Infrastructure Planning and Management in India

Table of Contents

1. Frontmatter

2. Transport Infrastructure: Fostering the Economic Growth

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Chapter 1. Road Safety Conditions and Management in India: Challenges and Opportunities

      Jiten Shah, Khushbu Bhatt, Priyank Trivedi, Said Easa

      Abstract

      Due to the lack of proper roads, transport infrastructure, and adequate governance, there has been a manifold increase in road collisions in India. India is among the worst-performing countries in terms of road safety and witnesses the highest number of collisions in the world every year. This chapter identifies and analyzes two primary groups of challenges of road safety in India: (1) challenges of road and traffic conditions and (2) challenges of the road safety management (RSM) system. For road and traffic conditions, the traffic collision problems due to road and traffic characteristics from the engineering perspective are discussed, addressing the effects of speed, geometric design, and driving behavior on road safety. The RSM challenges are grouped into three categories: (a) management framework and policy challenges, (b) engineering design and standardization challenges, and (c) awareness challenges. Based on these challenges, several strategies related to infrastructure management, standards provision, policymaking, and enforcement of laws and regulations are suggested to help policymakers in implementing road safety management in India.

   3. Chapter 2. Port Development: History, Present and Future Challenges

      Abhijit Singh

      Abstract

      Over the years, the role of ports has undergone a significant change. From being only cargo handling points, ports first evolved to take care of other items of the supply chain like warehousing, bagging, value addition to cargo before and after shipment, etc., and later other items of the logistics ecosystem like multimodal facilitation, cargo movement tracking, maximization of fleet usage, etc. Managing this vital mode of transportation is very much important. Infrastructure planning and management plays a crucial role towards a healthy outlook for the ports sector. Unfortunately, Indian ports are far from satisfactory level in terms of their efficiency, time required in custom clearance and many other. Infrastructures of Indian ports are in a very poor stage. In this background, the proposed chapter intends to understand the various bottlenecks and challenges in Port Infrastructure Development in India. This chapter will also intend to identify various stages of port development and future courses along with lessons learnt from the past and the challenges expected in future with special reference to India for sustainable port infrastructure development to increase international trade of India.

   4. Chapter 3. Emerging Scope of Airport Infrastructure: Case of India

      Manish Yadav, Tarun Dhingra

      Abstract

      Since 2014, India’s commercial airline sector has augmented to become one of the country’s fastest-growing enterprises. India has surpassed the UK to become the world’s third-biggest regional airline marketplace, with the UK likely to fall behind in 2024. The Indian government has been trying to increase the number of airport terminals in order to meet the growing needs. India had 103 operating terminals as of March 2019, intending to build up that number to 190–200 by FY40. It is seen as a strategy to encourage commercial growth, with transportation infrastructure being required for the nation’s economic sustainability and growth. Although infrastructure does not immediately culminate in development, it is seen as a necessity for any socio-economic and sustainable growth. To institute the scope, the chapter enlists the importance of airport infrastructure in the Indian economy enrooted from operational, planning and management outlook. This chapter will describe the aspect of operations, including airport classification, i.e. Kerbside, Terminal and Airside. This chapter attempts to pen down the fundamentals of airport infrastructure planning, including capacity planning, master planning, facility and layout planning. The chapter will also illustrate the management perspective of airport infrastructure and evaluate commercial revenues, including aeronautical and non-aeronautical revenues with financial sustainability. Finally, the chapter will address the role of the Airport Economic Regulatory Authority and Ministry of Civil Aviation in airport pricing mechanism, Multi-Year Tariff Planning (MYTP) and overall revenue approaches, especially during public private partnerships and impacts on airport competition, growths and sustainability contributing to the Indian economy and its sustainability through the aviation sector paving the way forward for establishment of efficient and sustainable infrastructure and its effective management in the long run for the next generation.

