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2019 | Book

Information Obligations and Disinformation of Consumers

Editor: Gert Straetmans

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Book Series : Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law

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About this book

This book focuses on recent developments in consumer law, specifically addressing mandatory disclosures and the topical problem of information overload. It provides a comparative analysis based on national reports from countries with common law and civil law traditions in Asia, America and Europe, and presents the reports in the form of chapters that have been drafted on the basis of a questionnaire, and which use the same structure as the questionnaire to allow them to be easily compared.

The book starts with an analysis of the basic assumptions underlying the current consumer protection models and examines whether and how consumer models adapt to the new market conditions. The second part addresses the information obligations themselves, first highlighting the differences in the reported countries before narrowing the analysis down to countries with a general pre-contractual information duty, particularly the transparency requirements that often come with such a duty. The next part examines recent developments in the law on food labelling, commercial practices and unfair contract terms in order to identify whether similar traits can be found in European and non-European jurisdictions. The fourth part of the book focuses on specific information obligations in the financial services and e-commerce sectors, discussing the fact that legislators are experimenting with different forms of summary disclosures in these sectors. The final part provides a critical appraisal of the recent developments in consumer information obligations, addressing the question of whether the multiple criticisms from behavioural sciences necessitate abandonment or refinement of current consumer information models in favour of new, more adequate forms of consumer protection, and providing suggestions.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter

General Report

Frontmatter
Information Obligations and Disinformation of Consumers
Abstract
To combat market inefficiencies resulting from the information asymmetry that exists between businesses and consumers, an increasing number of mandated information disclosures are imposed on businesses to give consumers the means to protect their own interests by making autonomous, informed choices. Prohibiting misleading information and informing consumers with correct information lies at the core of the so-called information paradigm which resulted in consumer information models across the world.
Pre-contractual information duties and labelling requirements for foodstuffs range among the earliest information obligations that have been adopted in view of protecting consumers. Together with the prohibition of misleading commercial practices and transparency requirements for contract terms these measures seek to respectively prevent and to combat the deception of consumers. The different forms such measures may take are the subject of an in-depth comparative analysis in this general report.
The last decade models based on mandatory disclosures increasingly became the subject of criticism not in the least by behavioural economists. More particularly the continuous accumulation of information requirements begs the question whether the ‘inundation’ of information does not risk to dis-inform the consumer rather than inform. Furthermore the benchmark of the rational consumer which serves as the basis for the design of protective measures is increasingly criticised. In this general report the impact, if any, of those criticisms on the national consumer information policies in the reporting countries is examined.
Finally new communication technologies pose new threats to consumers. The general report examines whether those developments cause new forms of information asymmetries.
Gert Straetmans

