Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Published in:
Challenges for and with Autonomous Vehicles: An Introduction Read chapter Read first chapter

2021 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Infrastructure Enabled Autonomy—Autonomy as a Service

Author : Swaminathan Gopalswamy

Published in: Autonomous Vehicles

Publisher: Springer Nature Singapore

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Multiple studies have established the potential for significant societal, environmental and economic benefits from autonomous vehicles. However, all the current approaches to autonomous driving require the automotive manufacturers to shoulder the primary responsibility and liability associated with replacing human perception and decision making with automation, slowing the penetration of autonomous vehicles, and consequently slowing the realization of the benefits of autonomous vehicles. We propose a new approach to autonomous driving that will re-balance the responsibility and liabilities associated with autonomous driving between traditional automotive manufacturers, private infrastructure players, and third-party players. The proposed distributed intelligence architecture leverages recent advances in connectivityand edge computing. The resulting Infrastructure Enabled Autonomy (IEA) leads to the new business model of “autonomy as a service”.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
previous chapter Learning Systems Under Attack—Adversarial Attacks, Defenses and Beyond
next chapter New Fixes for Old Traffic Problems: Connected Transport Systems and AIMES
Footnotes
1
Fagnant and Kockelman (2015).
 
2
US Department of Transportation (2018).
 
3
US Department of Transportation (2008).
 
4
Fenn and Blosch (2018).
 
5
US Department of Transportation (1997).
 
6
Thorpe et al. (1997).
 
7
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (2004).
 
8
Waymo (2020).
 
9
See, e.g., US Department of Transportation (2017).
 
10
JD Power Article (2016).
 
11
Quigley et al. (2008).
 
12
See, e.g., Koopman and Wagner (2016).
 
13
Society of Automotive Engineers (2018).
 
14
Yurtsever et al. (2020).
 
15
Accenture (2018).
 
16
Pizzuto et al. (2019)
 
17
To help readability, we capture a table of acronyms and symbols used in this chapter:
OEM
Original Equipment Manufacturer (car maker)
ADAS
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems
DBW
Drive-by-wire
API
Application Programming (Software) Interface
IEA
Infrastructure Enabled Autonomy
ITC
Infrastructure Enabled Autonomy Traffic Corridor
SA
Situational Awareness
DM
Decision Making
RSU
Road Side Unit (that carries the MSSPs)
SmartInfra
“Edge” computers that reside in the MSSP to generate SA from the sensors
MSSP
Multi-Sensor Smart Pack (carries sensors, SmartInfra, and comm)
SC
SmartConnect
 
18
The original technical paper, see Gopalswamy and Rathinam (2018).
 
19
See, e.g., Shalev-Shwartz et al. (2017).
 
20
For the mathematical derivation of the analysis and the numerical example details, see Gopalswamy and Rathinam (2018).
 
21
Nayak et al.(2018).
 
22
Ravipati et al. (2019).
 
23
Marr (2019).
 
24
Nayak (2019).
 
Literature
Fagnant DJ, Kockelman K (2015) Preparing a nation for autonomous vehicles: opportunities, barriers and policy recommendations. Transp Res Part A: Policy Pract 77(C):167–181
Gopalswamy S, Rathinam S (2018) Infrastructure enabled autonomy: a distributed intelligence architecture for autonomous vehicles. In: 2018 IEEE intelligent vehicles symposium (IV). IEEE, Changshu, China, pp 986–992
Koopman P, Wagner M (2016) Challenges in autonomous vehicle testing and validation. SAE Int J Trans Safety 4(1):15–24CrossRef
Marr T (2019) Utilizing the infrastructure for ground truth based localization. Master’s Thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University
Nayak A (2019) Development of vision-based response of autonomous vehicles towards emergency vehicles using infrastructure enabled autonomy. Master’s Thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University
Ravipati D, Chour K, Nayak A, Marr T, Dey S, Gautam A, Rathinam S, Swaminathan G (2019) Vision based localization for infrastructure enabled autonomy. In: 2019 IEEE intelligent transportation systems conference (ITSC). IEEE, Auckland, New Zealand, pp 1638–1643
Society of Automotive Engineers (2018) Taxonomy and definitions for terms related to driving automation systems for on-road motor vehicles. SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice, SAE, p J3016
Thorpe C, Jochem T, Pomerleau D (1997) The 1997 automated highway free agent demonstration. In: Proceedings of the conference on intelligent transportation systems. IEEE, Boston, MA, USA, pp 496–501
US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology (1997) Demo ’97: proving AHS works. Public Roads 61(1):30–34
U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (2008) National motor vehicle crash causation survey: report to congress. DOT HS 811:059
U. S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (2019) 2018 fatal motor vehicle crashes: overview. Traffic safety facts, Research Note. DOT HS 812 826
US Department of Transportation, Office of Highway Policy Information, Federal Highway Administration (2017) State motor vehicle registrations 2017. https://​www.​fhwa. dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/2017/mv1.cfm. Accessed 9 April 2020
Metadata
Title
Infrastructure Enabled Autonomy—Autonomy as a Service
Author
Swaminathan Gopalswamy
Copyright Year
2021
Publisher
Springer Nature Singapore
Book
Autonomous Vehicles

Print ISBN: 978-981-15-9254-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-15-9255-3

Copyright Year: 2021

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9255-3_8