   5. Chapter 4. Rail Infrastructure—Journey Since Indian Independence and Beyond

      Tarun Dhingra, Sanjeev Sharma

      Abstract

      Indian Railways (IR) is the backbone of India’s public transport network. One of the largest employers, it is the greenest, cheapest, fastest, and safest means of surface transport and caters to the needs of both the commuters and movement of goods for long distances in India. To achieve a 5 trillion dollar economy of India by 2024, the Task Force on National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) formed by the Government of India (GOI) has projected total investment of Rs. 111 lakh crore in crucial infrastructure sectors over five years FY 2020 to 2025. In railways, projects worth Rs. 13.68 lakh crore (12% of the projected investments) have been identified under this investment package. Such a significant investment calls for a review of the current status and milestones achieved by IR to plan further improvements for the sector. This paper attempts to review seven decades of IR to study various broad parameters like performance and safety, human resource, organization design and benchmarking and propose the framework for future rail infrastructure planning.

3. How Power Sector is Managed in India?

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Chapter 5. Power Sector Infrastructure Management: Issues and Challenges

      Anil Kumar, Avishek Ghosal

      Abstract

      In the last decade, we observed that India had taken significant steps in reforming the power sector. Power sector is in transition phase. Shifting the focus from conventional resources to non-conventional resources, bringing in reforms to revive power distribution sector and enhancing competition in power market are some of the highlights. The reforms like National Solar Mission (NSM), Deen Dayal Upadhaya Grameen Jyoti Yojna (DDUGJY), National Smart Grid Mission (NSGM), Real Time Market (RTM) and Green term Ahead Market (GTAM) in power-trading, Ujjwal Discom Assurance Yojna (UDAY) and Integrated Power Development Scheme (IPDS) are some of the highlights. The generation sector had seen a significant growth to installed capacity of 375 GW. Still some barriers and challenges remain which are hampering and creating headache for policymakers to revive the power sector in India. The issues are both technical as well as commercial in nature. Some of them are also latent in nature. In addition, all these are impacting the sustainable economic growth of India. To resolve the issues and challenges, the reforms have to pass through the regulatory, technical and economic viability check so that it can be implemented. Through this paper, we tried to identify and analyze the bottlenecks and challenges through systematic literature review analysis. This paper also suggests some probable steps and framework for the policymakers for reforming power sector of India. This reforms can ensure a secured, affordable and reliable sustainable energy future of India.

   3. Chapter 6. Renewable Energy Management: An Analysis of the Status Quo

      Nikita Das

      Abstract

      India has witnessed a significant transition in its electricity mix since the landmark announcement in 2015 targeting the achievement of 175 GW of Renewable Energy (RE) by 2022. Ever since, RE installed capacity has exponentially risen. Given this rise in RE integration, there is a need to understand RE infrastructure management through the facets of technological patronage, favourable economics and conducive policy and regulatory framings. This chapter underscores the governmental, institutional and regulatory infrastructures in place for RE management, and in doing so, it aids in identifying the various issues and challenges that pertain to such management and proposes suggestions to circumvent the same. While RE cannot be deemed as a silver bullet at the outset, acknowledging the issues it is plagued with can pave the way for establishment of meaningful infrastructure and its effective management in the long run.

   4. Chapter 7. Energy, Climate Change and Sustainable Development in India

      Shailly Kedia, Nivedita Cholayil

      Abstract

      Economies advancing in the stages of development strive for higher industrialization which requires reliable and adequate energy supply. All economic sectors including commercial, transport, residential and agriculture are dependent on different forms of energy. Attaining energy security has been one of the central pillars for countries around the world as energy is essential for supporting goals for economic growth as well as human well-being. Energy is also central to all aspects of sustainable development, and the sustainable development goals contain a dedicated goal on energy. According the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, about 76% is from energy-based activities. International Energy Agency, in its report, showed that energy-related CO₂ emissions at a global level touched a historic high in 2018 [1]. As the world talks of decarbonizing and net zero goals, a re-examining of energy supply and demand is needed to critically assess narratives and policy approaches in countries considering the energy needs of countries. Using the lens of energy security and political economy, this chapter aims to critically examine recent narratives in India on energy in the context of climate change and sustainability.

