Influence of Lubricating Oil Additives on the Particulate Raw Emission Behavior of Gasoline Engines

The article investigates the influence of lubricating oil additives on particulate raw emissions from gasoline engines, focusing on the mechanisms and pathways of particle formation. Conducted at the Institute of Internal Combustion Engines at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, the study examines various additives and their effects on particle number and size distribution. The research utilizes a single-cylinder research unit with separate oil, water, and air conditioning systems to maintain constant external conditions. The study evaluates different oil and fuel additives, including dispersants, detergents, and viscosity improvers, and their impact on emissions. The results reveal that certain additives, particularly detergents, significantly increase particle emissions, while others like dispersants and anti-wear additives have minimal impact. The findings are validated through optical measurements and tests on a full engine, providing valuable insights into the optimization of lubricant formulations for reduced emissions.