially suitable for hydrogel cross-linking. These features are particularly advantageous for the design of drug delivery systems as they prevent interferences with encapsulated drugs or biomolecules while respecting the biocompatibility of the material. The use of click chemistry for the design of biopolymer-based drug delivery systems opens new avenues for the substitution of petroleum-derived polymers and the use of more environmentally friendly chemistries in the pharmaceutical industry.
C. García-Astrain, L. Martin, M. A. Corcuera, A. Eceiza, N. Gabilondo
Applications of Glycosaminoglycans in the Medical, Veterinary, Pharmaceutical, and Cosmetic Fields
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are complex polysaccharides ubiquitously present in the extracellular matrix of mammalian tissues, where they constitute the gelatinous material responsible for maintaining the cells together, in an intimate association with a variety of proteins. Although their structures are not strictly regular, they are composed of a repeating unit of a hexosamine-containing disaccharide. Most of them possess uronic acid residues, and with the exception of hyaluronic acid, they also carry sulfate groups. As a consequence of their high negative charge, they have an extraordinary capacity to absorb water. GAGs participate in many relevant biological processes by interaction with a plethora of proteins, and thus, a large number of applications in different fields have been conceived for GAGs and their derivatives.
José Kovensky, Eric Grand, María Laura Uhrig
Bacterial Cellulose Nanoribbons: A New Bioengineering Additive for Biomedical and Food Applications
Abstract
Cellulose nanostructures obtained from bacterial sources can be a valuable nanomaterial for biomedical and food applications. In this work the alternatives of cellulose nanoribbons produced by a Colombian-isolated species called Komagataeibacter medellinensis (Gluconacetobacter medellinensis) as potential additive for developed composites are explored. In this case, several agro-industrial residues such as pineapple peel juice or sugar cane juice were used such as culture media. Different materials were produced using in situ fermentation process throughout biosynthesis of cellulose nanoribbons, solvent casting technique, or inclusion during polymerization process. Different mechanical and physical properties as well as biomedical and environmental tests were evaluated. Results indicate that the incorporation of cellulose nanoribbons can improve mechanical and thermal properties of nanocomposites with respect to neat matrices. Environmental tests suggest that these materials are promising candidates in the development of biomedical devices or food ingredients.
M. Osorio, C. Castro, J. Velásquez-Cock, L. Vélez-Acosta, L. Cáracamo, S. Sierra, R. Klaiss, D. Avendaño, C. Correa, C. Gómez, R. Zuluaga, D. Builes, P. Gañán

Oil Industry

Frontmatter
Biobased Additives in Oilwell Cement
Abstract
Oilwell cements are slurries that fill the annular space between the borehole and the steel casing in oil perforation. These cements must have special features to achieve many properties that are of demand of a fluid that flows at high pressures, high temperatures, and great depths. These features are achieved with the use of polymers, named as additives or admixtures in the construction materials industry. In this chapter, some of the admixtures based on renewable biomass products are described. Some of these are cellulose ethers, used as fluid loss agents; lignosulfonates, used as dispersants, xanthan, and welan gum and other microbial polysaccharides, mainly used as a viscosity modifiers, and micro- and nanocellulose fibers, which are used as loss circulation agents.
A. Vázquez, T. M. Pique
Polymers from Biomass Widely Spread in the Oil Industry
Abstract
In 1949, the first commercial fracturing treatment was performed by Stanolind Oil and Gas Company (Pan American Energy at present) for increasing well productivity. That is how the most outstanding well stimulation procedures that industry ever known began. Since this technique was spread wide world, many natural polymers such as guar, modified guar, xanthan gums, and also modified cellulose, among others, were used as gelant agents.
Another oil field application of natural polymer is as part of chemical enhanced oil recovery techniques. Although partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide is the most common macromolecule used for polymer flooding, xanthan gum, schizophyllan, and scleroglucan found also applicability due to their resistance to reservoir harsh conditions of hardness, salinity, and/or temperature.
Isabel Natalia Vega, María Isabel Hernández
Modified Starches Used as Additives in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
Abstract
Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) implementation arises as a supplementary technology to conventional ones, optimizing the not-easily recoverable oil phase. Estimation of oil remnant in reservoirs approaches to seven billion of barrels, after primary and secondary recoveries. One of the EOR strategies implies the use of displacing fluids, such as water-soluble polymers, which are pumped into the reservoir forcing the oil to flow toward the production wells. Thus, the state of the art related to the use of different starch derivatives in EOR is included in this chapter. Besides, diverse synthesis methodologies of the modified starches are presented, analyzing the optimal conditions of each reaction. Particularly, the synthesis of cationic starches is reported since they are the most used in EOR. Modification degree and physicochemical properties of the derivatives are included. Rheological and flow properties of displacing fluids are also discussed as a function of starch concentration.
Olivia V. López, Luciana A. Castillo, Mario D. Ninago, Andrés E. Ciolino, Marcelo A. Villar