4. The Emergence of Modern Cities: Smart or Sustainable?

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Chapter 8. Smart City: Sustainable City for Tackling Urban Challenges

      Vinay Kandpal, Vikas Tyagi, Harmeet Kaur

      Abstract

      India has witnessed massive growth in its urban population over the last few decades. Governments and policymakers are facing challenges such as increasing urban population in rural areas and huge infrastructure gaps. A smart city would be a city that has facilities such as smart people, smart technologies, smart energy, smart transportation, smart IT and communication and especially smart governance. This paper aims to focus on the key issues and the challenges to develop new cities or improve the infrastructure facilities in existing cities in India, which are overpopulated and not properly managed based on an in-depth literature review of relevant studies as well as official documents of international institutions. In addition, the document also focuses on climate change issues and how to address them. Cities contribute the majority of global economic activity, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently, to significantly reduce emissions, urban centres will need to consume less energy and take greater advantage of periods of intermittent availability of renewable energy. “Smart cities” should be central to achieving these goals.

   3. Chapter 9. Electric Mobility and Electric Vehicles Management in India

      Shikha Juyal

      Abstract

      Mobility allows people to access various needs of their lives including jobs, education, health care and other services. India has potential to achieve electric mobility future by utilising existing conditions, government programmes and policies. To upscale adoption of electric vehicles and for its management in India, issues such as charging infrastructure, research & development, financing of electric vehicles, battery and cell manufacturing, proper regulatory framework, fiscal and non-fiscal incentives, availability of power and its infrastructure, consumer awareness need to be addressed immediately. In this backdrop, this paper initially highlights the vision and opportunity of electric vehicles in India and then tries to explain that the electric mobility pathway would provide clean, low cost mobility, create new jobs, reduce oil imports, improve health of people and would have positive economic impact. The paper highlights the policies and number of incentives provided by Government of India. In the end, the paper mentions the challenges which need to be addressed to boost adoption of electric vehicles in future.

   4. Chapter 10. Sustainable Infrastructure Development in India: Drivers and Barriers

      Muhammadriyaj Faniband, Kedar Vijay Marulkar, Pravin Jadhav

      Abstract

      India is one of the densely populated countries in the world and currently stands second in population next only to China. Therefore, the infrastructure requirement in the country is also considerably high. Unfortunately, the development in infrastructure has taken place, but it lacks proper policy and long-term vision. Infrastructure development must have a bearing on policy that would last long and would have consistency with vision of overall development plans of any government. Particularly, sustainability has not been considered while infrastructure development was going on. In this context, the chapter studies the sustainable infrastructure development in India. This chapter also focuses on drivers and barriers in sustainable infrastructure development. Slightly, India is now moving towards sustainable infrastructure developments. The recent schemes of the government give a clear hint to make a radical shift towards sustainability. The growing focus of the government is on the activities related to sustainable infrastructure.

5. Developing Digital Infrastructure

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Chapter 11. Recent Trends in Digital Infrastructure in India

      Krishna Teja Perannagari, Vineet Gupta

      Abstract

      In the modern era, digital infrastructure plays a vital role in the economic development of a country and is recognised as a key contribution factor for fourth industrial development. Despite the increasing dependence of economic activities on digital infrastructure, emerging economies are struggling in their efforts to build a robust digital infrastructure due to weak affordability index and lack of coordination between various stakeholders. The current chapter discusses India's digital transformation, highlighting the various programs and initiatives taken by the Indian government to foster the goal of Digital India. The authors also shed light on recent technological trends influencing the development of digital infrastructure and suggest measures to encourage the adoption of latest technology and promote investments in digital infrastructure projects.

6. Backmatter