National Reports: European Union

Frontmatter
Information Obligations and Disinformation of Consumers: English Law Report
Abstract
Protection of the consumer in English law is generally by legislation, not through the common law (judge-made law) which has developed no general protection for consumers, and no general duties to provide information, although some common law rules can be applied for the benefit of consumers or (in general) weaker parties. Legislation on consumer protection is a patchwork of individual provisions, targeting particular concerns, some of purely domestic origin, others designed to implement EU Directives. The definition, including the characteristics, of the “consumer” to be protected varies according to the particular legislative protection. Information duties are imposed on traders most generally in the contexts of off-premises and distance contracts for the supply of goods, services or digital content, but there are also provisions relating to on-premises contracts, and specific regulation of particular types of transaction, such as consumer credit, the distance marketing of consumer financial services, timeshares and package travel contracts, as well as control (through both private law remedies and regulatory sanctions) by food labelling requirements, and by control of unfair contract terms and of unfair commercial practices.
John Cartwright
Information Obligations and Disinformation of Consumers: German Law Report
Abstract
The German national report covers aspects regarding information/disinformation of consumers according to German law and thus serves as a source for the general report. Key topics are the characteristics of the underlying consumer model, pre-contractual information in general (with a particular focus on transparency requirements), food information, misleading commercial practices and control of unfair contract terms. Regarding the latter the German rules for the control of standard contract terms significantly differ from the rules that specifically transform the Directive 93/13/EEC on unfair terms in consumer contracts (which is specifically discussed with regard to bargaining power). Sector specific observations cover the financial consumer and the digital consumer (especially addressing distance sales and data protection). Additionally, the national discussion regarding (mandatory) consumer information as a problem of information overload is being considered. Final observations regard measures relating to the education of consumers.
Boris Schinkels
L’information et la désinformation des consommateurs : Rapport français
Abstract
French consumer Law resorts to two complementary techniques to improve consumer information. According to a more liberal approach, consumer law seeks first and foremost to secure market transparency and emphasizes free circulation of information. In a more recent approach, consumer law demands that traders disclose information which they owe to consumers under certain circumstances or when consumers seem to be in a particularly weak position. The present contribution must be read taking into account the particular French context, with its malleable features, and considering that French legislation has undergone a significant influence from European Law. The existing French consumer legislation on consumer information is hereby critically assessed in order to show its merits and shortcomings.
Thomas Piazzon
L’information et la dÕsinformation des consommateurs : Rapport italien
Abstract
This contribution draws on some questions that have arisen by the analysis of the European model of protection of consumers’ economic interests. The aim of the analysis was the necessity to highlight the defects and the shortcomings of this model, particularly with reference to information; this last aspect has always been conceived as the main tool of rebalancing the contractual relation between professionals and consumers, which has always been favouring the former. The analysis is carried out by taking the different information duties that burden the entrepreneur as a point of reference and which were regulated by the numerous EU directives, enacted in the last thirty years. The study analyses the results of the solutions based on commercial praxis, as well as on instruments and technological innovations applied to mass collective bargaining. The last part of the article will focus on the use of data gathered though internet accesses, a increasingly urgent and relevant theme. As a consequence, uninformed consumers might suffer much more serious and important effects than those caused by the imprudent purchase.
Gian Antonio Benacchio
Information Obligations and Disinformation of Consumers: Greek Law Report
Abstract
This chapter summarizes the basic principles and legal provisions regarding consumer protection in Greece. Greek consumer protection law is heavily influenced by European law and significant similarities to other Member-states’ legislation are evident. The main focus of this chapter falls on the evaluation of General Transaction Terms, which are found in most commercial contracts and are rarely negotiated over with consumers, as they apply on a “take-it-or-leave-it” basis. Pre-contractual information duties of the seller and the rights of consumers vis-à-vis sellers arise both from sector-specific legislation as the Civil Code. Another significant aspect of Greek law is the protection of consumers against unfair and misleading commercial practices, whereas of particular interest are especially vulnerable consumer categories. Specific legal provisions apply to financial contracts concluded over distance, such as loan agreements or insurance policies, thereby granting consumers of said products a heightened level of protection. As distance contracts are now dominated by the use of the Internet, a targeted regulatory framework for “digital consumers” is required.
Antonios G. Karampatzos, Charalampos A. Kotios
L’information et la désinformation des consommateurs : Rapport roumain
Abstract
This chapter analyzes the most important Romanian regulations on the relationship between professionals and consumers, in particular those having as object the pre-contractual information obligation, deceptive trade practices, unfair contract terms and their repression in contracts between professionals and consumers, including those from the problematic field of banking and financial services. The chapter takes into account the case-law of the High Court of Cassation and Justice of Romania, as well as the opinions and criticisms formulated by the national doctrine. In order to be consistent with the other contributions from this section, the national report which constitutes the subject of this chapter closely follows the topics discussed at the congress.