Other Applications Related to Environmental Care

Frontmatter
Chitosan: From Organic Pollutants to High-Value Polymeric Materials
Abstract
Chitosan is obtained from chitin by partial or total deacetylation. Considering that those polysaccharides could be readily derivatized by using not only the reactivity of primary or secondary hydroxyl groups but also the reactivity of primary amino groups, chitosans are attractive raw materials for different applications, from pharmaceutical products to water treatment. Chosen properly, the modifying agent gives appropriate physicochemical properties to the final products for the above mentioned applications. This chapter briefly summarizes the state of the art of chitosan derivatives for different applications but focuses its use in the treatment of aqueous effluents.
María I. Errea, Ezequiel Rossi, Silvia Nair Goyanes, Norma Beatriz D’Accorso
PLA-Based Nanocomposites Reinforced with CNC for Food Packaging Applications: From Synthesis to Biodegradation
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is currently the most used biopolymer in several food packaging applications at industrial level, due to its many advantages such as high transparency, availability in the market, and ease of processing. However, PLA presents some drawbacks such as its poor mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties. The addition of nanofillers to PLA matrix leads to an enhancement in the thermomechanical performance. The optimal nanofiller should be nontoxic, approved for food contact, renewable, and biodegradable. Cellulose derivatives, particularly cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), are optimal fillers with interesting properties (i.e., stiff, lightweight, highly abundant in nature, at low cost, and biodegradable). In this chapter the current industrial PLA obtainment, processing, and compostability are reviewed in relation to its application as sustainable food packaging material. The advantages of reinforcing PLA with CNC to improve the thermal, mechanical, and barrier performance of the final bionanocomposites are also summarized.
M. P. Arrieta, M. A. Peltzer, J. López, L. Peponi
Removal of Pollutants Using Electrospun Nanofiber Membranes
Abstract
Climate change, population growth and rapid worldwide industrialization, is causing an uncontrollable increase in air and water pollution. Different factors, such as increasing water demand, stringent health guidelines and emerging contaminants, cause traditional water and air treatment technologies remain ineffective. In this context nanotechnology could provide novel cost and energy efficient materials. In particular membranes obtained through the electrospinning technique are a desirable candidate thanks to its extraordinary permeability and selectivity due to its high porosity and surface area, respectively. Several polymers have been employed in the development of electrospun meshes with different characteristics. Nanofibrous membranes based on polymers from the biomass have been proposed as next-generation environmental-friendly filter media. Among the most used polymers we can find cellulose acetate, chitosan and poly-(lactic acid). The aim of the present study is to review the possible applications of the nanofibers mats for the removal of pollutants from water and air, including viruses, inorganic solutes, heavy metals, metal ions, complex organic compounds, natural organic matter, nitrate, and other pollutants.
Laura G. Ribba, Jonathan D. Cimadoro, Norma Beatriz D’Accorso, Silvia Nair Goyanes
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Industrial Applications of Renewable Biomass Products
Editors
Prof. Dr. Silvia Nair Goyanes
Prof. Dr. Norma Beatriz D’Accorso
Copyright Year
2017
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-61288-1
Print ISBN
978-3-319-61287-4
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61288-1

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