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Published in: Journal of Business Economics 10/2012

01-10-2012 | Forschung

Innovationstätigkeit und der Erfolg öffentlicher Organisationen: Erkenntnisse einer Panelstudie

Authors: Jun. -Prof. Torsten Oliver Salge, Ph.D., Prof. Dr. Antonio Vera

Published in: Journal of Business Economics | Issue 10/2012

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Zusammenfassung

Der Beitrag untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen Innovationstätigkeit und Organisationserfolg im öffentlichen Sektor. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine empirische Untersuchung im öffentlichen Krankenhauswesen durchgeführt, die sich auf einen neuen Paneldatensatz stützt. Dieser umfasst sämtliche öffentliche Krankenhausorganisationen Englands, für die Beobachtungen über einen Zeitraum von vier Jahren (2003/2004–2006/2007) vorliegen. Um ihrer Komplexität Rechnung zu tragen, wurden die Konstrukte Innovationstätigkeit und Organisationserfolg mehrdimensional erfasst. So unterscheidet das Messmodell nicht nur zwischen technischem und ökonomischem Erfolg, sondern auch zwischen forschungs- und praxisnaher Innovationstätigkeit. Dynamische Panel-Regressionsanalysen unterstützen den vermuteten positiven Zusammenhang zwischen forschungs- und praxisnaher Innovationstätigkeit und technischem Krankenhauserfolg, wenngleich dies für praxisnahe Innovationstätigkeit nur mit Einschränkungen gilt. Außerdem wird ersichtlich, dass der Grad der Patientenorientierung eines Krankenhauses eine moderierende Rolle dergestalt spielt, dass eine höhere forschungsnahe Innovationstätigkeit insbesondere dann mit Qualitätsverbesserungen einhergeht, wenn eine überdurchschnittliche Patientenorientierung vorliegt. Zudem finden sich Hinweise auf einen vermuteten umgekehrt U-förmigen Zusammenhang zwischen Innovationstätigkeit und ökonomischem Krankenhauserfolg für praxisnahe, nicht jedoch für forschungsnahe Innovationstätigkeit.

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Footnotes
1
Das Interview wurde im August 2007 in englischer Sprache durchgeführt, digital aufgenommen und ins Deutsche übersetzt.
 
2
Auch wenn der HSMR ein inzwischen auch international etablierter Indikator für den technischen Krankenhauserfolg ist, kommen selbstverständlich grundsätzlich auch andere Erfolgsgrößen in Betracht. So ist beispielsweise die mittlere Verweildauer der stationär behandelten Patienten eines Krankenhauses von besonderer Bedeutung und gilt als wichtiger Indikator für die operative Effizienz klinischer Behandlungsprozesse (z. B. Piening 2011, S. 137). Die mittlere Verweildauer hängt dabei stark vom Patientenmix eines Krankenhauses ab, so dass die Verweildauer entsprechend adjustiert werden muss, um aussagekräftige Analysen zu ermöglichen. Leider wurden durch das englische Department of Health lediglich die nicht adjustierten Verweildauern zur Verfügung gestellt. Auch fehlten wichtige Informationen, die zu einer eigenständigen Adjustierung der Verweildauern notwendig gewesen wären. Daher kann die vorliegende Studie den Zusammenhang zwischen Innovationstätigkeit und Verweildauer nicht adäquat untersuchen. Dies bleibt mithin eine wichtige Aufgabe für zukünftige Arbeiten in diesem Bereich.
 
3
Um die Verwendung dieses Indikators anstelle der „schwarzen Null“ weiter zu rechtfertigen, wurde ein Modell mit binärer Spezifikation des Profitabilitätsindikators zwecks Validierung getestet. Die Variable nahm bei negativer Gesamtkapitalrendite den Wert 0 an, ansonsten den Wert 1. Die Ergebnisse dieser Probit-Analysen waren durchgängig qualitativ identisch mit denen einer kontinuierlichen Spezifikation und sind auf Anfrage bei den Autoren dieser Studie erhältlich.
 
4
Die Diskriminanzvalidität des Messmodells im Allgemeinen und der relativ hoch korrelierten Konstrukte praxisnahe Innovationstätigkeit und Patientenorientierung im Besonderen wurde in mehreren Schritten überprüft. Dabei wurde zunächst auf der Grundlage einer konfirmatorischen Faktoranalyse mit AMOS für die Konstrukte forschungsnahe Innovationstätigkeit, praxisnahe Innovationstätigkeit und Patientenorientierung die durchschnittlich erfasste Varianz (Average Variance Extracted – AVE) berechnet und mit den quadrierten Konstruktkorrelationen verglichen. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die AVE für jedes latente Konstrukt stets größer als die jeweiligen quadrierten Korrelationen zwischen den Konstrukten ist, was auf ausreichende Diskriminanzvalidität schließen lässt. Dies gilt auch für praxisnahe Innovationstätigkeit, die sich trotz der hohen Korrelation mit dem Konstrukt Patientenorientierung von diesem noch ausreichend abgrenzen lässt. Diesen Schluss legt auch eine explorative Faktoranalyse nahe, bei der die Items von praxisnaher Innovationstätigkeit und Patientenorientierung auf zwei unterschiedliche Faktoren laden. Schließlich zeigt der Vergleich alternativer Messmodelle, dass das 3-Faktoren-Modell bei allen üblicherweise verwendeten globalen Gütemaßen wie etwa CFI, NFI oder RMSEA signifikant bessere Werte als sämtliche alternativen 1- bzw. 2-Faktoren-Modelle aufweist und dabei die weithin akzeptierten Sollwerte für diese Gütemaße erfüllt. All diese Analysen deuten auf ausreichende Diskriminanzvalidität sämtlicher latenter Konstrukte hin. Dennoch lässt die relativ geringe Differenz zwischen der AVE und der quadrierten Korrelation mit Patientenorientierung im Falle der praxisnahen Innovationstätigkeit eine weitere Verfeinerung des Messmodells wünschenswert erscheinen. Schließlich sei erwähnt, dass die konfirmatorische Faktoranalyse auf ausgezeichnete Konvergenzvalidität der latenten Konstrukte hindeutet, da die durchschnittlich erfassten Varianzen stets höher als 0,5 und die einzelnen Konstruktreliabilitäten stets größer als 0,7 sind.
 
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Metadata
Title
Innovationstätigkeit und der Erfolg öffentlicher Organisationen: Erkenntnisse einer Panelstudie
Authors
Jun. -Prof. Torsten Oliver Salge, Ph.D.
Prof. Dr. Antonio Vera
Publication date
01-10-2012
Publisher
SP Gabler Verlag
Published in
Journal of Business Economics / Issue 10/2012
Print ISSN: 0044-2372
Electronic ISSN: 1861-8928
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-012-0616-6

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