Raluca Bercea, Dan Adrian Cărămidariu
Information Obligations and Disinformation of Consumers: Polish Law Report
Abstract
The chapter discusses the Polish legal framework, which aims to empower consumers through information and protect them against disinformation. It presents the perspective of one of the Central and Eastern European countries, in which the development of consumer law, for the most part, took place after the economic and political transformation post-1989 and was profoundly affected by the later EU accession. The chapter examines national legal provisions implementing key European directives on consumer protection such as Directive 93/13/EEC on unfair terms in consumer contracts, Directive 2005/29/EC concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices and Directive 2011/83/EU on consumer rights and sheds light on the relevant enforcement practice. It draws attention to the instances, where applicable domestic law goes beyond or departs from the European model, beginning with the definition of a ‘consumer’ set out in the Polish Civil Code. The discussion of the crosscutting issues, such as pre-contractual disclosure duties and transparency in advertising, is subsequently complemented with the sector-specific insights on financial and digital markets.
Monika Namysłowska, Agnieszka Jabłonowska
Information Obligations and Disinformation of Consumers: Czech Law Report
Abstract
The text is focused primarily on the concept of informed consumers in the Czech law. In the beginning it describes general characteristics of the consumer information model, then it analyses pre-contractual information obligation and the demands focused on the transparency. As the position of the consumer is weaker than the position of entrepreneur, misleading commercial practices and unfair contract terms are examined as well. The text is then focused on sector specific rules, such as on the area of financial services and on the aspects of digital consumer including contracting, using cookies and reasonable consumer expectations. Throughout the text, some problematic aspects of Czech regulation or inappropriate implementation of European legislation are mentioned as well. The text then concludes (and it is trying to point out throughout the whole text), that the consumer could be overloaded by provided information. The aim of the chapter is to introduce national specifics within abovementioned areas and to analyse relevant questions of consumer protection connected with the topic of the informed consumer.
Markéta Selucká, Iva Šťavíková Řezníčková, Pavel Loutocký
Information Obligations and Disinformation of Consumers: Irish Law Report
Abstract
Ireland’s consumer protection framework is heavily influenced by both the European Union and the United Kingdom, but also contains certain unique features which are domestic in origin. This chapter demonstrates how a complex layering of laws interact to counteract the information deficit faced by consumers on a daily basis, be that when buying a loaf of bread in the supermarket or taking out a mortgage with a financial service provider. Often common law doctrines which are not obviously designed with consumer information rights in mind—such as the rules on misrepresentation or passing off—can be utilised to provide protection in individual cases, and can have a moderate impact on the overall consumer experience. However, much of the protection in this area comes from the monitoring and enforcement techniques of actors such as the Competition and Consumer Protection Commission, the Commission for Communications Regulation and the Central Bank and Financial Services Authority of Ireland. There is also an increasing appreciation of the limits of the information provision model and of the possibility of developing alternative models of consumer protection, for example in the design of consumer financial products and the incorporation of suitability tests for financial consumers.
Cliona Kelly
Information Obligations and Disinformation of Consumers: Finnish Law Report
Abstract
Finnish consumer law is caught in the crossfire between EU requirements and the historical foundation of Nordic co-operation in consumer matters. On one hand, Finland has established a high level of protection according to the Nordic consumer law tradition, and on the other hand, it is compelled to harmonise its consumer law with the laws of the European Union.
Before the impact of EU law, and especially directives of maximum harmonisation, it was taken as a given that the consumer is not rational. Due to this conception, a consumer was not considered to seek an optimal result in the market but rather a more pragmatic result. This conception still lives on the level of individual consumer protection but has gradually changed on the collective level. Nonetheless, the collective level in Finland never reached a harsh position either. The Consumer Ombudsman’s primary tool is still the practice of negotiating with businesses instead of imposing monetary sanctions.
Finnish consumer law is not as concentrated on pre-contractual information as EU law is. This means that instead of focusing on the duty to disclose information, the mandatory rules of individual consumer protection protect the consumer also after the purchase. In Finnish legal literature, solely concentrating on the duty to disclose information has been seen as protecting the better-off, educated consumers rather than other weaker consumer groups. Nonetheless, the Finnish courts comply with EU legislation such as the EU benchmark for an ‘average consumer’ derived from the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive.
In financial services, the legal environment is highly regulated. One of the key obligations of any financial service provider is to inform the investor if the investment might lead to non-existing profit or may involve a risk of losing the capital paid. Obligations of the expert providing the information are monitored through EU law standards but also through Nordic legal doctrines such as the pedagogical duty of an expert and methodological liability.
Salla Hyvönen

National Report: Euro-Asian Region

Frontmatter
L’information et la dÕsinformation des consommateurs : Rapport turc
Abstract
Turkish consumer law is one of the most important areas for harmonization of Turkish private law with European law. The guidelines of several EU Directives to create a more informed and conscious consumer have been transferred into Turkish law during the harmonization process of Turkish consumer law with European law. The principle of protecting the weak party is the underlying reason for consumer protection. Nevertheless, the issues with consumer protection have been rarely regulated in Turkey since the harmonization of Turkish consumer law with European law. Turkish consumer law provides the obligation of precontractual and contractual information for many consumer contracts. However, proper application of these provisions in practice remains a challenge. To speak of an informed consumer, formally fulfilling the obligation to inform by the professional is barely sufficient. To achieve the goal of materially informing the consumers and protect them, necessary information must be simple and accessible to the consumers. The overinforming done in practice serves only the opposite purpose.
Başak Baysal

National Reports: Asia

Frontmatter
L’information et la désinformation des consommateurs : Rapport japonais
Abstract
Like other countries, in Japan, there are different types of consumers depending on the area concerned. Case law and legislation take them into account in order to shape the disclosure requirements and to specify how this information should be provided to consumers. This chapter will focus on pre-contractual information obligations, deceptive marketing practices and unfair terms in Japan.
Masamichi Nozawa
Information Obligations and Disinformation of Consumers: Chinese Law Report
Abstract
Consumer protection gradually obtains public attention as consumer market in China upgrades in recent years. New amendments and legislations on information disclosure are adopted by regulators in many sectors to protect consumers from information asymmetry. This chapter will examine present Chinese laws on information disclosure in details and analyze how these rules are interpreted by courts in cases. The scope and standard of information disclosure varies under different laws, especially in food, insurance, and e-commerce sectors. This chapter intends to clarify the gaps between the legislative purpose and judicial practice and reflect on the limitations of information disclosure in the context of information overload. The practices of abusing standard terms in consumer contracts and manipulating misleading information in advertising and competition, as well as relevant civil remedies and administrative penalties are also discussed. In particular, this chapter presents some debated issues in consumer protection arena such as court’s attitudes towards professional fake commodities buyers and punitive damages.
Shaolan Yang

National Reports: North and South America

Frontmatter
Information Obligations and Disinformation of Consumers: Quebec Law Report
Abstract
Both the law of obligations and consumer law embed various obligations to properly inform consumers. In fact, this obligation is so important that it lies, in different shapes, on a plural, somewhat redundant basis in general and specific contract law provisions. Much like a mountain scenery, Quebec’s piecemeal legislation reveals protection peaks that are clearly visible in the field of deceptive or misleading practices, or whenever children are targeted as potential consumers. Quite recently, the Canadian Supreme Court has set further boundaries to this obligation, as it adopted the “vulnerable consumer paradigm”, setting aside the rationality one. This interesting stance has yet to stimulate the information/disinformation/misinformation debate.
Marie-Eve Arbour
Information Obligations and Disinformation of Consumers: Brazilian Law Report
Abstract
The paper aims to examine the contours of consumer law in Brazilian legal reality. After exposing the theories that deal with the stormy concept of consumer, the article analyzes the main protective institutes contemplated in the national legislation. The text examines issues such as the obligation to provide suitable information which is incumbent on the supplier, the prohibition of misleading and abusive advertising, especially with regard to hypervulnerable consumers, and the control of unfair contract terms. It also studies the incidence of the consumer law in banking and insurance systems, as well as digital commerce, especially with regard to guaranteeing adequate access to information. In conclusion, the paper presents perspectives for a sustainable consumption that promotes the health and the well-being of consumers, in order to pursuit human dignity as the maximum value to be achieved in the Brazilian legal system, in the terms of article 1, subsection III, of the Constitution of the Republic.
Milena Donato Oliva
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Information Obligations and Disinformation of Consumers
Editor
Gert Straetmans
Copyright Year
2019
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Electronic ISBN
978-3-030-18054-6
Print ISBN
978-3-030-18053-9
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18054-6